Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

THE СONNECTIONS ESSENTIAL FOR THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEM ISSUES OF CRIMINAL LAW

Volodymyr Benkivsky — 2024-12-30

The article considers causal and other connections essential and its significance for solving criminal law issues. The emphasis on the causal approach is carried out at the methodological level of research that is the basic concepts of cause and condition, system, structure, etc. are considered. The author draws attention to the fact that in addition to the cause, which has legal criminal significance, it is necessary to consider such elements of the causal complex as conditions, reasons, incentives, circumstances that are necessary to clarify the mechanism of causing legal value. The author notes that if the cause and condition based on their importance in criminal law have the characteristics of «full» factors, the reason, incentive, circumstances can be considered and evaluated as subcausal factors. These factors are taken into account in criminal law indirectly and, as the author notes, are rather criminal proceedings. The article separately considers the possibility of using among the causal factors of psychological attitude; it is noted that in accordance with the approaches of the psychological school of Professor Uznadze, the installation is considered at the subconscious level and can’t be considered in the implementation of criminal law assessments. The article mentions a number of other problems related to the causal approach in resolving issues of legal, criminal, and legal nature. In particular, attention is focused on the term «causal complex», the problem of the inverse effect of the consequence on the cause, the separation of «social» causality from «natural» and others. The author considers in the article the importance of conducting a causal analysis in the study of criminal law issues. It is noted that the methodological establishment of the criterion of the cause of the phenomenon (consequence) is also necessary in the case of ambiguous (several or more causes and consequences) causal connection or complex causality. The author notes that the «vector» of the causal connection is complicated given the previous aspects of the study.

APPLYING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Maksym Bespalov — 2024-12-30

The article examines the use of blockchain distributed ledger technology in various sectors of the economy. It was found that since 2008, blockchain has developed as a tool for cryptocurrency transactions and was later adopted by major transport companies for cargo transportation management, proving its efficiency. The study is based on general scientific methods of cognition, including the dialectical method for understanding phenomena and the comparative legal method for analyzing approaches to the legal nature of distributed ledger technology. Using a systemic-structural approach, the author examined the benefits and risks of digitalization and blockchain application, leading to the article's conclusions. Blockchain is applied in IT, energy, finance, agriculture, logistics, and other sectors, improving efficiency and transparency in business processes. However, Ukraine lacks legislative regulation of this technology. If implemented, blockchain could become a tool for promoting transparent business practices, reducing risks, and minimizing interference from government authorities.

GERMAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND ITS HARMONIZATION WITH EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Oleh Bilan — 2024-12-30

The article reveals the essence and stages of development of European Union (EU) environmental law, with a focus on the influence of the German legal system. It outlines the historical stages of the formation of environmental law in Germany, starting from the adoption of the Nature Protection Act in 1951 and other significant environmental acts. The main principles of German environmental law, such as the "polluter pays" principle, the precautionary principle, and the guarantee of citizens' rights to environmental participation, are analyzed, as they formed the basis for the development of European environmental standards. Furthermore, the article discusses aspects of the harmonization of German environmental law with EU law and the prospects for the development of environmental legislation, particularly through the integration of new technologies, strengthening climate policies, and the development of the circular economy.

LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR ENSURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF FIGHTING GAMBLING ADDICTION (LUDOMANIA) IN UKRAINE

Olga Denysenko — 2024-12-30

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine on the search for legal positions to ensure the implementation of the principle of fighting gambling addiction (ludomania) in the activities of various state bodies. The author emphasizes that with the legalization of the gambling business in 2020, Ukraine began to pay attention to the issues of the gaming environment. But the last game addiction is a mental illness, the principle of "fighting game addiction" is incorrect, the next disease can be diagnosed and treated, reduce its spread in society, but not fight it. The author concludes that a lot has been done by Ukraine in 2024: the NSDC (National Security and Defense Council) decision on the protection of gamblers was adopted, which provides for its own plan at the levels of various state bodies to help gamblers with gambling addiction. This year, the Ministry of Health adopted a protocol for the treatment of gaming interaction, which should significantly improve the availability of psychiatric care and the need for gaming addiction of its quality. It is expected to adopt a standard for the provision of social services for socio-psychological rehabilitation of persons with gaming addiction, which will contribute to the resolution of difficult life situations in the player and his return to normal life after treatment. Problematic issues today remain the protection of players who play illegally gambling, after which such players are brought to administrative responsibility and cannot be recognized as victims in criminal proceedings initiated for engaging in illegal gambling business, so this legislation needs to be updated.

MAKING THE IMAGE OF THE MILITARY ACCORDING TO NATO STANDARDS: THE LEGAL DIMENSION

Anna Hudz — 2024-12-30

The image of the military is an important component of the image of an individual unit, which influences the public's perception of the security and defence sector and the Alliance as a whole. Understanding NATO in terms of shaping the image of the military means studying the audiences influenced by military public relations professionals whose main activities are regulated by law. NATO standards in the area of military image building are based on the understanding of the leading role of the individual military in shaping the image through the direct influence of military public relations professionals on external and internal audiences. Public perceptions of the individual service member and the Alliance as a whole are an important element in supporting missions and activities. The main means of influence is segmented content, which is disseminated in an appropriate form through information and communication channels on relevant platforms. Understanding audiences, studying and researching them is important in planning information campaigns, implementing them and receiving feedback to be taken into account for approaching to Ukraine interoperability to NATO standards in public affairs sphere.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ADOPTION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE ACT

Larisa Kovalenko — 2024-12-30

The article is devoted to the study of the role of information technologies in the adoption of administrative acts, in particular when they are used in the administrative process. The subject of the study. Various scientific approaches to defining the concept and functions of AI are analyzed, in particular as a computer program for data analysis, an intellectual system that surpasses human capabilities, and a cybernetic approach that encompasses an algorithmic model of cognitive functions. The legal status of AI in Ukraine is studied, the features of its regulation within the framework of national legislation, as well as problems associated with legal adaptation to international standards. Methodology. The research methodology is an analysis of modern approaches to defining the concept of artificial intelligence in the legal sphere, studying its legal status and identifying prospects for its implementation in the process of drawing up administrative acts. Purpose.To assess scientific approaches to defining the concept and functions of artificial intelligence, in particular in the context of legal regulation. To identify the main problems of the legal status of AI in Ukraine and the need to adapt national legislation to international standards. To analyze the possibilities of introducing AI into the process of drawing up administrative acts, in particular in the field of automation of decision-making and improving the motivational part of acts. To assess the risks and benefits of using AI in the legal sphere, in particular for identifying errors in administrative acts and reducing the human factor. To identify ways to improve legislative regulation regarding the use of AI in legal processes to ensure the efficiency and transparency of administrative procedures. Conclusions. The article also discusses the prospects for using AI to automate administrative processes, in particular in drawing up administrative acts, improving the motivational part and checking documents for errors. The authors emphasize the need to improve legislation and technical support to minimize the risks associated with the use of AI. The introduction of AI into administrative procedures, according to the study, has significant potential to increase efficiency, transparency and reduce administrative burdens on public authorities.

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE IN UKRAINE: CONCEPTS, TYPES AND CONCEPTUAL CHARACTERISTICS

Mykola Kropyvnytskyi — 2024-12-30

The author examines issues related to the definition of the concept, types and conceptual characteristics of social assistance as a complex legal institute. It is emphasized that social assistance as one of social security forms is an independent type of financial support for disabled citizens, low-income households, households with children and other persons in the form of guaranteed, regulated by law, one-time or periodic payments of social nature. The findings of the study highlight the significant role of the definition of target groups as an integral part of the construction of the social assistance system – targeting, which means targeting someone or something – people or social units and requires the correct identification of the poor, which is associated with the problem of measuring poverty and, accordingly, high administrative costs to estimate family income.

CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF REGULATORY REGULATION OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURES IN MODERN UKRAINE: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

Serhiy Linetskyi — 2024-12-30

The subject of the study is a theoretical and legal analysis of the constitutional foundations of the regulatory framework of parliamentary procedures in modern Ukraine. The methodology of the research is based on a combination of general and special scientific methods, which were chosen with regard to the purpose and subject of the study. The author uses the dialectical method to study the existing trends in the scientific understanding of the role of the Constitution and the Rules of Procedure in the regulation of parliamentary procedures. The methods of analysis and synthesis helped to identify the features and directions of changes in the constitutional regulation of the nature and purpose of the Rules of Procedure and their role in the development of parliamentarism. The hermeneutic method contributed to the interpretation of the content of the relevant constitutional and regulatory provisions, as well as the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the interpretation of constitutional provisions in the context of understanding the legal nature of the Rules of Procedure. The systemic-structural method helped to study certain constitutional principles of the rules of parliamentary procedure. The application of the prognostic method allowed to identify possible directions of development of the constitutional principles of the Rules of Procedure regulating parliamentary procedures. The purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical and legal assessment of the peculiarities of the constitutional anchoring of the rules of parliamentary procedure in Ukraine, as well as the role and place of parliamentary rules in the regulation of state-political relations of governance. The results of the study prove the peculiarity of the constitutional entrenchment of the regulatory framework for parliamentary procedures, the distinction of its legal and political parts which determine the development of procedural and procedural aspects of parliamentarism, and reveal certain gaps in such regulation (constitutionalization of the role of the parliamentary minority (opposition), which should be filled in accordance with the legal positions of the constitutional jurisdiction body at the level of the Fundamental Law of the State and further be specified in the provisions of the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure). Conclusions. The role of the constitutional principles of regulatory framework for parliamentary procedures is to enshrine at the level of the Fundamental Law of Ukraine the defining, basic, starting points regarding the essence and focus of such regulation, the legal form of the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure in the normative system of parliamentarism, and the correlation of legal and political components therein. This approach determines the originality of the Ukrainian model of such principles in comparison with the European constitutional experience embodied in the basic laws of the European countries. In this system, the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure are clearly postulated as an act of supreme legal force (law), the exclusive subject of regulation of which is the procedure of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Its constitutionally defined functions and powers determine the need for their procedural regulation (implementation procedure) at the level of the rules of this Regulation in their systemic interconnection. Trends in the development of the constitutional foundations of procedural regulation are to systematically streamline the legal and political parts of procedural regulation, while the latter is atypical in terms of constitutional regulation, based on the European experience. The subject matter of the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine imperatively includes regulation of the principles of organization, operation and termination of parliamentary factions, as well as of the coalition of parliamentary factions. At the same time, the allocation of the institution of a parliamentary coalition at the constitutional level determines the need for simultaneous regulation at the level of the same constitutional principles of the principles of organization and operation of the parliamentary minority (opposition) with a view to protecting the political rights of Ukrainian citizens, developing democracy and parliamentarism in accordance with the rule of law.

THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES OF PROCEDURE IN THE NORMATIVE SYSTEM OF CONSTITUTIONALISM: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Vasyl Patlachuk — 2024-12-30

The subject of the study is a theoretical and legal analysis of the role of Parliamentary rules of Procedure in the normative system of constitutionalism. The methodology of the research is based on a combination of general and special scientific methods, which were chosen with regard to the purpose and subject of the study. The dialectical method was used to study the existing trends in scientific knowledge of the role of the Rules of Procedure in parliamentary procedures, the development of parliamentarism and constitutionalism. The methods of analysis and synthesis were used to identify the areas of regulation devoted to the development of parliamentarism and constitutionalism. The hermeneutic method contributed to the interpretation of the content of the relevant constitutional and regulatory provisions. The systemic-structural method helped to identify the constituent parts of constitutionalism as a social system and to focus on the analysis of the type of regulatory regulation of state-political power relations in the area of the normative framework of constitutionalism. The application of the prognostic method allowed to identify possible directions of development of the legal regulation in the area of the normative framework of constitutionalism. The purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical and legal assessment of such a little-studied legal phenomenon as the role and place of parliamentary rules of procedure in the normative system of constitutionalism. The results of the study prove the crucial place of parliamentary rules of procedure in the regulation of procedural aspects of parliamentarism as a component of constitutionalism, demonstrate the dialectic of the role of the rules of procedure in various manifestations of the functioning of the institution of parliamentarism, and identify certain legal issues in this area. Conclusions. The role of Parliamentary rules of Procedure in the normative system of constitutionalism is primarily determined by their place in the constitutional regulation of state-political power relations and, more specifically, by their role in the system of parliamentarism. In this system, the Rules of Procedure play the role of a key legislative act of a procedural nature, which organises, systematises and integrates all parliamentary procedures and guides their implementation in accordance with the imperatives defined at the constitutional level. By mediating the activities of the parliament as a key institutional element in the system of constitutionalism, the rules of procedure facilitate the exercise by the parliament of the functions of accumulation and reflection of constitutional values, creation and development of the normative basis of constitutionalism, as well as the institutional basis of constitutionalism. By regulating parliamentary procedures in detail, the Rules of Procedure serve to limit and deter political arbitrariness, rationalise and systematise the activities of the legislature, promote its professionalisation and channel undesirable (antisocial, illegal) manifestations. In this sense, it fully fits into the normative system of constitutionalism as an idea, ideology and practice of limiting public power. By carrying out various political and legal tasks in the system of constitutionalism, it gives impetus to its functioning, contributes to the dynamisation and proceduralisation of constitutionalism as a whole. At the same time, it reproduces and consolidates the crucial role played by parliamentary procedures in the development of the national model of constitutionalism.

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE JUST WAR IN THE DISCOURSE OF THE EARLY WESTERN EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

Artem Shiposha — 2024-12-30

The purpose of this article is the conceptual systematization of the key features of the just war phenomenon in the political and legal discourse of the Western European Early Middle Ages. The author showed that during the early Middle Ages in the West, the development of the concept of just war took place gradually under the dominant influence of Christian orthodoxy, which largely eliminated early Christian concepts of pacifism and adapted ideas about the legality and justification of war as a form of violence limited by law and religion. It was found that the foundation of early medieval ideas about a just war was primarily an ethical assessment of violence. The Christian Church, based on the teachings of Augustine, took the initiative in determining the role of war in society and tried to regulate it or at least minimize its excesses, directing military actions in a more or less socially acceptable direction (the fight against non-believers, heretics, apostates, enemies of the church, etc.). In the course of the development of the early medieval political and legal discourse, certain signs of a just war were elaborated: 1) waging war by a Christian ruler in the name of protecting the state and faith: in a just war, preference is given to defensive (protective) goals; 2) waging war for the Christianization of neighboring (as a rule) barbarian peoples, their conversion to the bosom of Christian civilization; 3) a war that has a just cause (protection of land, rights, subjects, etc.); 4) a war, including an internal one, conducted under divine sanction (justice is usually on the side of the winner); 5) a war in which the participation of the clergy as combatants is excluded, while its interests, as well as the interests of the church, are protected in priority order; 6) the war is waged with the aim of establishing lasting peace, without the threat of complete destruction of the enemy, the escalation of violence is denied; 7) a war waged by a proper subject of law (as a rule, a state), which represents a state, against another state, which excludes internal wars as wars waged by improper subjects (denial of civil strife within the country).

THE CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW IN THE DOCUMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS (THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL) AND IN CASE-LAW OF THE CJEU

Jarosław Szymanek — 2024-12-30

The article analyzes the concept of the rule of law in European Union law. This concept, known for a long time in treaties, has recently gained importance. It seems that two events were the turning points in the understanding of the rule of law in the EU legal order. The first, strictly legal, was the adoption and entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, which established today's Art. 2, which expressly expresses the rule of law as one of the principles on which the European Union is based. The second, this time political, were the results of elections in some Member States, the results of which, in the form of taking power or co-power by groups that were clearly anti-European or highly skeptical about the European Union project, were not liked by the EU left-liberal mainstream, which alternated power in countries such as Austria, and later to an even greater extent Hungary and Poland, was perceived as a threat to the a priori vision of permanently tightening integration.

LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION: A COMPARATIVE GROUPING OF THE COUNTRIES

Alla Taylor — 2024-12-30

The MENA region, though diverse in its composition, shares common cultural, economic, and political background that make it a unique and significant area on the global stage. Understanding the legal, economic, and social dynamics of MENA countries is crucial for addressing the challenges and opportunities in the context of international relations and global development. This grouping of MENA countries into leading, progressing, and emerging categories based on legal development is a new approach, introduced here for the first time. It offers a fresh perspective on the region’s diverse legal systems and highlights the varying stages of reform and modernization. By studying the achievements of leading countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and others, we can see how focused legal changes, such as updating labor laws and advancing women’s rights, can enhance a country’s international image and provide great benefits to its population. This classification not only provides researchers with a clearer understanding of regional dynamics but also offers practical guidance for future studies and policy recommendations.

THE ROLE OF ORCHESTRA PERFORMANCE IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING BACHELOR OF MUSIC ARTS

Nataliia Mozgalova — 2024-12-30

The training of professional, qualified bachelors of musical art is relevant for art education. One of the key components of this process is orchestral performance. It has been determined that orchestral performance combines not only technical performing skills, but also the basics of musical interpretation and ensemble playing. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of orchestral performance in the process of training bachelors of musical art. To achieve the goal of the article, the method of literature analysis and comparative method were used. It is noted that the value of orchestral performance in the process of training bachelors of musical art lies in the development of such skills as the enrichment of auditory representations, the development of skills necessary for solo and ensemble playing. Orchestral playing requires a high level of intonation mastery, rhythmic clarity, dynamic balance, synchronization of one's own part with others, the ability to listen to the parts of other performers. Also, playing in an orchestra provides applicants with the opportunity to master specific aspects of performance.

DISTANCE EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Yaroslav Novosadov — 2024-12-30

The features of distance learning as one of the forms of modern education are analyzed. The research methodology consists in the use such methods as analysis, systematization and generalization of theoretical sources, comparison of traditional and distance learning, generalization of features of distance learning. Many scientists were interested in studying the features of distance learning. It was determined that in the conditions of the global Covid-19 pandemic and martial law in Ukraine, the need to implement distance learning and develop its methodical system became urgent. It is emphasized that distance learning is one of the forms of the educational process, which is implemented with the help of the use of information technologies at the physical distance of the teacher and students of education. Distance learning criteria are considered, including the popularity of information technologies today, scalability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness.

THE FORMATION OF SOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING WRITING TO THE STUDENTS OF NONLINGUISTIC SPECIALTIES

Svitlana Sukhovetska — 2024-12-30

The article deals with the psychological, linguistic and methodological aspects of teaching writing to students of nonlinguistic specialties. The essence of sociocultural competence is outlined, its component composition is determined, and the importance of its development in the process of teaching writing to students of nonlinguistic specialties is proved. The components of sociocultural competence, the stages of its formation in students of nonlinguistic specialties, exercises that will contribute to its formation are considered. The authors emphasize that modern programs provide an opportunity not only to promote the effective development and learning of a foreign language but also to monitor the performance of tasks, to develop training exercises that are individually suitable for each student. An algorithm for the formation of sociocultural competence of students of nonlinguistic specialties in the process of learning writing has been developed.

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF ART DIGITALIZATION

Pylyp Kapustin — 2024-12-30

The article examines the key problems and challenges of digitalization of art in the modern cultural space. The impact of digital technologies on the creation, preservation and distribution of works of art is analyzed, both opportunities and risks of this transformation are identified. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of modern practices of digital art activities, including the study of the use of artificial intelligence, NFT technologies and other digital tools in art. Results Research has identified significant challenges in preserving the authenticity of works, ensuring the proper preservation of digital artifacts, and addressing copyright issues in the digital art space. Promising directions for the development of digital art are identified and ways to overcome the identified problems through the introduction of innovative technological solutions and improvement of the regulatory framework are proposed.

RETROSPECTIVE OF THE APOSTLE PAULʼS PILGRIMAGE ROUTES IN THE CONTEXT OF SACRED COMMUNICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS TOURISM

Svitlana Panchenko — 2024-12-30

This article has a deep social communication analysis, considering the figure of the Apostle Paul from different sides and in different spheres: through culture, religion, tourism, communication, art, cinema. An interesting route for tourists in Turkey is called the Lycian Way, which allows you to get acquainted with the history of ancient Lycia. The advantages of such routes are associated with the ability to simultaneously combine several types of recreation, get acquainted with historical events at the immediate sites of events and thus get as close to the past as possible. This is considered the path along which the Apostle Paul walked. The methodological basis of the article is the dialectical method and the systems approach. The leading method used was the Desk Research method. It allows you to quickly obtain information, which is necessary to achieve the goal of this article; comparison of many sources of information allows you to consider the object of study from different angles and make more compelling and substantiated conclusions.

VISUAL STRATEGIES OF THE SOCIAL POSTER IN UKRAINE

Yuriy Sosnytskyi — 2024-12-30

This article explores the visual strategies employed in Ukrainian social posters, with a focus on the use of metaphor and symbolism to convey socio-political messages. Through a detailed analysis, the study identifies three primary categories of metaphors: natural, social-domestic, and cultural-historical. The research methodology involves a visual content analysis of selected posters, examining how these metaphorical and symbolic elements function within the broader context of visual storytelling. The findings indicate that metaphor and symbolism are essential tools in the design of Ukrainian social posters, effectively enhancing the emotional and persuasive impact of the artwork. By integrating historical imagery and culturally significant symbols, the posters construct a shared cultural narrative that fosters unity and strengthens social identity, particularly in times of societal crisis. The study contributes to the understanding of metaphorical language in Ukrainian visual culture, providing insights into its role in shaping public perception and increasing message retention.

SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Kyzylgul Yasin Abbasova — 2024-12-30

Pragmatic aspects of discourse are the most developing basis of the language system of each active language in modern society. The complication of social relations directly affects the linguistic behavior of people, including the nature of the use of discourses. Research shows that the possibilities of political discourse are most often used. Analysis of the political discourse of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the post-Soviet space shows that people's consciousness was influenced from different positions: from the point of view of the defenders of Soviet ideology, from the point of view of the revival of the Azerbaijani national democratic intelligentsia, new national identity. An analysis of individual samples of the press, reflecting the new mentality of people, showed that the main content of the discourses here is the identification of new facts of distortion of the history of the country and the people, the definition of new cognitive directions for the formation of public opinion, the worldview of people in general. The process of socialization is underway, the formation of a new personality, with its own ideas about history and modernity. When creating and perceiving discourse, it is important to take into account such aspects of the pragmatic factor as national culture with its stereotypes and archetypes. In addition, new associations and connections in consciousness reflect the content of the discourse, and dynamism is determined precisely by the pragmatic aspects that shape the discourse itself. The conditions and circumstances of these aspects in the studied discourse samples are associated with the growing tension in Armenian-Azerbaijani relations, which ended in a long-term conflict, the military component of which ended only in the fall of 2020. As usual, the discourse is built on a certain concept.

OBSTACLES IN THE EMPLOYMENT OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYERS IN UKRAINE

Sofiia Lavreniuk — 2024-12-30

This study examines the obstacles to employment for people with disabilities in Ukraine, emphasizing spatial, institutional, legislative, and social. The research is based on 16 in-depth interviews with people with disabilities and 8 interviews with employers representing small, medium-sized, and large enterprises. Key findings reveal systemic issues, including inaccessible infrastructure, limited educational and medical support, weak enforcement of employment laws, and persistent societal stigmas. Employers often focus on meeting quota requirements superficially, avoiding genuine inclusion. Stakeholders highlighted unclear legislation, societal stereotypes, and insufficient infrastructure. Successful employment depends on stronger legal enforcement, accessible infrastructure, inclusive workplace policies, and initiatives to challenge stereotypes. The study concludes that addressing these barriers requires comprehensive reforms and enhanced collaboration between the state, businesses, and individuals with disabilities to foster meaningful integration into the labor market.

SUPPORT FOR SURVIVORS OF WAR-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN UKRAINE

Olha Shved — 2024-12-30

Sexual violence is one of the weapons against Ukraine and its citizens. Professionals, who work in state services and civil society organizations that care for victims of war-related sexual violence, need additional knowledge about how to provide effective psychosocial and legal support to survivors. A series of expert interviews were conducted with representatives of NGOs and state social centers to understand their needs in working with victims (n=44). The experience of specialists can help identify victims' problems and provide guidance to professionals on how to work more effectively to assist survivors of sexual violence. The author analyzes the capabilities of the state and public organizations to provide assistance to survivors of sexual violence that occurred during the war against Ukraine.

2001 – AS THE BEGINNING OF THE GLOBAL PHASE OF THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

Ilkin Ahmedzade — 2024-12-30

In the article, issues related to the serious impact of the terrorist events of September 11, 2001 in the United States on the world order were selected as the object of research. Discussions about the causes, goals and geopolitical consequences of these terrorist acts do not subside, on the contrary, September 11 is marked as the beginning of a new era of systematic, purposeful and collective struggle against international terrorism. The article analyzes the international situation after 2001 based on the researches of a number of authors, as well as the materials of the mass media, The description of the hegemonic policy of the United States is given, and the struggle of the UN in the field of creating an anti-terrorist coalition is analyzed from a scientific and practical point of view.

THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE US INTERVENTION AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 (2001–2021)

Khagani Jafarli Allahverdi — 2024-12-30

This article examined the political situation in Afghanistan after the 2001 US intervention. Due to its important geographical position, the study of what has happened in recent decades in Afghanistan, which has always become a collision ground of the current and strategic interests of global and regional powers, is not only from the point of view of the modern history and international relations of that country, but also to clarify one of the key points of global politics, and to have an adequate understanding of the events taking place in the region and the world today. is also important from the point of view. Since the processes are not yet finished in the research work and it is not clear what order will be formed in the region, the events that took place in and around Afghanistan after 2001 were discussed in general, and the main attention was paid to the earlier periods when their roots were hidden.

INTERNATIONAL LAW’S INFLUENCE ON RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS: IN THE CASE OF ERITREA-ETHIOPIA BOUNDARY COMMISSION

Fidan Allahverdiyeva — 2024-12-30

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) as a case study to explore the role of international law in resolving territorial disputes. Established under the Algiers Agreement following the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000), the EEBC was tasked with delimiting and demarcating the contested border between the two states, relying on colonial treaties and international legal principles such as uti possidetis juris. The research highlights both the strengths and limitations of international legal frameworks, illustrating how the EEBC provided a clear legal resolution to the border conflict by awarding the disputed town of Badme to Eritrea. However, Ethiopia’s refusal to comply with the EEBC’s ruling reveals the broader challenges of enforcement in international law. Despite the ruling being final and binding, the lack of an effective enforcement mechanism delayed the resolution of the dispute until political developments, particularly Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s peace initiative in 2018, finally led to normalization between the two countries. This study emphasizes the importance of complementing legal mechanisms with diplomatic and political engagement to ensure compliance and sustainable peace. By situating the EEBC case within the context of post-colonial legacies and regional geopolitics, the article offers new insights into the intersection of law, politics, and history in conflict resolution, contributing to broader debates on the efficacy of international legal institutions.

AZERBAIJAN'S ENERGY SECURITY POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Khanim Asadova — 2024-12-30

After regaining its state independence in 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan began to realize its sovereign rights in the economic field and conduct an independent policy. The main directions of this policy were the economic system created on the basis of different forms of ownership, the transition to the market economy and integration into the world economy. In the first years of independence, energy policy was one of the most important directions of Azerbaijan's foreign policy. There are several directions of Azerbaijan's energy policy, of which two more important ones can be specially mentioned. The first one was about ensuring Azerbaijan's own internal energy security, and the second one was about the contribution that other countries can make to ensuring energy security. From this point of view, it is of great importance to investigate the issue of creating new opportunities related to both the production of Azerbaijan's energy resources and the ways to export these resources to international markets. The scientific novelty of the research is in the deep investigation and evaluation of the energy security policy within the framework of relations with the EU, in putting forward serious proposals for the achievement of real goals of this policy, and in presenting the results based on rich facts. Azerbaijan is a reliable partner for Europe. Our approach to the issue of energy security is that energy resources should unite countries and peoples, not divide them. Energy resources should serve regional and international cooperation, not competition or conflict. The interests of suppliers, transit countries and consumers should align and lead to greater predictability and mutual benefit. This is the energy philosophy of our country.

ENHANCING THE GEOPOLITICAL STANDING OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN: INSIGHTS FROM CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL THEORIES

Asgar Asgarov — 2024-12-30

The study examines the strategic initiatives and geopolitical positioning of Azerbaijan in the post-2020 era, focusing on its policies towards French colonies and broader international relations. The study first touches upon the most contemporary geopolitical theories in general, and then evaluates Azerbaijan's geopolitical steps in these directions. The research aims to analyze Azerbaijan's geopolitical strengthening using contemporary geopolitical theories through a qualitative methodological approach. Key findings demonstrate that Azerbaijan leverages its strategic location and energy resources to enhance its influence, aligning with Realist theories focused on state power and national interests. The country's commitment to multilateralism and regional stability is analyzed through a Liberalist lens, highlighting its engagement with international organizations like the EU, NATO, and the UN. Additionally, Neorealism explains Azerbaijan's balanced relations with global powers, maintaining strategic autonomy in a multipolar world. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of Azerbaijan’s evolving geopolitical role, demonstrating how it navigates complex global dynamics to secure national interests and promote regional stability.

WAR AND INFORMATION WARFARE: ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Gulshan Ziya Babayeva — 2024-12-30

One of the means leading to victory in war is skillfully using the power of information. One of the most successful actions that led Azerbaijan to victory in the second Karabakh War was skillfully countering Armenia's disinformation activities. Unlike previous times, during this war, the Azerbaijani leadership, fully aware of the great importance of modern weaponry, military technology, and combat readiness, was better prepared to counter the strong Armenian lobby's attempts to steer international opinion toward Armenia's objectives, gain military-political support from states interested in prolonging the conflict, isolate Azerbaijan, and increase political-diplomatic pressure on its leadership to avert a potential defeat. That is why Armenia's attempts to spread disinformation, which it has been using for many years, did not give the desired result this time. All this justifies the relevance of the article and increases interest in a close study of the struggle of the two states in this area. In the article, the disinformation spread by the Armenian state with the support of its patrons and the Armenian lobby and the activities carried out by the Azerbaijani state to prevent this process were studied with the help of methods of political science such as analogy, comparative analysis, system analysis. To achieve the set objective, statements by government officials on the topic, newspapers and journals from various countries, electronic resources, and scientific works were extensively used, and a fact-based analysis was conducted. The main scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the activities of two states conducting information warfare against each other, based on specific examples. The main scientific result of the article is that the mentioned state, contrary to expectations, was separated from the information war by defeat. This shows that Azerbaijan was also prepared for information warfare.

URBAN DYNAMICS BETWEEN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: THE CASE OF EL KHROUB, ALGERIA

Bouteche Besma — 2024-12-30

Since the mid-1970s, demographic concentration in Algeria has significantly influenced urban policies in major cities, prompting the transfer of surplus populations to peripheral areas. The socio-spatial dynamics of El Khroub, the second-largest city in the vicinity of Constantine, exemplify this developmental trend. The demographic alleviation of Constantine, the «mother city», toward El Khroub resulted in a remarkable transformation, rapidly elevating it from a village to a medium-sized city. This study aims to provide a retrospective analysis of El Khroub's evolution, focusing on the scale and circumstances of its spatial and social transformation. Utilizing both historical and analytical approaches, the research offers a comprehensive understanding of the city's development and the challenges that accompanied its rapid growth. While El Khroub gained opportunities from this policy, its rapid expansion also brought significant challenges. The findings highlight the complex relationship between development policies and urban dynamics, revealing both the benefits and drawbacks of rapid urban transformation.

MEMORY OF THE HOLOCAUST AS A DISTINCTION OF MODERN POLISH SOCIETY

Liudmyla Chekalenko — 2024-12-30

The Holocaust is one of the most tragic page in human history. The memory of this crime is not limited to one nation or region. The Holocaust left a bitter mark on societies around the world. In 2005, the United Nations declared the 27th of January as the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. On this day, various national communities, representatives of states, national and international organizations honor the memory of the victims of the Holocaust. This day is an important warning that should guide our decisions today, in light of the powerful slogan "Never Again". This slogan is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The European Model of Remembrance under the slogan "Never Again" commemorates everyone who fought against Nazism and Fashyzm. The victory is not attributed to any particular nation or state. It is primarily about memory and commemoration, not festive parades, because it is a War for Mankind. War is primarily human suffering and sacrifice. The European concept of memory emphasizes the human component of history, not just geopolitics and the military machine. The Day of Remembrance and Reconciliation and the Day of Victory over Nazism in the Second World War do not symbolize the triumph of the victors over the vanquished, but should be a reminder of a terrible catastrophe and an important warning. Our memory is a safeguard against such disasters ever happening again. We – the ukrainean society well knows the price of war, so we cherish Peace. The Holocaust – ", האושה catastrophe" – is not only a historical phenomenon. In light of the recent tragic events of Russia's brutal war against Ukraine, the denazification of the Ukrainian people by the Russian authorities in the center of Europe, the Holocaust is still today, unfortunately, is acute. This tragic past reminds us how terrible fascism is, which does not recognize humanity and cynically rejects the human right to life. How relevant is the topic of the Holocaust in modern European society, in particular, in Poland? What is the attitude of Polish society to the events of the Holocaust? The author talks about this in the submitted article.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON POLITICAL PROCESSES

Olena Ivanova — 2024-12-30

The article analyzes the socio-economic inequalities that are expressed from unequal distribution of resources, opportunities and access to social good. It an important factor that forms the structure of society and understands it political context. Inequalities significantly affect political processes, directing public attention to key issues such as social justice and civic participation. Low level of social mobility can lead to the formation of political inequality and conflicts Inequality can affect civic participation by determining opportunities for citizens to participate in political decisions. Growth social differences can generate dissatisfaction and apathy among citizens, limiting their participation in political processes. Economical disagreements are a key factor in the formation of political relations. Growing income gaps can lead to distrust of elites and those in power structures, which has the potential to create a favorable ground for political movements and protests. In the world of globalization, where economic and political processes intertwined, socio-economic inequalities can affect international relations, contributing to the emergence of geopolitical and economic stressful situations. The study of this topic is necessary to understand and development of strategies aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities Balanced and effective political decisions can become a step towards creating a fair and stable society. Considering socio-economic inequalities, it is important to address the issue of gender equality Highlighting the role of women in society and their opportunities in politics is an important aspect of research. Taking into account gender aspects of inequalities expands the sphere of influence, complementing the analysis of political dynamics. Also it is important to consider socio-economic inequalities through the prism of education and access to knowledge. The author considers the manifestations of these inequalities, including limited access to basic education, quality of education, possibility of obtaining it higher education, the difference in opportunities for skill development and vertical mobility A low level of education can deepen social differences, limiting the opportunities of citizens in political self-expression. Author highlights that these inequalities create social barriers and can lead to the formation of a cycle where children from less well-off families have limited opportunities to receive quality education and later face limited prospects in the professional and social spheres. So, the study of such aspects contributes to the creation of a comprehensive approach to problems of socio-economic inequalities. Accordingly, research socio-economic inequalities and their influence on political processes are critical for understanding modern society.

PUBLIC CROSS BORDER COOPERATION INSTITUTIONS ON THE POLISH-CZECH BORDERLAND

Myroslava Lendel — 2024-12-30

The primary goals of this study are to create an institutional map of the cross-border cooperation between the Republic of Poland and the Czech Republic states, as well as to identify best practices for public institutions' interactions with one another. The multilevel governance and border studies interdisciplinary theories serve as the research's methodological foundation. The empirical data is gathered by analyzing the official websites of Euroregions, the European Groupings of the Territorial Cooperation that function along the Polish-Czech border. From the 1990s until now, Polish-Czech borderland communes have been the most significant administrativeterritorial level for cooperation, and the Euroregions are the most effective public institutions for cross-border cooperation in this field, according to the research findings. Public cross-border cooperation institutions that have a long history of fostering ties between the borderland's residents and effectively distribute and managing EU funding to the CBC are prime examples of best practices.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ENSURING SECURITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

Leila Mustafaeva — 2024-12-30

The purpose of the study to analyze the role of international organizations in ensuring security in the South Caucasus amidst contemporary challenges. By examining the involvement of entities like the OSCE, UN, EU, NATO, and CSTO, the research evaluates their contributions to conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and regional stability. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted roles played by these organizations in the South Caucasus. It highlights the successes and limitations of their efforts in addressing regional conflicts, thereby offering valuable insights into the complexities of international interventions in conflict-prone areas. The results indicate that while the OSCE, through its Minsk Group, has played a pivotal role in mediation, it has faced criticism for slow progress and perceived biases. The UN's broader mandate has allowed for comprehensive peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts, yet its resolutions often face implementation challenges. The EU's diplomatic and financial initiatives promote stability but are sometimes viewed as insufficient. NATO and CSTO's rivalry further complicates the security dynamics, with each organization vying for influence, impacting the region's geopolitical stability.

THE INFLUENCE OF NGOS ON THE PALLIATIVE AND HOSPICE CARE POLICIES IN UKRAINE IN 2011–2024

Oleksandr Volf — 2024-12-30

The author has analyzed the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the development of palliative and hospice care in Ukraine from 2011 to 2024. Using such research methods, as bibliosemantic and systems analysis, it has been determined that the need for such care remains high, with NGOs playing a crucial role in its provision. Special attention is given to projects supported by the International Renaissance Foundation. However, NGO activities are often fragmented, complicating the systemic development of palliative care. The necessity of an integrated approach is emphasized, encompassing medical, social, and legal support for patients, along with enhanced coordination between governmental and non-governmental structures to ensure compliance with international standards. Additionally, conditions must be created in the state for active civil society participation in shaping policies within this sphere.

THE EMERGENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJAN AS A POST-SOVIET COUNTRY: THE PERIOD OF PRE-INDEPENDENCE

Javid Yusubov — 2024-12-30

The study examines the institutionalization of Azerbaijan's political system during the preindependence and Soviet eras, focusing on its unique political evolution from the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) to the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR). The ADR (1918–1920), as a secular republic, achieved significant democratic milestones, including a representative parliament and women’s suffrage, laying the groundwork for modern political institutions. However, the Soviet annexation replaced this with a centralized, one-party system under the Communist Party, which dominated governance. Despite political repression during the Soviet period, advancements in socio-economic sectors, particularly the oil industry, were notable. Heydar Aliyev’s leadership from 1969 significantly modernized Azerbaijan's economy and improved living conditions. In the 1980s, Gorbachev’s reforms and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict intensified national movements, ultimately leading to Azerbaijan's independence in 1991. The study concludes that Azerbaijan’s political system reflects a dual legacy of democratic aspirations from the ADR and centralized control from the Soviet era, shaping its post-Soviet trajectory.

THE CONCEPT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS COMPONENTS

Mirdamat Asadova Nazrin — 2024-12-30

In conditions of constant change and instability, there arises a need to develop people's personal qualities in order to be more efficient in each type of activity. People's personal problems, the inability to achieve their goals, and the impossibility of achieving success in work lead to the development of neurotic conditions, increasing stress in people, which in turn results in a number of negative phenomena in society. Therefore, in any activity, the proper management of emotions is a component of intellectual capital. The analysis of research conducted in the field of emotional intelligence suggests that, in order to eliminate negative phenomena in any type of activity, factors affecting people's mental health should be studied. Along with intellectual development, the development of emotional intelligence should also be taken into account, and potential negative phenomena should either be prevented or their negative impact reduced.

DIGITAL AGE AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS

Reyhan Mirzağa Mirzagayeva — 2024-12-30

Problems of deviant behavior among adolescents and young people are extremely important in the world. The prevalence of social deviance among adolescents, who are the most socially vulnerable and psychologically vulnerable members of society, is of particular concern. The era of digitization creates both opportunities and challenges for teenagers. During this period, they acquire more information, build wider social relationships and express themselves differently. But not managing this process properly can have a negative impact on mental and emotional health. It is important that parents, education professionals and society provide more support for adolescents to use this period more beneficially. In the article, what is deviant behavior, what are its sectors, and the existing problems in this direction are comprehensively analyzed. The article also analyzed the concept of digitization, which is one of the main requirements of the modern era, and its negative and positive aspects on teenagers.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING

Viktoriia Vinnikova — 2024-12-30

The article is devoted to the study of the psychological foundations of managerial decisionmaking in modern organizations. The work highlights key aspects of the decision-making process, in particular the influence of cognitive, emotional and social factors on the choice of managers. The main theories of decision-making are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to such aspects as the role of stress, psychological biases and groupthink in the formation of managerial decisions. Methods for increasing the efficiency of the decision-making process are considered. The results obtained have practical significance for improving managerial approaches in various areas of activity. The conclusions of the article are aimed at helping managers minimize the impact of psychological obstacles on effective decision-making.

PROMETHEUS MYTH AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A SYMBOLIC PARADIGM OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

Olga Lefterova — 2024-12-30

This article considers the myth of Prometheus as a symbolic basis for understanding the modern discourse on the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Parallels between the myth and modern technological processes are analyzed through the prism of the symbolism of ethical, social and philosophical aspects, in the context of the responsibility of creators AI and the consequences of innovations. The use of Artificial Intelligence in a post-information society, like the myth of Prometheus in the era of antiquity, form the same paradigm of ethical issues of technological progress: the desire for development and improvement of human existence is simultaneously accompanied by important moral demands and risks. Prometheus brought fire to people, but made people responsible for their actions, and the use of AI forces modern humans to be responsible for their innovations and their consequences for future generations.

CRITERIA FOR MONITORING AND ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE CENTER FOR PROVIDING ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES OF THE IRPIN CITY COUNCIL)

Liudmyla Horbata — 2024-12-30

The article considers approaches to assessing the quality of administrative services provided by the Center for Providing Administrative Services of the Irpin City Council, and also analyzes the criteria that can be used for their monitoring. In modern conditions, ensuring citizens' access to quality services is an important task of public administration bodies, which has a decisive impact on the development of a democratic society and citizens' trust in government bodies. Assessing the quality of administrative services is a key tool for identifying strengths and weaknesses in the provision of services, ensuring their accessibility and efficiency, as well as for developing recommendations for further improvement. Current approaches to monitoring the quality of administrative services are analyzed, citing specific criteria such as speed of service, accessibility, level of citizen satisfaction, staff qualifications, technical equipment of the center and transparency of the services provided. Based on the analysis of the performance indicators of the Center for Providing Administrative Services of the Irpin City Council, a comparative review with other similar institutions was carried out, which allows identifying specific aspects that require improvement. The role of digital technologies in ensuring the accessibility of administrative services and automating processes, which contributes to reducing bureaucratic barriers and increasing the efficiency of service, is highlighted. Special attention is paid to the development of a methodological framework for assessing the quality of service in the Centers, in particular, determining the requirements for collecting and analyzing feedback data from citizens, which helps to systematically monitor user satisfaction and respond to their needs. A comprehensive system of criteria is proposed that can be used by other Centers for the provision of administrative services in Ukraine to improve the quality of administrative services. The recommendations can be adapted for regional and national centers for the provision of public services, contributing to the improvement of the administrative service system and increasing the level of citizen satisfaction with the services of state institutions.

NORMATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STRUCTURAL MODEL OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE FUNCTIONING OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES

Vitalii Solovykh — 2024-12-30

This article examines the normative and legal framework underpinning the structural model of public participation in the functioning of local authorities in Ukraine. Emphasizing the principles of transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness, the study analyzes key legislative acts, including the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law on Local Self-Government, and related regulations, that empower citizens to influence decision-making processes at the local level. The research highlights practical mechanisms such as public hearings, petitions, and participatory budgeting, while addressing challenges like formalism, low public awareness, and insufficient resources. The article proposes pathways to enhance citizen engagement, ensuring a more democratic and effective local governance system.

MILITARIZATION OF YOUTH CONSCIOUSNESS IN TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED CRIMEA

Yevheniia Horiunova — 2024-12-30

The article examines the main legislative foundations and highlights the key practices of Russian policies on the militarization of children and youth in the temporarily occupied Crimea. It is demonstrated that the Russian Federation is implementing a targeted, systematic policy of militarizing the consciousness of Crimean children and adolescents in order to impose a Russian identity and cultivate «Russian patriots». The key institutions and other actors involved in the policy of militarization, which are engaged in militarypatriotic education of Crimean children, are identified. These institutions aim to encourage Crimean youth to serve in the Russian army and fight in future wars on Russia's side. It is proved that the Russian authorities, alongside the use of several Soviet-era practices of militarizing consciousness, are introducing new ones that have a much greater effect (such as «carnivalization of war», oaths in churches, etc.). It is concluded that Russia's militarization policy on the temporarily occupied territories turns Ukrainian children into Russian hostages, forcing them to become part of the Russian military system.

IMAM BAGHAWI’S MASABIH AL-SUNNAH AND AZERBAIJANI HADITH SCHOLARS

Gulagha Hadi oglu Ismayilov — 2024-12-30

The main objective of the article is to consider some issues related to the analysis of the works of Imam al-Baghawi "Masabih al-Sunna" and Azerbaijani hadith scholars. After the spread of Islam in Azerbaijan, along with works on secular sciences, many works on Islamic science also appeared. One of these works is the work of Imam al-Baghawi "Masabih al-Sunna", which occupies a special place in the history of Islam. Method and methodology of the study. Such methods as comparative analytics of the content of these sources and their comparative analysis using content analysis and comparative analysis were used. The study used the methods of traditional source study methodology, historical comparative approach and typological analysis, as well as theoretical and comparative analysis of handwritten copies of al-Baghawi's work "Masabih al-Sunna". The methods of historical and logical expediency, theoretical generalizations, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and others were also used. Novelty. The research materials can be used in future scientific research, especially in the field of Hadith studies. The results, substantiated theoretical provisions can contribute to the development of Azerbaijani Hadith studies and scientific research on individual topics in this field. Conclusion. The author notes that the manuscripts are of great historical and spiritual importance. The manuscripts of the work "Masabih al-Sunna" are stored in many libraries around the world, including the M. Fuzuli Institute of Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. Also, as an object of scientific research, it retains its relevance in our time. It is noted that in places where the Islamic religion was taught, Bagavi's work became one of the reliable and respected sources in the field of Hadith studies. It is no coincidence that this work retains its significance in the modern scientific field of Hadith studies. It is emphasized that one of the main factors that attracts our attention is the role of this work among medieval Azerbaijani Hadith scholars. It should be noted that Waliaddin Khatib at-Tabrizi was the main one of them, who was a leading scholar in the field of hadith, fiqh, tafsir and other Islamic sciences.

PRIEST OMELYAN KOVCH IN THE NATIONAL MEMORY: BETWEEN A RELIGIOUS SYMBOL AND A NATIONAL HERO

Yuliia Lytvynovska — 2024-12-30

The article explores the role of priest Omelyan Kovch in Ukrainian national memory, analyzing his figure as both a religious symbol and a national hero. Omelyan Kovch, a priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, is known for his spiritual feat and heroic service during World War II, in particular for saving Jews from Nazi persecution, which led to his imprisonment and martyrdom in the Majdanek concentration camp. The article examines various aspects of his activities, including his participation in interfaith dialogue, his contribution to the preservation of the national identity of Ukrainians, and his international recognition as the «Righteous Among the Nations». The author examines the historical and cultural factors that influenced the formation of the image of Kovch as a symbol of Christian humanism and a moral example for modern Ukrainian society. The article analyzes the processes of beatification and commemoration of Kovch, revealing how his figure is integrated into the modern Ukrainian national discourse.

THE USE OF OPERATIONAL METHODS BY THE STATE SECURITY COMMITTEE (KGB) FOR REPRESSION AGAINST THE UKRAINIAN DISSIDENT MOVEMENT IN THE MID-1970S

Bohdan Paska — 2024-12-30

The article analyzes the extrajudicial informal methods of the State Security Committee`s (KGB) struggle against Ukrainian dissidents after the “second wave of arrests” in the mid-1970s. The following secret methods are distinguished: the use of fictitious agents, operational control over the behavior of dissidents, their compromising to like-minded people, the use of external surveillance services, covert searches, auditory control of premises, video equipment and hidden microphones. The author concludes that the use of informal methods by KGB officers has had a significant impact on reducing the intensification of the Sixties human rights movement. Numerous KGB agents, who were recruited in the dissidents` close circle, played an important role in the processes of gathering information about dissidents and operational control over their behavior. As a result of moral pressure from KGB officers, some dissidents were forced to speak in the press condemning their views, which was later used by the system to discredit the dissident movement and its individual members. Almost complete control over the personal life and activities of the objects of the “Block” case was carried out due to the frequent use of “letter measures” – the service of external surveillance, covert searches, auditory control of premises, the use of hidden microphones and video equipment.

SOVIET PRISONERS OF WAR DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL

Yana Pastukhova — 2024-12-30

Captivity for an individual is a complex moral and psychological phenomenon which goes beyond the usual experience. The article deals with the complex phenomenon of military captivity in terms of the moral and psychological experience of Soviet prisoners of war in German detention facilities on the Eastern Front during the Second World War. The author analyses the moral and psychological impact of the Soviet state on its own soldiers, in order to prevent them from capitulating; the activities of German military intelligence and camp administration related to the impact on captured people. The article also reveals the methods of indoctrination and recruitment of the Red Army soldiers and importance of leadership among prisoners of war. Although general patterns of behavior during interrogation and detention have been identified, special attention is paid to unique perception of captivity for each individual prisoner of war. It depended on the circumstances of capture, the attitude of the German authorities, the conditions of detention and duration of captivity.

LATVIA’S LEGISLATIVE REFORMS IN RELIGIOUS POLICY: STRATEGIES FOR STRENGTHENING NATIONAL SECURITY

Mechyslav Yanauer — 2024-12-30

This article examines Latvia’s strategic approach to countering Russian influence through the religious sphere, focusing on the Latvian Orthodox Church’s transition to full independence. After regaining independence in 1991, Latvia faced the challenge of integrating a significant Russian-speaking minority, which affected the country’s religious landscape. The government enacted legislation to restore religious freedom and introduced specific laws for major denominations, including the Latvian Orthodox Church. In 2022, Latvia amended the law to commence the process of establishing full independence for the church, effectively reducing the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church. This cooperation between the state and the church enhanced national security without infringing on religious freedom. The study highlights how Latvia’s unique legal framework and policies can serve as a model for Ukraine, which faces similar challenges due to Russia’s hybrid warfare tactics that exploit religious affiliation. By adapting Latvia’s methods, Ukraine could strengthen national unity and resilience against external interference while preserving religious diversity and freedom.