Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL PROBLEMS REGULATION OF OPEN BIDDING APPEALS

2026-04-06T14:22:14+00:00

The article identifies the problems of administrative and legal regulation of appeals of open tenders at the national level, which are recognized as one of the most serious threats to economic security and stable development of the country, especially in crisis situations. The author used the following research methods: dialectical, comparative-legal, formal-logical, special legal methods. It was established that the gradual Europeanization of national legislation in the above-mentioned area, slow digital transformation, non-involvement of the public in issues of contesting open tenders, affect the effectiveness of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine in resolving cases regarding contesting open tenders, significantly complicate the implementation of anti-corruption policy, create new factors for abuses, change the mechanisms of public administration, which creates new challenges for the national legal system. Ways of implementing positive foreign experience in the legal regulation of contesting open tenders in Ukraine are proposed. The directions of further scientific research in the field of administrative and legal regulation of contesting open tenders during martial law in the context of European integration have been clarified.

INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF UKRAINIAN LABOUR LAW

2026-04-06T14:22:13+00:00

The article examines the role of international and European standards in forming the methodological basis of Ukrainian labour law. The system of international standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations (UN), as well as European standards of the European Union and the European Social Charter are analyzed. The methodological significance of international standards for the development of national labour legislation, their role as a source of law, an instrument for interpreting norms and a basis for harmonization of legislation are considered. Particular attention is paid to the processes of implementation and adaptation of international norms in the context of Ukraine's European integration aspirations. Specific ILO conventions, EU directives and their impact on the reform of Ukrainian labour legislation are analyzed. The main problems and challenges of implementing international standards are identified, including gaps in the transposition of norms, insufficient control mechanisms and the need for systematic adaptation of legislation. It is substantiated that international standards constitute not only a formal source of law, but also a methodological basis for modernizing labour relations, ensuring decent work and social protection of workers. Promising directions for further harmonization of Ukrainian labour law with international and European standards in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery are determined.

AIDING THE AGGRESSOR STATE: METHODS, FORMS, AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE

2026-04-06T14:21:35+00:00

The article examines the concepts of “aiding the aggressor state” and “collaborationism” in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine. Various methods of committing the crime are analyzed, including military, financial, political, informational, and technical support to the aggressor, as well as the transfer of intelligence data and participation in separatist movements. The study highlights the manifestation of aiding in digital environments and through international financial and communication channels. Judicial practice and scholarly approaches to the qualification of these offenses are reviewed, emphasizing the complexity of proving intent and the importance of interdisciplinary methods, including forensic psychological examination. The article stresses the need for a comprehensive response combining legal, social, and psychological mechanisms to effectively prevent and investigate crimes that threaten national security and state stability.

DOCTRINAL APPROACHES TO DEFINING THE SUBJECT OF PROOF: CONTENT AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2026-04-06T14:21:34+00:00

This article examines the subject of proof as a fundamental concept in the theory of evidence within criminal procedure law. Based on a comparative analysis of doctrinal approaches proposed by Ukrainian and foreign legal scholars, as well as an examination of the substantive law of Ukraine, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, and Canada, the article elucidates the essence, content, and structural elements of the subject of proof. The author emphasizes the significant discrepancies in understanding this category across different legal systems, which have practical implications for pre-trial investigation and judicial proceedings. The article demonstrates that a precise determination of the subject of proof is a prerequisite for effectively achieving the objectives of the criminal process and rendering lawful and reasoned procedural decisions. The study also analyzes potential approaches to defining the subject of proof in criminal proceedings under Article 191 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code.

MODEL CASES IN UKRAINE VS. CLASS ACTIONS IN THE USA: SEARCHING FOR PROCEDURAL EFFICIENCY

2026-04-06T14:21:32+00:00

In the face of overburdened court systems dealing with mass disputes, legal mechanisms like Ukraine's model cases (Article 290 of the Civil Procedure Code) and the United States' class actions have emerged as pivotal solutions. In this article, we will explore the similarities and differences between these two approaches in addressing collective claims. Through a comparative and formal-dogmatic analysis, we will examine how Ukrainian model cases provide a streamlined process geared towards efficiency and costeffectiveness, while US class actions offer robust protections for numerous plaintiffs under a unified legal framework. By analyzing pertinent case law and procedural rules in both jurisdictions, we aim to highlight the strengths and challenges inherent in each system, ultimately proposing insights on how these mechanisms can evolve to better serve justice in an era of increasing legal complexity.

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: HAS «PUNISHMENT» EVER BEEN ON THE AGENDA?

2026-04-06T14:21:30+00:00

Given the expediency of further exploring the essence of punishment in international criminal law, the proposed research is to be seen as the next rational and logical step following the historical phase of International Military Tribunals, on the path to developing a coherent and holistic concept of international punishment. Such an endeavour in turn is inconceivable without considering the experience gained from the lessons learned and the legacy of the next crucial stage in the evolution of international criminal justice, – that is, the developments surrounding the establishment and activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The key focus of the scientific investigation lied in an effort to shape a general ambiance as a certain starting point for the formation of a preliminary and rough idea about the perception of punishment in scholarly thought during that particular period. This attempt was carried out through a scrupulous analysis of more than half a hundred doctrinal writings by leading experts in the relevant area, which made it possible to conclude that the issue of punishment not only did not appear as a separate subject of inquiry, but was rather deliberately omitted in order to concentrate attention on matters related to human rights, which ultimately sets the intriguing tone for future thinking.

CITIZEN-ORIENTED DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND THE CREDIBILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

2026-04-06T14:21:27+00:00

Public sector performance assessment has traditionally relied on internally generated administrative data and managerial reporting systems, often producing opaque evaluation processes that insufficiently reflect citizens’ lived experiences and raise concerns about transparency and credibility. More recently, the expansion of digital data ecosystems and citizen-oriented platforms has transformed the informational foundations of public governance by enabling multi-source data integration, real-time monitoring, and citizen participation in performance assessment. Despite this shift, existing scholarship remains fragmented and offers limited analytical insight into how these digital and participatory arrangements concretely enhance transparency and reliability. This article addresses this gap by examining the mechanisms through which digital data ecosystems and citizen-oriented platforms reshape performance assessment in public sector organizations. Adopting a qualitative and analytical approach, the study synthesizes insights from the literatures on public sector performance measurement, co-production, digital governance, and accountability. Rather than viewing transparency and reliability as purely technical attributes, the article conceptualizes them as institutionally and socially constructed outcomes shaped by data plurality, verification mechanisms, and structured government– citizen interaction. The analysis shows that digital data ecosystems enhance transparency through standardization, traceability, and open access to performance information, while citizen-oriented platforms strengthen reliability by introducing alternative sources of validation and continuous public scrutiny. The interaction between administrative data and citizen-generated feedback reduces information asymmetries, constrains opportunistic reporting, and enhances the legitimacy of performance results. By linking transparency and reliability to public trust, the article reframes performance assessment as a governance mechanism rather than a narrowly managerial tool, offering theoretical and practical insights for digitally mediated public administration.

CONTRACTUAL SUCCESSION LEGAL NORMS FUNCTIONALIZATION ISSUES. SECOND PART

2026-04-06T14:21:26+00:00

Mentioned article analyze contractual succession norms issues in regard to applicable law norms in regard to de lege ferenda legal relations in contracts and deals with mortis causa intention and consequences. To denote mortis causa contracts and deals legal basis and consequences by this moment contractual succession doctrine and practice uses lex personalis and lex rei sitae collision bindings. However, mutual and joint wills presence in contractual succession, as well as inheritance contract institute availability, this coexistence for applicable law denoting procedure goals force to involve in this process lex voluntatis collision binding. Due to this circumstance article gives analyze lex voluntatis collision bindings’ insertion into contractual succession law norms for mentioned norms’ formation issues. Article finishes with model code suggestion.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES AS SUBJECTS OF PUBLIC POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REINTEGRATION OF RELEASED DEFENDERS OF UKRAINE

2026-04-06T14:21:24+00:00

Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine has caused a rapid increase in the number of repatriated prisoners of war and civilians returning from forced isolation and requiring long-term reintegration. The purpose of this publication is to determine the role of local self-government bodies as subjects in the implementation of public policy on the reintegration of released defenders of Ukraine and to outline the managerial implications of decentralisation for organising post-isolation support under martial law and during post-war recovery. The empirical basis includes statistical data from state authorities and local self-government bodies, the results of sociological surveys, and an analysis of current regulatory and legal acts in the field of reintegration of veterans and persons released from captivity. Systemic, institutional, structural-functional, and comparativelegal approaches, as well as methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalisation, were applied. It is shown that a multi-level reintegration model is being formed in Ukraine, in which local self-government bodies perform an operational role as providers of public services and coordinators of intersectoral interaction (social, medical, psychological, legal, educational, and economic), ensuring the adaptation of national decisions to the local needs of communities. The managerial significance of by-laws institutionalising algorithms for restorative measures and post-isolation support is emphasised, while risks of regulatory fragmentation, staff shortages, and the absence of unified performance indicators are highlighted. The expediency of an integrated reintegration model combining community-based reintegration with targeted specialised interventions is substantiated, ensuring personalised support without reinforcing social segregation. The practical significance of the findings lies in identifying managerial priorities for strengthening community capacity, clarifying the powers of policy actors, and developing local programmes for the reintegration of released defenders.

BACKGROUND TO THE LATEST REFORM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES PROPOSED BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

2026-04-06T14:21:22+00:00

The article discusses the latest proposal for reform of the European Union treaties, which was included in the European Parliament resolution of November 2023. However, what constitutes the basis of the narrative are various motives, circumstances and everything that contributed to the proposed vision of the future of the European Union. Therefore, issues such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, the process of EU enlargement, the financial crisis, declining trust in the European Union, new rivalry between global powers, and the war in Ukraine were all subject to detailed analysis. All of this contributed to the reform proposal presented by the European Parliament. The considerations contained in the text end with the observation that it can be assumed with a great degree of probability that the latest proposal to change the treaties, regardless of its final result, will not end the process of European integration.

ROLE OF SCHOOLS IN THE US IN RAISING AWARENESS OF MMIW

2026-04-06T14:21:20+00:00

This paper examines the significance of schools in raising awareness of the ongoing Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) issue. The paper uses a qualitative, literature-based analysis to argue that schools are positioned to facilitate empathy, civic responsibility, and cultural understanding during the critical stage of social development. The study suggests several educational approaches to integrate students with local communities, including storytelling projects, community awareness initiatives, symbolic art displays, and the inclusion of authentic Indigenous perspectives in curriculum frameworks. This study's analysis also indicates that supporting critical thinking and social justice awareness can be achieved by respecting the Indigenous knowledge system. The inclusion of MMIW issues in curricula allows schools to contribute and to engage in meaningful dialogue and actions towards the respect, dignity, and visibility of Indigenous women and girls.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS A STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF MODERN MILITARY TRAINING

2026-04-06T14:21:18+00:00

In this study, the authors analyze emotional intelligence as a structural component of modern military training in the context of growing demands on the professional, psychological, and managerial readiness of military personnel. The relevance of the topic is determined by transformations in the security environment, the increased level of psycho-emotional stress of military service, and the need to develop the ability of military personnel to effectively lead, self-regulate, and interact with others. The study uses systematic, personality-oriented, and psychological approaches, as well as methods of theoretical analysis, generalization, and interpretation of scientific sources. It has been established that emotional intelligence is an integral structural component of modern military training, which integrates cognitive, emotional-volitional, and socio-psychological components of professional competence, ensures psychological stability, the effectiveness of management decisions, and the maintenance of the moral and psychological state of personnel.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN THE SERVICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE MODERN PERIOD OF HISTORY

2026-04-06T14:21:16+00:00

This article is devoted to an interesting topic. By the current period of history, the consideration of various issues of the functioning of higher education not only from pedagogical positions, but above all from the side of government authorities looks very relevant. Thus, the idea of relying on the educational process as a whole on the achievements of high technologies turns out to be timely. This idea runs like a red line through all the work, in particular, additionally explaining the phenomenon of internationalization of public administration. It organically leads readers to think about the internationalization of public administration in the field of higher education, because the redistribution of roles between the four models/schemes of universities is considered on a global scale. We also consider the merit of the author of the article to be an indispensable reference to the modern period of history. Moreover, the potential connection with public education in our republic is indicated locally, if necessary. And this, in our opinion, is by no means an artificial “adaptation” of the chosen topic to the realities of higher education in Azerbaijan. On the contrary, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the creative approach of the author. In general, it should be recognized that the presented work is written at the proper theoretical level, but at the same time it differs in both scientific and accessible language for the general reader.

ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMING A LIFE SAFETY CULTURE IN EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL RISK

2026-04-06T14:21:14+00:00

The article examines the ethical foundations of forming a life safety culture in the educational environment as a key condition for sustainable human development under conditions of social instability, technological risks, and wartime challenges. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing vulnerability of educational participants and the increasing complexity of ethical dilemmas related to safety, responsibility, and human dignity. The research is based on an interdisciplinary theoretical analysis combining pedagogy, ethics, philosophy of education, and life safety studies. Methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and conceptual modeling were applied. The results demonstrate that ethical values act as an internal regulator of safe behavior, transforming external safety requirements into personally meaningful norms. The article substantiates pedagogical conditions for integrating ethical principles into life safety education and outlines prospects for developing value-oriented educational models aimed at strengthening individual and collective safety.

ENHANCING STUDENTS’ FOREIGN-LANGUAGE WRITING SKILLS THROUGH DIGITAL DIDACTIC TOOLS

2026-04-06T14:21:13+00:00

This study investigates the development of foreign language writing competence in German as a second foreign language among Ukrainian university students through electronic didactic tools. A fourstage methodology was developed and implemented over ten months, integrating classroom and distance learning formats. The methodology incorporated Internet services (email, search engines), Internet resources (video lessons, interactive exercises), graphic files, and multimedia presentations. The four stages included organizational-preparatory, training with model support, productive-creative, and reflective-evaluative phases. Assessment criteria measured five competence components: linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, strategic, and sociocultural. Results demonstrated significant improvement in the experimental group, while the control group showed minimal change. Statistical analysis using chi-square tests confirmed significant differences between groups. The findings validate that systematic use of electronic didactic tools within a structured integrative approach significantly enhances foreign language writing competence, addressing all competence components while promoting learner autonomy and motivation.

THE CHALLENGE OF CONTENT AND CONTEXTUALIZATION IN ESP FOR CHRISTIAN STUDENTS

2026-04-06T14:21:11+00:00

This article examines the specialized methodology of teaching Foreign Language for Professional Purposes (FLPP) to students in Christian degree programs. It explores how professional language competencies are developed within a framework of Christian professions needs and peculiarities, highlighting the unique educational environment of religious universities. The professional needs of Christian students necessitate a distinct approach to English language instruction. As this field is still developing, ongoing scientific analysis, research, and discussion are necessary to refine our understanding of the specific content needed for English-language materials within a Christian educational context, and to discover effective methods for maximizing teaching effectiveness by leveraging all available relevant characteristics. The methodological basis of the research is built upon an interdisciplinary framework that integrates pedagogical theories with a specialized spiritual orientation. The study details several critical pedagogical aspects, including: vocabulary and terminology: identifying the specific linguistic challenges of religious and professional terminology; curriculum and content: selecting primary sources and Christian literature that provide necessary cultural context while fostering professional thinking rooted in faith; instructional methods: emphasizing communicative and interactive approaches tailored to the needs of students preparing for global service; intercultural competence: training students to navigate diverse cultural landscapes through an ethical, faith-based lens. As a result, the authors conclude that effective language instruction in this context requires a holistic integration of specific content, contextualization and methodology, as well as professional skills and spiritual values. The goal is to develop specialists capable of utilizing their language proficiency for professional communication, professional service and spiritual growth in a globalized world.

SKI RACING AS A MEANS OF INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG HEARING IMPAIRED PUPILS AT SCHOOL

2026-04-06T14:21:10+00:00

The article examines the pedagogical feasibility of using ski races as a means of increasing the physical activity of students with hearing impairments in general secondary education institutions. The work uses analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature on adaptive physical education and inclusive education, as well as pedagogical observation, analysis of school documentation, and interviews with physical education teachers. It has been established that the organization of ski racing within physical education lessons, taking into account the psychophysical characteristics of students with hearing impairments, the use of visual teaching aids, and the step-by-step mastery of technique contributes to an increase in the level of physical activity and student engagement in classes. It was concluded that it is advisable to integrate ski racing into the variable part of physical education curricula. Prospects for further research are related to the quantitative assessment of the impact of ski racing on the indicators of motor fitness and functional status of students with hearing impairments.

PROBLEM-BASED TASKS AND ROLE-PLAYINGL GAMES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION

2026-04-06T14:21:08+00:00

This article examines the use of problem-based tasks and role-playing games as active learning methods in foreign language education within higher professional and military training institutions. Drawing on communicative and learner-centered approaches, the study focuses on the role of simulated professional and social situations in developing communicative competence, critical thinking, and learner autonomy. Problembased tasks, including role-play and extensive extracurricular reading, are analyzed as tools that encourage meaningful language use rather than reproduction of ready-made patterns. Particular attention is paid to the staged organization of role-playing activities and the facilitating role of the teacher during communicative practice. The article also highlights the contribution of extensive reading to vocabulary development, analytical reading skills, and professional language awareness. The study concludes that the systematic integration of problem-based tasks and role-playing games enhances motivation, supports sustainable language competence development, and contributes to learners’ professional and social readiness.

THE MISSION COMMAND CONCEPT IN MILITARY COMMAND AND CONTROL AND MILITARY EDUCATION: A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW

2026-04-06T14:21:06+00:00

The article provides a scientific review of the Mission Command concept as a contemporary model of military command and control and as a methodological reference point for the development of military education. Ukrainian and international scholarly publications and doctrinal sources are analysed, covering the evolution of Mission Command, its relationship with the Auftragstaktik approach, manoeuvre concepts, and NATO standards. It is shown that domestic research predominantly addresses the concept within the framework of doctrinal and managerial approaches, whereas international discourse closely links Mission Command to the system of professional military education (PME). The pedagogical potential of Mission Command is substantiated as a framework for training a new type of officer, with an emphasis on autonomy, disciplined initiative, responsibility, and learning under conditions of uncertainty. Educational technologies relevant to this concept are identified.

CULTURAL IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHY: TRANSFORMATION OF VISUAL CODES IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

2026-04-06T14:21:04+00:00

The article discusses how photography can be used to build, maintain and alter cultural identity in an era of globalization. The paper seeks to understand how photography influences cultural identity and visual techniques that will make the local images globally acceptable and to create a classification of cultural codes in the modern photography. The research method involves the use of semiotic analysis of the images in photographs, phenomenological study of visual perception and evaluation of the works of photographers of different cultures. The paper draws on such instances of documentary and art photography as the works of indigenous photographers who take back visual stories that were previously under colonial control and how digital technology alters the way of movement of cultural symbols. The results indicate that photography acts as both a means of maintaining a culture and a means of changing identity. Visual symbols combine local traditions with international visual language to create new cultural expressions. The study identifies three main cultural code types used in modern photography which are archived memorial and performative-ritual and dialogical-transcultural. Globalization makes photography more than a recording tool because it transforms photos into cultural identity builders who use their space to connect local elements with worldwide influences.

INTERACTION BETWEEN POPULAR AND ELITIST CULTURE: REINTERPRETING THE CLASSICS IN THE POST-MODERN ERA

2026-04-06T14:21:03+00:00

This article explores the reciprocal influence between contemporary high (elite) culture and popular culture understood not as mass culture, but as participatory and interpretive cultural practice. The study aims to analyse how meaning-making activities of non-professional audiences and forms of cultural co-creation contribute to the transformation of high culture in the twenty-first century. Methodologically, the research is grounded in an interpretive framework based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model, combined with comparative and semiotic analysis and supported by case studies of contemporary Ukrainian artistic projects (Nova Opera, Ukraine WOW). The findings demonstrate that contemporary high culture increasingly operates as an open system of meanings, shaped by audience interpretation, everyday aesthetics, and intergenre hybridisation. It is argued that engagement with popular participatory practices does not lead to the simplification of high culture but rather enhances its communicative flexibility and expands its cultural and symbolic productivity.

ART DECO IN THE GRAPHICS OF UKRAINIAN PERIODICALS OF LVIV AND EUROPE IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD OF THE 20TH CENTURY: ZOOMORPHIC MOTIFS

2026-04-06T14:21:01+00:00

The article provides a typology of zoomorphic motifs in the graphics of Ukrainian periodicals published in Lviv during the interwar period and analyzes their common and distinctive features in comparison with magazine covers and advertising graphics of French and other European periodicals within the stylistic framework of Art Deco. It has been established that compositions dominated by zoomorphic motifs are characterized by asymmetry, diagonal directions, and dynamic movement, in contrast to static and symmetrical compositions in which floromorphic motifs prevail. The study reveals the significance of stylization techniques in shaping the aesthetic and emotional expressiveness of periodical graphics. This article elucidates the specific characteristics of engaging anthropomorphism and zoomorphism within an anthropocentric context through artistic techniques and figurative means in graphic. It is substantiated that the professional and structured application of compositional tools, pictorial techniques, and stylistic innovations contributed to the creation of a new artistic image grounded in national traditions, distinguished by new aesthetic value and capable of generating new emotional responses in the viewer. The research demonstrates that during the interwar period Ukrainian graphic art experienced a significant rise due to the activities of scholarly societies, public organizations, clergy, and cultural figures. In particular, the active engagement of the Lviv artistic milieu facilitated the integration of ethnic tradition into everyday visual culture through the aesthetics of periodical graphics. Owing to their contribution, the graphics of interwar Ukrainian magazines and newspapers, marked by national and modern features, became an important factor of cultural expression and the formation of visual identity of the era.

VOLUNTARY AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES TO PRESERVE UKRAINE’S CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

2026-04-06T14:20:59+00:00

The article examines the problem of preserving Ukraine’s cultural heritage in the context of the full-scale war unleashed by Russia in 2022. The authors emphasise that the destruction of monuments is not only a material loss but also an element of cultural genocide aimed at destroying the historical memory and national identity of the Ukrainian people. Particular attention is paid to the role of civil society organisations and volunteer initiatives, which are key actors in the rescue of cultural values, the organisation of digital conservation, evacuation and documentation of monuments. Examples of the activities of local headquarters, the Centre for the Rescue of Cultural Heritage, the international SUCHO initiative and UNESCO programmes are considered, demonstrating the effectiveness of civic solidarity and coordination with state and international structures. The article shows that it is the active participation of civil society organisations that allows for a rapid response to threats, combining modern technologies (3D scanning, digital archives) with historical practices, as well as strengthening the moral and humanistic dimension of heritage preservation. The study is based on analytical, historical-descriptive and comparative methods, combining theoretical analysis of scientific sources with practical study of specific volunteer and public initiatives. The work proves that the protection of cultural heritage in wartime is not only a humanitarian task, but also an act of spiritual resilience, national self-affirmation of Ukraine and a testament to the strength of civil society.

NEW HUMANISM IN THE MODERN WORLD: GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY

2026-04-06T14:20:57+00:00

The contemporary world is undergoing a profound transformation characterized by the transition from traditional forms of social organization and ideological paradigms to new global frameworks shaped by globalization, technological development, and ecological challenges. These processes have intensified ethical, social, and environmental crises, revealing the limitations of classical humanism in addressing contemporary global realities. This article examines the emergence of New Humanism as a response to these challenges, emphasizing its ethical, ecological, and social dimensions. Drawing on key philosophical contributions and international documents, the study explores New Humanism as a holistic framework that integrates human rights, sustainable development, cultural diversity, and responsibility toward future generations. The findings demonstrate that New Humanism offers not merely a theoretical alternative but a practical philosophical foundation for addressing global crises and fostering a harmonious relationship between humanity, society, and nature.

TAK SABIR AS A UNIQUE VOICE IN AZERBAIJANI SATIRICAL PRESS

2026-04-06T14:20:56+00:00

The history of the development of Azerbaijani satirical press occupies a special place both in the enrichment of national journalism in terms of form and content and in the process of raising the level of public consciousness. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the satirical tradition established by Mirza Alakbar Sabir created a significant turning point not only in poetry but also in the overall intellectual framework of national journalism. Sabir’s sharp spirit of social criticism, his exposure of societal flaws through irony, and his reflection of enlightenment ideas in journalistic texts laid an ideological and stylistic foundation for subsequent examples of satirical press. In his poetry, he reinterpreted the confrontation between good and evil, benefit and harm, bravery and cowardice, light and darkness, life and death in a new way–particularly through antagonisms such as those between worker and capitalist, peasant and landlord, subject and ruler, and ideological divisions.

DOUBLE CODING OF PILGRIMAGE AS A SOCIAL AND COMMUNICATION INSTITUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDIATIZATION

2026-04-06T14:20:54+00:00

In modern society, pilgrimage increasingly appears not only as a form of religious practice, but also as a social and communication institution, formed under the influence of mediatization processes (Panchenko & Rizun, 2025a). In this context, pilgrimage functions as a structured system of production, transmission and interpretation of meanings, which at the same time operates at the institutional and interpretive levels (Baggio, 2005; Butler, Suntikul, 2018). The aim of the article is to conceptualize pilgrimage through the prism of the concept of double coding, which allows us to capture the interaction between the explicit institutional-ritual code and the implicit interpretive-narrative code. The research is based on a social and communication approach, focused on the analysis of communicative practices, media representations and the circulation of pilgrimage narratives beyond the theological understanding of pilgrimage (Jirásek, 2011; Rizun, 2022; Ivanov, 2003; Kornieiev, 2016). The theoretical basis is classical pilgrimage studies and modern theories of mediatization and mediated communication. An illustrative case is the international Dual Pilgrim Program, which combines the Japanese Kumano Kodo route and the European Camino de Santiago (Ito et al., 2025; de Sousa & da Rosa, 2020). The analysis of this case demonstrates how formalized institutional mechanisms of pilgrimage recognition (routes, pilgrim ID, stamps) are combined with processes of individual meaning-making, narrative integration, and mediatized representation of personal spiritual experience (Are you a «Dual Pilgrim?»; Couldry & Hepp, 2017). As a result, it is proven that mediatization does not create a separate semantic level of pilgrimage, but rather enhances the interaction between explicit and implicit codes, creating conditions for interpretive drift and transformation of sacred meanings in the public social space (Lundby, 2014; Schulz, 2004). The concept of double coding allows us to consider pilgrimage as a dynamic communicative structure, where institutional stability is combined with openness to interpretive transformations, while ensuring the heredity and adaptability of pilgrimage practices in modern sociocultural conditions (Coleman & Eade, 2004; Couldry, 2012).

IDEOLOGY AS A MOTIVATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN MANAGEMENT (A Sociological Approach)

2026-04-06T14:20:53+00:00

In the contemporary world, one of the key directions of social management technologies is the mobilization of individuals and social groups toward the achievement of specific goals. Ideology is a system of ideas and beliefs that defines the value framework and objectives of society and guides individual and collective behavior. In modern conditions, ideology functions not only as a form of political and social consciousness but also as a motivational technology. From this perspective, the capacity of ideology to stimulate and regulate human behavior transforms it into an essential instrument of social management and motivational mechanisms. The application of ideology as a motivational technology in modern management and social technologies creates opportunities for harmonizing individual goals with collective objectives. This, in turn, constitutes a crucial factor for social stability, development, and cohesion. The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific explanation of ideology as a motivational technology in management and to demonstrate its mechanisms of application.

“INTERPRETING THE PAST” IDEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA IN SOVIET AZERBAIJAN

2026-04-06T14:20:51+00:00

During the Soviet era, Marxism and autochthonism exerted a profound influence on the archaeological research conducted in Azerbaijan, shaping its theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and interpretations. By emphasizing the materialistic interpretation of history, Marxist archaeology focused on economic and social structures as the primary drivers of social change. For instance, archaeological studies frequently highlighted the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural communities, aligning with the Marxist stages of historical development, such as primitive communism and feudalism. Soviet archaeologists in the South Caucasus often interpreted archaeological finds through the lens of class struggle, a core tenet of Marxism. Furthermore, archaeological research was frequently driven by state programs aimed at legitimizing Soviet ideology and promoting the concept of a shared socialist heritage within the USSR. As a political and social ideology emphasizing self-determination and local autonomy, autochthonism also influenced archaeological research in the region, particularly during the transition to the post-Soviet period. Competing claims over cultural heritage occasionally hindered collaborative research and led to biased interpretations of archaeological data. While Marxism provided a unified, materialistic framework for understanding the past, it often imposed significant ideological constraints on archaeological interpretations.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AZERBAIJAN–CHINA COOPERATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

2026-04-06T14:20:50+00:00

Expanding mutually beneficial cooperation with the world’s leading states is currently one of the key directions of the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this context, relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are of particular importance. Historically, China maintained close economic, trade, and cultural ties with the South Caucasus region, of which Azerbaijan is a part, located along the Great Silk Road. Following the incorporation of the region into the Russian Empire in the early nineteenth century, and especially during the existence of the USSR, these ties were completely severed. Profound changes that occurred in the world and the region at the end of the twentieth century, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the independence of the South Caucasus republics created new conditions for the restoration of these relations. The favorable geographical position of the South Caucasus and the rich oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea increased China’s interest in the region, as was the case with other global actors. In recent years, the PRC has begun implementing large-scale projects in the region in order to strengthen its positions. Naturally, while pursuing its policy toward the South Caucasus, China seeks to take into account the interests of both neighboring states with traditionally strong influence in the region (Russia, Turkey, Iran) and extra-regional powers such as the EU and the United States making significant efforts to extend their influence there. In the 1990s, the South Caucasus was not of major geopolitical interest to the PRC, and China focused primarily on expanding its economic presence in the region. After consolidating its position in geographically closer Central Asia, China began to incorporate the South Caucasus into its sphere of interests and to establish close political relations with the states of the region. These relations are primarily based on the South Caucasus’s favorable transport and communication infrastructure and its abundant energy resources. Beijing seeks to achieve its objectives both through the implementation of various infrastructure projects and through investment. The largest of these projects is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China’s main goal in implementing this initiative is to strengthen its position in post-Soviet countries, including the South Caucasus. As a result of this policy, China has, within a relatively short period, become one of the key trade and economic partners of the South Caucasus countries. At the same time, the states of the region regard the strengthening of relations with the PRC as an important factor in safeguarding their economic interests, particularly in terms of diversifying foreign economic and trade relations. Since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, China’s economic presence in the South Caucasus has gradually expanded. The purpose of this article is to trace the dynamics of China’s economic penetration into the South Caucasus countries especially the Republic of Azerbaijan and, based on an analysis of official Chinese and Azerbaijani statistical data on trade, investment, lending, and other areas, to assess the current scale of China’s economic involvement in the South Caucasus, including Azerbaijan.

STATE POLICY OF IRAQ IN THE FIELD OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

2026-04-06T14:20:48+00:00

The article attempts to analyze some aspects of Iraqi hydropower policy, examine major projects and institutional approaches, and outline challenges and ways to overcome them. It is noted that the period from 1970 to 1990 was the best period for the development of Iraqi water systems. As a result, Iraq's total electricity in 1987 was 8,538 MW. However, the 1990 Gulf War and subsequent events, especially the occupation of Iraq in 2003, interrupted this process. Three main regions of the country are indicated, where Iraq's hydropower projects are mainly concentrated. An analysis of their history allows us to conclude that they are not just engineering projects, but represent a strategic basis for the survival and development of the state, whose fate depends on the availability of water. It is noted that Iraq at this stage of development is faced with the need to reconsider its water priorities. In our opinion, the transition to more flexible water management will have a positive effect on the situation and will facilitate the efforts of the Iraqi authorities to reconstruct and modernize existing facilities. At the same time, the key importance of the foreign policy vector is emphasized, which implies reaching a comprehensive agreement with Turkey and Iran in the area of distribution of water resources in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin.

WASHINGTON DECLARATION OF AUGUST 8, 2025: TARGETS AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE FUTURE SCENARIO OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS

2026-04-06T14:20:47+00:00

The article first of all notes the importance of the South Caucasus from an economic and strategic point of view. However, it discusses the conflicts existing in the region and the mechanisms for their resolution. It also assesses the important aspects of the region for the United States. The US policy in the South Caucasus is reviewed and the policy it has implemented in resolving the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict is studied. The analysis of the Washington Declaration, which plays an important role in the political life of the South Caucasus, constitutes the main thrust of the article. The article reflects the provisions mentioned in the declaration. It also analyzes the assessment of the declaration for regional and non-regional states. The importance of the Washington Peace Declaration for Azerbaijan and Armenia, which are the main subjects of the declaration, is comprehensively examined. The attitudes of Russia, Iran and Türkiye to this declaration are objectively assessed. However, the roles that the declaration will play in the future development of the South Caucasus, if implemented effectively, have also been clearly defined.

THE RWANDAN CONFLICT THROUGH THE LENS OF REALISM: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS

2026-04-06T14:20:45+00:00

This study presents a systematic and in-depth analysis of the 1994 Rwandan conflict from the perspective of realist theory, a foundational approach in international relations scholarship. It seeks to explain the underlying causes of mass violence in Rwanda as well as the limited and delayed response of the international community by applying core realist concepts, including international anarchy, national interest, power politics, the security dilemma, weak statehood, and selective humanitarian intervention. By integrating insights from both classical realism and neorealism, the article evaluates the behavior of key international actors through a rational choice framework. Drawing on academic literature, the study situates its findings within the wider global academic discourse on conflict, genocide, and international responsibility.

REFORMING THE LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT MODEL IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE’S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

2026-04-06T14:20:43+00:00

The article explores the reform of the local self-government model in Ukraine in the context of European integration, emphasizing the shift from formal decentralization to real institutional capacity of territorial communities. The study analyses European approaches to strategic local development, municipal engagement in EU policies and programs, institutional capacity audits, and the implementation of the subsidiarity principle. Special attention is given to local development strategies, municipal offices of European integration, and capacity assessment as instruments for strengthening local governance and supporting postwar reconstruction. Drawing on EU practice and OECD and Council of Europe recommendations, the research argues for an integrated decentralization model that combines delegated competences with adequate financial, human and institutional resources. The findings highlight that alignment with European governance standards enhances sustainable territorial development, public service quality and Ukraine’s integration into the European system of local and regional governance.

THE RISE OF RIGHT-WING POPULISM AND SPREAD OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES

2026-04-06T14:20:42+00:00

Right-wing populism is one of the leading factors in the spread of Islamophobia in Western countries in modern times. Right-wing populism, as an ideology promoted by right-wing parties and movements, promotes forms of intolerance and discrimination such as racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia. One of the main features of right-wing populism, which is widespread in Western countries, is Islamophobia. The impact of right-wing populism on the spread of Islamophobia in Western society is reflected in the activities of right-wing political parties and movements. The article shows that Islamophobia is one of the main directions of the activities of right-wing political parties. The Islamophobic policies of right-wing political parties and movements not only strengthen their positions in society, but also lead to an increase in intolerance, discrimination and violence against Muslims.

ELIZABETH II AND THE NEW GLOBAL POLITICAL ARCHITECTURE: BETWEEN TRADITION AND NETWORKS OF INFLUENCE

2026-04-06T14:20:41+00:00

The article is devoted to the analysis of Queen Elizabeth II’s role as a specific global political actor in the 20th–21st centuries. The study aims to examine the transformation of the British monarchy from a classical imperial model to a networked architecture of influence centered around the Commonwealth of Nations. It is shown that, under conditions of constitutional neutrality, the Queen exercised significant symbolic and informal influence on international processes, combining Christian tradition, historical continuity, and modern diplomatic mechanisms. Special attention is given to the Christian symbolism of the monarchy, particularly in the context of Elizabeth II’s death and funeral ceremony, which emphasized the immortality of the monarchy as an institution and the limits of human power. The article also analyzes the significance of Commonwealth policy in fostering international solidarity, particularly regarding Ukraine. The study concludes that the figure of the Queen embodies a new type of global politics in which connections, legitimacy, and symbolic authority play a central role, rather than territorial control.

STATE POLICY PRIORITIES IN THE FIELD OF HUMANITARIAN SECURITY OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS UNDER CONDITIONS OF WAR

2026-04-06T14:20:39+00:00

This article explores the transformation of Ukraine’s public governance priorities in ensuring the protection and resilience of persons forcibly displaced within the country as a result of the full-scale armed conflict. The study addresses the urgent need for a comprehensive policy response to large-scale internal displacement, which has become a critical challenge for social stability and national resilience. The research applies general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction) alongside special legal methods, including comparative legal and normative analysis. These methods make it possible to assess the existing regulatory framework and institutional mechanisms governing humanitarian responses to internal displacement. The findings demonstrate that effective policy responses must move beyond emergency assistance toward integrated and long-term solutions. Priority directions include strengthening legal regulation, ensuring equitable access to education, healthcare, and employment, expanding psychosocial support, enhancing local-level institutional capacity, and fostering cooperation with international and non-governmental actors. The study also identifies persistent challenges, such as limited financial resources, administrative barriers, uneven service provision, and risks of social exclusion. The article concludes that addressing internal displacement requires a human-centered, cross-sectoral policy model aimed at sustainable integration and long-term societal resilience. The results may be used to improve public strategies and institutional practices in the context of recovery and reconstruction.

THE ROLE OF MILITARY POWER IN INTERCULTURAL CONFLICTS

2026-04-06T14:20:38+00:00

Military power remains a decisive force in shaping international relations and conflict dynamics. However, the nature of conflicts in the 21st century reveals that they are not solely determined by material capabilities, cultural, ethnic, and religious factors increasingly intersect with military struggles. This article argues the complex relationship between military power and conflicts, with particular attention to the intercultural dimensions that often underlie or exacerbate violent confrontations. By drawing on theoretical approaches and historical as well as contemporary case studies, it argues that sustainable peace requires not only balanced military strategies but also the recognition and management of intercultural tensions. Military power has historically been central to the emergence and resolution of conflicts, yet many of these conflicts are deeply rooted in intercultural differences such as religion, ethnicity, and identity. This paper examines the intersection of military power and intercultural conflicts, highlighting their causes, dynamics, and implications for global security. By analyzing historical and contemporary cases, as well as theoretical approaches, it argues that the future of peace depends on both the responsible use of military power and the effective management of intercultural tensions. Military power has long been one of the central pillars of statehood and international relations. It not only determines the security of nations but also influences the causes, dynamics, and outcomes of conflicts. While military strength may deter potential adversaries, it can also escalate tensions and trigger arms races. This article explores the relationship between military power and conflicts through historical examples, theoretical frameworks, and contemporary challenges, highlighting the implications for global peace and security.

CONTINUOUS SUPPORT PROGRAM FOR ORGANIZING PSYCHOLOGICAL SESSIONS WITH PARENTS BEFORE AND AFTER CHILDBIRTH

2026-04-06T14:20:36+00:00

Providing parents with psychological support before and after birth plays an important role in ensuring their emotional and psychological well-being. The goal of this process is to reduce parents' stress and emotional tension, develop parenting skills, and create a healthy emotional bond with the baby. The program organizes individual and group meetings, provides parents with practical advice, relaxation and stress management techniques, as well as advice on developing communication skills with the baby. Continuous psychological support increases parents' self-confidence, strengthens family dynamics, and contributes to the preservation of the psycho-emotional health of both parents and babies. At the same time, this approach allows for the early identification and resolution of emotional difficulties that parents may encounter. Thus, the initiative enhances the social and emotional well-being of families and supports the healthy development of children.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF FORMATION OF COMMUNICATIVE-DIALOGICAL COMPETENCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

2026-04-06T14:20:30+00:00

The article presents a theoretical and psychological analysis and the results of a pilot empirical study of the formation of communicative and dialogical competence in the context of the transformation of the educational environment. The aim of the study is to substantiate the psychological factors and conditions for the development of dialogical interaction. The empirical study was conducted with the involvement of higher education applicants (n = 48) using methods for diagnosing empathy, reflexivity and communicative tendencies. Descriptive statistics and Student's t-test were used. A predominantly average level of development of communicative and dialogical competence was revealed, as well as a statistically significant increase in empathy and reflexivity indicators after the introduction of psychologically justified conditions for the development of dialogue. The results confirm the effectiveness of integrating training and reflective practices into the educational process and outline the prospects for further research.

DIAGNOSIS OF INTERNAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS’ PROFESSIONAL CULTURE

2026-04-06T14:20:28+00:00

This article theoretically substantiates and empirically validates the structuring of factors influencing the development of the professional culture of future preschool teachers into two generalized groups: internal and external. The methodological toolkit employed in the study included the «Temperament Formula» test, the «Thinking Styles» assessment, an author-developed express test for evaluating the ingenuity of future preschool teachers, a chain associative experiment, and systematic pedagogical observation. The aggregated diagnostic results indicate a predominance of medium to sufficiently developed internal characteristics, while also identifying a subgroup of students with insufficiently developed subjective qualities, highlighting the need for targeted pedagogical support.The study concludes that the activation of internal factors – particularly individual psychological and subjective ones – is a key condition for forming the foundations of professional culture in future preschool teachers.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL ACTS UNDER MARTIAL LAW

2026-04-06T14:20:27+00:00

The article provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the impact of the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine on the radical transformation of the content, forms, and psychological conditions of performing official duties by employees of the National Police of Ukraine. The scientific necessity of studying the psychological specifics of professional activity in the extreme conditions of martial law is substantiated as a fundamental factor for ensuring operational efficiency, a high level of stress resistance, and the adequacy of law enforcement agencies' response to the dynamic threats of wartime. Through a critical synthesis of a wide array of contemporary scientific research, it has been established that the professional actions of police officers during this period are characterized by extreme psycho-emotional tension. This tension is caused not only by the performance of traditional policing functions but also by direct involvement in assault and search operations in combat zones, participation in territorial defense, and the elimination of catastrophic consequences of armed conflict or emergency situations of a military nature. A systematic analysis of the dynamics of personal psychological resources in situations as close as possible to combat has been conducted, where the permanent real threat to life and health acts as a catalyst for profound distress, depressive states, and chronic emotional exhaustion of personnel. Particular attention within the study is paid to the specifics of the psycho-traumatic experience that law enforcement officers acquire while working at sites of mass casualties, conducting complex exhumation activities, and meticulously documenting the atrocities and war crimes of the aggressor. It is established that such experience often exceeds the bounds of ordinary human perception and requires specialized mechanisms of psychological processing. It is proved that the personality transformations of a police officer in wartime conditions have a direct and indirect determination on the quality of professional actions, influencing the moral-volitional sphere and cognitive decision-making processes. The conclusions formulated as a result of the analysis are of significant practical importance for the development and implementation of innovative psychological rehabilitation and decompression programs. The proposed approaches are aimed at improving internal self-control mechanisms, optimizing intellectual processes in critical situations, preventing professional deformation, and accelerating the adaptation of personnel to the high-risk environment of combat operations.

ARCHAISMS AND DIALECTAL ELEMENTS IN THE LANGUAGE OF ASHUG POETRY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF AZERBAIJANI AND TURKISH LANGUAGES)

2026-04-06T14:20:26+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of linguistic characteristics of the Ashug poetry of the Turkic peoples, with an emphasis on archaisms and dialectal elements in the languages of the Azerbaijani and Turkish traditions. Ashug poetry is an oral folk art form in which the content, style and language are closely related to the historical development of Turkic societies. Based on examples from the oral and fixed traditions of Ashug works, the functions of archaic lexemes and dialectisms, their role in reflecting cultural memory, regional identity and stylistic originality are analyzed. The mechanisms of preservation of archaisms in the oral tradition, the influence of dialects on the poetic language, as well as the comparative perspective between Azerbaijani and Turkish Ashug poetry are considered. The main conclusions show that archaisms and dialectal elements are not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a bridge between history, ethnography and art form.

FUZZY LOGIC AND THE INTERACTION OF LEXICAL SYNONYMS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE

2026-04-06T14:20:24+00:00

Fuzzy logic, while extensively applied in technical fields such as mathematics, engineering, and computer science, also provides profound insights into the structure and functioning of natural language. This article explores the intersection of fuzzy logic and lexical synonymy, focusing on how imprecise linguistic expressions reflect cognitive categorization and contextual variation. By examining the theoretical underpinnings laid out by Lotfi A. Zadeh and subsequent developments in fuzzy linguistic modeling, this study demonstrates the practical utility of fuzzy logic in modeling semantic gradation, contextual meaning shifts, and synonym selection in natural language. Applications in natural language processing (NLP), sentiment analysis, and artificial intelligence show how fuzzy logic enhances the interpretability of synonymous expressions and mirrors the way humans use language in real-world scenarios. The discussion also highlights the role of fuzzy sets in capturing lexical nuance, the benefits of degree-based semantic modeling, and the integration of fuzzy logic with modern computational tools, offering a comprehensive framework for more human-aligned language technologies.

EASTERN MYTHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SUBSTRATES IN THE MODERN AMERICAN NOVEL

2026-04-06T14:20:23+00:00

At the end of the 20th century and the first quarter of the 21st century, interest in Eastern mythology and philosophy in American literature is directly related to the strengthening of globalization, postcolonial discourse, and multicultural ideology. In the modern American novel, the East is no longer presented as an exotic or “other” culture, but as an alternative system of thought to the ontological and moral crises created by Western rationalism. In this context, Eastern mythological and philosophical models play an active role in the semantic and structural layers of the literary text. The article examines the forms of artistic realization of Eastern mythology and philosophical sublayers in the modern American novel based on the works of authors such as Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Khaled Hosseini. The methods of mythopoetic analysis, postcolonial approach, and intercultural hermeneutics were used in the research. As a result of the research, it is determined that Eastern philosophy plays an important role in the formation of the cyclical model of time, the artistic interpretation of the problem of identity, and the ethical-humanistic discourse in the American novel. The article shows that Eastern mythology and philosophical underpinnings are not decorative elements in the modern American novel, but rather a structuring principle that gives philosophical depth to postmodern aesthetics.

APHORISMS IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE, THEIR LINGUISTIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND FORM OF USE IN DICTIONARIES

2026-04-06T14:20:16+00:00

The article presented for discussion has a certain scholarly interest. The author summarizes facts discovered by modern linguists and, in the process, presents his perspective on the issue under study. Within the scope of this compact work, the key structural and syntactic features and characteristics of Azerbaijani aphorisms are nevertheless detailed. They are presented in their diversity, more precisely, as part of both narrative and interrogative sentences, including rhetorical ones. It is emphasized that they could have been created by an author (most often) or (less often) by a group of people. In any case, they always and universally express folk wisdom and therefore carry philosophical or cultural overtones. In terms of stylistic possibilities, aphorisms are one of the most effective forms of expression in language. Aphorisms can be used in both artistic and formal contexts and are often chosen to influence people’s emotional worlds. The stylistic features of aphorisms determine how the ideas they express are conveyed and how these ideas are perceived by the interlocutor. The article also analyzes in detail these stylistic possibilities of aphorisms.