Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

THE CONTENT OF ACCESSIBILITY OF MEDICAL CARE IN UKRAINE

Stanislav Bilan — 2024-10-17

The article is devoted to the study of the substantive content of the concept of 'accessibility of medical care' under Ukrainian legislation. The author considers the accessibility of medical care as a constitutional right of citizens and as one of the principles of healthcare. The author identified the elements of accessibility to medical care such as: personal accessibility, territorial accessibility, and financial accessibility. However, all these elements are not absolute but are assessed from the perspective of the category of justice, particularly the fair distribution of healthcare resources among citizens. Thus, it is not about the absolute right of a person to medical care and the absolute obligation of the state to provide it, but it concerns the ability of every citizen to seek medical assistance and receive necessary timely treatment regardless of financial capability, place of residence, or time of seeking help, and only taking into account the health status and needs of the patient.

COMBATING TAX AVOIDANCE: EU AND GREEK MEASURES FOR FAIR CORPORATE TAXATION

Constantinos Challoumis — 2024-10-17

Tax avoidance refers to the practice of aggressive tax planning aimed at artificially reducing tax liabilities by exploiting weaknesses in national and international tax systems. Unlike tax evasion, which is a direct violation of tax laws, tax avoidance involves the strategic use of legal loopholes to minimize tax burdens, ultimately depriving the state of resources and benefiting the taxpayer. While the European Union allows tax competition among its member states, recent initiatives have been introduced to combat the negative social impacts of tax avoidance. These include measures for information exchange among EU countries and rapid responses to VAT fraud, as well as the adoption of a code of conduct to promote fair corporate taxation. In Greece, a general anti-avoidance rule has been introduced through Article 38 of the Tax Procedure Code, targeting artificial arrangements that undermine domestic tax law. The regulation defines criteria for identifying tax avoidance and outlines the consequences of such practices, including the reassessment of taxes owed. The Greek legal framework and EU law address the issue of tax avoidance, balancing the protection of fundamental economic freedoms with the need to ensure fair taxation and prevent the erosion of tax bases across member states.

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION OF DOCTOR HABILITAT ILLIA KOLOSOV INTO JURISPRUDENCE: FACTS, THOUGHTS AND PERSPECTIVES

Olha Choporova — 2024-10-17

The article reveals the scientific and personal contribution to legal science of Dr hab. I.V. Kolosov, Doctor of Law (Habilitated) (in Republic of Poland), Philosophy Doctor in Law (in Ukraine), Reviewer of international scientific professional journals of ‘International Journal of Law and Society’, Science Publishing Group Inc. (in New York, USA), ‘Technium Education and Humanities’ (in Ponta Delgada, Portugal), ‘Technium Business and Management’ (in Mumbai, India), Invited Expert of the Times Higher Education's Global Academic Reputation Survey-2024 and World University Rankings-2025 (in London, UK), Member of the Harvard Club, Alumnus of Sommerschule-2024 ‘Recht in Deutschland’ of Heidelberg University (Germany) and so on and so forth. The contribution of I. V. Kolosov to the development of the aforesaid science at different stages of his scientific career is studied. Some publications covering scientific and legislative views of I. V. Kolosov, which, in our viewpoint, are multifaceted, revolutionary and significant, are considered. It is established that the scientist's papers clearly and understandably cover issues in such branches of law as labor, international, environmental, criminal, social security, constitutional, etc. It is stated that the citation of Dr hab. Kolosov's works can be found in a link of scientific articles, monographs, textbooks and dissertations. The purpose of the article is to provide a scientific coverage of the creative work and personal contribution to the development of legal science, to reflect on the prospects of the scientific research derivated by him from the viewpoint of facts, and to reasonably reflect on the prospects of scientific research. The author forecasts the prospects for further development of legal science, the actual impact of the legal paradigm on the fate of mankind and its place in solving global problems of our time. Based on the results of the study, the author presents scientifically sound conclusions. In particular, it is determined that the issue of nuclear and environmental safety makes us think about furthermore actions for the complete safety of nuclear industrial facilities and furthermore research on this issue.

CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF JUDICIAL INDEMNITY IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Serhii Demchenko — 2024-10-17

The subject of the study is a scientific analysis of the current state and trends of constitutional and legal regulation of judicial indemnity in European countries. The methodology of the research consists of a combination of general and special scientific methods chosen with regard to the purpose and subject of the study: dialectical, analytical and synthetic, systemic and structural, legal and dogmatic, legal interpretation and comparative legal methods. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal regulation of judicial compensation on the example of modern European countries. The results of the study prove that there are both common and specific features in the constitutional and legal regulation of judicial indemnity in modern European countries. Conclusions. Judicial indemnity is an important element of constitutional and legal regulation of the status of judges in European countries. It is not absolute and is characterized by a number of legal limitations. For the most part, in the context of constitutional and legal regulation in European countries, it is not the institution of judicial indemnity, but rather the right to express one's own opinion and the absence of responsibility for such expression, more or less limited by legal norms. Depending on the way in which the provisions on judicial immunity are anchored in the system of constitutional and legal regulation of different European countries, the following main models can be conditionally distinguished: 1) Constitutional-centric: a model in which national constitutions contain some initial, defining, albeit relatively few specific legal provisions on judicial immunity, which are developed in special laws and acts on judicial ethics and court decisions; 2) legislative: a model in which, in the absence of direct constitutional regulation, the main emphasis is placed on special laws on the judiciary and/or on the status of judges, the provisions of which are detailed in acts of judicial ethics; 3) judicial or judicial-centered: a model in which the provisions of legal acts do not contain direct legal regulation of judicial indemnity, and its principles are established in acts of the judiciary.

ENSURING THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF NORMATIVE ACTS AS A FUNCTION OF THE REGULATIONS OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE: SOME THEORETICAL, LEGAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS

Serhiy Linetskyi — 2024-10-17

The subject of the study is a theoretical and legal analysis of the functional orientation of the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (hereinafter – the Rules) in the area of ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific and special scientific methods selected with due regard for the purpose and subject matter of the study. The dialectical method was used to study the existing trends in scientific cognition of the role of the Rules of Procedure in parliamentary procedures. The methods of analysis and synthesis ensured the identification of regulatory provisions dedicated to ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts and their organization in the form of a single system of activities of the authorized subjects of the legislative procedure. The hermeneutic method helped to interpret the content of the regulatory provisions aimed at ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts. The systemic and structural method helped to identify the stages of regulatory support for the constitutionality of normative acts. The application of the prognostic method made it possible to identify problematic issues in the regulatory framework for ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts and to formulate legal and technological approaches to solving problems in this area. The purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical and legal assessment of such a little-known legal phenomenon as ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts – as a special legal function of the Rules of Procedure. The results of the study prove the objectivity of singling out such a function of the Rules as ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts and demonstrate the dialectic of its implementation at different stages of the legislative procedure, and identify certain legal issues in this area. Conclusions. One of the key functions of the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the function of ensuring the constitutionality of normative acts, primarily laws. The realization of this function is systematic and progressive, being traced at different stages of the legislative procedure. It makes it possible to characterize the participation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in constitutional control over the constitutionality of laws as a highly specialized legal activity of authorized subjects, which is carried out within the structure of the legislative procedure and has the nature of preventive control, covering mainly different stages of preparation and consideration of draft laws. The main problems in this area are objective (such as fragmentary gaps or insufficient clarity of regulatory norms to ensure such constitutionality) and subjective (such as arbitrariness of the legislator's consideration of scientific, expert and legal opinions on the unconstitutionality of certain provisions contained in newly adopted laws and dominance of political interests over legal ones). At the same time, the logic of the presentation and the content of the regulatory provisions make it possible to comprehend the ways of optimizing some of its provisions with a view to exercising stricter internal parliamentary control over the constitutionality of laws in order to minimize the effort required for a possible challenge of such acts to their constitutionality before the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.

THE ROLE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UKRAINE IN ENSURING THE LEGITIMACY OF THE PARLIAMENT AND PRESIDENT'S POWER

Marta Murska — 2024-10-17

The article examines the role of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in ensuring the legality of the activities of the President of Ukraine. The constitutional and legal status of the Court, its functions and powers to control the constitutionality of presidential acts are analyzed. Based on Article 103 of the Constitution, the president is elected for 5 years. But taking into account the continuity of the exercise of state power in Ukraine, there is a clear record in the first part of Article 108 that the president exercises his powers before the newly elected president of Ukraine takes office. This means that his duty is to perform the functions of the president, there is no other option. This president should be replaced only by his successor – not an acting president, but a full-fledged president, who should be elected in the next free democratic elections. The purpose of this article is to analyze the constitutional powers of the President and the Parliament of Ukraine, the specifics of their activities under martial law, as well as the development of recommendations for improving legislation to ensure the continuity and efficiency of state administration.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PRE-TRIAL REPORT DURING THE TRIAL IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS OF UKRAINE

Vasyl Nor — 2024-10-17

The article is devoted to the problems of functioning of the institution of probation in criminal proceedings of Ukraine. It is stated that the national criminal procedural legislation does not establish the procedure for investigation of the pre-trial report by the court during the trial with the participation of the parties. It is emphasized that such a legislative gap limits the competitiveness of the parties and creates obstacles on the way to achieving the truth in the case. The article draws attention to the fact that most researchers define a pre-trial report as a written document that characterizes the accused and contains a conclusion about the possibility of correction of the person without applying the punishment associated with isolation from the society, without disclosing its procedural nature. Pre-trial report`s procedural nature, as the authors emphasize, determines whether the analyzed document will be the subject of investigation during the trial. Based on the conducted research, they conclude that the report of the probation authority is a document – evidence in criminal proceedings, which, for the purpose of investigating in the trial, must be included in the list and volume of evidence to be examined, in accordance with Article 349 of the CCP of Ukraine. At the same time, it is emphasized that the report of the probation service should be investigated last, at the final stage of clarifying the circumstances of the criminal offence, as part of the addition to the trial, since it concerns the issue of the sentencing. Pre-trial report as an evidence-document must be announced at the court hearing with the opportunity for the parties to express their position regarding report`s content and preparation methodology. The authors note that during the investigation of the probation report, the parties may ask their own questions to the probation officer, which requires his inclusion in the list of participants in the court proceedings, to whom the parties and other participants in the court proceedings have the right to ask questions during the investigation of the documents (part 2 of Article 358 of the CCP of Ukraine).

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE WELFARE STATE IN THE STRUCTURE OF PENSION SECURITY LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

Sergiy Polesov — 2024-10-17

The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal study of the peculiarities of the implementation of the legal bases of the social state in the structure of the legislation on pension provision on the actual example of the legal experience of modern Ukraine. It is shown that, traditionally, the development of pension legislation in Ukraine is considered in domestic legal science mostly outside the implementation of the legal foundations of the welfare state, which does not allow to properly assess either the level of systematic changes, their logic, or their compliance with the fundamental concept of the welfare state as the original normative "base" for the construction of the entire system of pension legislation. Such a theoretical and legal omission in practice led to a false and in many ways distorted vision of the patterns of development and modernization of pension legislation of Ukraine, separated from the realization of the concept of the social state and outside the category of ensuring the pension rights of Ukrainian citizens as mutually determined cuts to reveal the evolutionary potential of this branch of national legislation. It has been established that in the theoretical and legal dimension the formation and development of the system of pension legislation reflects a system-wide legal regularity concerning the strengthening of the determining (guiding) influence of key legal concepts and principles of legal regulation on the development of large systemic formations in the field of law (branches of law and legislation, legal and legislative institutions, etc.). The above mentioned regularity is fully implemented in the structuring, reforming and functioning of the system of pension legislation of Ukraine, which objectifies the general social needs of people and society in pension provision and constitutes a normative "section" of the pension system of the state as a whole. The corresponding structuring takes place against the background of active reform of the national pension legislation and represents an expedient and natural process of planned changes with simultaneous attempts to stabilize the normative material included in the structure of this branch of the Ukrainian legislation. The main guiding idea in the structuring of pension legislation in Ukraine is the constitutionally defined concept of the welfare state, the legal foundations of which are embodied in the content and structure of pension legislation. It has been proven that the guidelines for the consistent and systematic implementation of the above concept in the content, direction and structure of pension legislation are the following 1) the Constitution of Ukraine itself, which performs an important legal orientation function in relation to pension legislation in terms of the state's implementation of positive obligations in the social sphere, 2) legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and courts of general jurisdiction (primarily the Supreme Court, which performs the function of ensuring the unity and uniformity of judicial practice in the field of pension disputes), which specify the legal meaning of the concept of the social state in such an objectively defined area as the system of pension legislation, as well as 3) international legal social standards in the area of pension provision, which also reflect the main substantive elements of the legal foundations of the concept of the social state. The difficulties of implementation of this concept in the structure and content of national pension legislation are determined by such factors as contradictions in the interpretation of the content of this concept; the combination of tendencies towards unification and differentiation in the structure of pension legislation, which has not yet ended with the establishment of the optimal state of such combination; the uncertainty of strategic guidelines for the development of pension legislation at the level of adoption of regulatory documents of a programmatic nature by subjects of higher state power; instability, inconsistency and a certain imbalance of the state pension policy both at the level of defining strategic guidelines and at the level of their implementation; the weakness of the state's financial and economic capabilities caused by the prolonged crisis of the country; asynchronization of the state pension policy at the level of defining strategic guidelines and at the level of their implementation; the weakness of the state's financial and economic capabilities caused by the prolonged crisis of the country; and the weakness of the financial and economic capacities of the state caused by the prolonged economic crisis in the country; the asynchronicity of the formation of different levels of the pension system; the existence of a significant "block" of non-constitutional normative material in the structure of pension legislation (which confirms the increased activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the course of consideration of pension cases); numerous violations of citizens' pension rights in the course of law enforcement, which creates an additional burden on the judicial system of Ukraine (in particular, on administrative proceedings, within which the judicial protection of citizens' pension rights mostly takes place). The comprehensive implementation of the legal foundations of the welfare state in the structure of pension legislation is considered to be on the way to further constitutionalization of this process, rational and scientifically based determination of strategic priorities for the further implementation of pension reform in Ukraine on the paths of unification and adaptation of the best world (primarily European) practices of pension provision and international legal standards, formation and implementation of a socially oriented pension policy. Keywords: pension rights of citizens, pension legislation, welfare state, Constitution of Ukraine, Constitutional Court of Ukraine, Supreme Court, pension reform, international legal norms. The main problems of the pension legislation of Ukraine are: the weakness of the financial and economic capacity of the state caused by the prolonged economic crisis in the country; the asynchronicity of the formation of different levels of the pension system; the existence of a significant "block" of non-constitutional normative material in the structure of pension legislation (which confirms the increased activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the course of consideration of pension cases); Numerous violations of citizens' pension rights in the course of law enforcement, which puts an additional burden on the judicial system of Ukraine (in particular, on administrative proceedings, where the judicial protection of citizens' pension rights is mostly carried out). The comprehensive implementation of the legal foundations of the welfare state in the structure of pension legislation is considered to be on the way to further constitutionalization of this process, rational and scientifically based determination of strategic priorities for the further implementation of pension reform in Ukraine on the paths of unification and adaptation of the best world (primarily European) practices of pension provision and international legal standards, formation and implementation of socially oriented pension policy.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL ASPECT OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF UKRAINE

Olena Sushch — 2024-10-17

Cross-border cases of wrongful removal or retention of a child violate the personal non-property rights of the child and parents to communicate. In numerous situations of international child abduction, the best interests of the child are violated. The return of children to their state of habitual residence is too lengthy and complex. This is due to the peculiarities of national legislation and the workload of national courts. Cases on the return of «abducted», wrongfully removed (retained) children are cases with a foreign element, which are resolved through the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal issues and problems of the civil aspect of international child abduction by persons having the right to custody (guardianship). The article presents an analytical and research view of the problem of the civil aspect of child abduction from the habitual residence.

EMERGENCE AND FORMATION OF ORPHANAGE INSTITUTE IN AZERBAIJAN

Nigar Karimova — 2024-10-17

The Institute of orphanages is an important institution created for the care of orphans and their education. Established in Azerbaijan, the institute aims to meet the shelter, education, health, social and psychological needs of orphans. The institute set itself the goal of ensuring the survival of children in a safe environment by creating the necessary conditions for their healthy growth and integration into society, and at the same time organized various programs and events for children to grow up as individuals useful to society. This study highlights initiatives related to children deprived of parental care and the role of civil society and the state in this context, as well as provides information about the Institute of Orphanages, which operates to meet the needs of orphans.

THE IMPACT OF USING GAMES IN THE INCLUSIVE CLASSROOM ON THE QUALITY OF INSTRUCTION

Anar Khalafov — 2024-10-17

The inclusion of children with special educational needs into mainstream schools alongside their typically developing peers is a societal imperative within the framework of the modern education system. Numerous studies demonstrate that employing traditional (segregate) instructional methods in an inclusive classroom is ineffective. Consequently, identifying pedagogical approaches that endorse inclusive education stands out as a pressing concern in contemporary pedagogy. The Republic of Azerbaijan starts to develop an inclusive educational system following the UN-Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, this requires new ways of teaching. In this study, the impact of games on the quality of instruction in the inclusive classroom in Azerbaijani schools was measured. To achieve this objective, the international scientific literature was scrutinized, and the factors defining the quality of education in inclusive classrooms were identified. Subsequently, the levels of these factors were assessed in experimental inclusive classrooms, where education was facilitated through games, and control inclusive classrooms, where education followed traditional methods.

LANGUAGE-SENSITIVE LSP TEACHING: CONCEPTS, MODELS AND PLANNING AIDS

Svitlana Kiyko — 2024-10-17

The article deals with language-sensitive LSP teaching from the perspective of academic theory and, using insights from research, proposes methods for acquiring subject-specific language skills in German as an introduction to professional language. Language-sensitive subject teaching is a didactic concept of integrated subject and language learning. Subject-specific content, working methods and ways of thinking are introduced to learners through a language-conscious approach, which pays conscious attention to language in order to facilitate subject-specific learning. The article describes the peculiarities of the German professional language relevant for a better understanding of the professional language, compares the competences for mastering a foreign language and a professional language, presents two approaches to it – affective and defensive, and suggests a methodology for teaching professional knowledge in German.

ESP AS AN APPROACH FOR IMPLEMENTING UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ LANGUAGE SKILLS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THEIR NEEDS AND MOTIVATION

Olga Yashchuk — 2024-10-17

The article examines the specifics of ESP for engineering students from the standpoint of meeting their relevant language needs as for future professionals. The aspects of ESP are analyzed in the context of scholarly perspectives and formulations. The essence of ESP related terms such as «need» and «goal» is clarified. The role of motivation in ESP learning is substantiated. Based on the empirical study, specifically the survey conducted among the students – future engineers and the analysis of its results, the conclusions are drawn regarding the real communicative needs of the respondents to enhance the effectiveness and motivation in mastering ESP during university education stages.

INTEGRATING HISTORICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND STYLISTIC ELEMENTS IN PIANO PERFORMANCE INTERPRETATION

Syun Yi — 2024-10-17

This article delves into the complex process of piano performance interpretation, emphasizing the interplay of historical context, performance methodology, and stylistic authenticity. By analyzing the alignment of a piece with its compositional era, adherence to contemporary performance standards, and the incorporation of the pianist's personal expression, the study reveals the multifaceted nature of musical interpretation. The methodology includes an in-depth examination of the stylistic and technical aspects of piano performance, drawing from the works of leading theorists and practitioners. The results underscore the necessity of combining historical accuracy, technical proficiency, and individual artistry to achieve a coherent and compelling performance. The article concludes that a comprehensive approach, integrating these elements, is crucial for effective interpretation. Future research should aim to further refine this framework to improve interpretative practices and educational approaches in piano performance.

CLAVIER URTEXT AS AN ENSEMBLE SCORE IN THE ARTISTIC CULTURE OF BAROQUE

Ding Zhuxiang — 2024-10-17

This study explores the adaptation of Domenico Scarlatti’s keyboard sonatas into Baroque ensemble music, emphasizing their transformation into quasi-partitures. Utilizing a detailed chronological framework, historical context, and stylistic analysis, the research draws upon key scholarly sources to examine how Scarlatti's keyboard works can be reinterpreted for various instrumental combinations. The study highlights that Scarlatti’s sonatas, when analyzed through the lens of Baroque ensemble practices, reveal significant opportunities for adaptation into ensemble settings, offering new insights into their structural versatility. The findings suggest that Scarlatti’s music not only reflects Baroque compositional techniques but also serves as a rich resource for understanding ensemble arrangements and performance practices. Future research could further investigate specific case studies of Scarlatti’s sonatas in ensemble settings to refine these findings and explore their practical applications.

SPECIFICITY OF THE PRINT MEDIAMARKET OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GENERAL STATE OF THE MEDIA ECONOMY (2000 – JULY 2022)

Oksana Hotsur — 2024-10-17

In scientific research, an analysis of the state of the media market in Ukraine, in particular the print media market of the last twenty years, was carried out. Crisis periods of media development are singled out, in particular, special attention is paid to the COVID-19 pandemic and the period of modernity that the state is experiencing since February 24, 2022 – the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. The war caused a new configuration of the mass media market of Ukraine. In addition to the catalysts of sharp changes in the print media market of Ukraine, the specifics of the general state of the media market, factors that significantly affect the development trends of the general media market have been identified: digitization, destruction of logistics, periodicals, the outflow of advertisers from traditional media, rising prices for raw materials, lack of consumer culture subscription information because there is a free alternative. The format of work of the Ukrainian media in the first three months of the war is characterized by certain features: 24/7 working mode, psychological pressure, change of media product, change of business model of newsrooms, change of content, change of message to audience, change of funding sources.

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Raiana Iakupova — 2024-10-17

The article focuses on the development prospects for e-commerce platforms within the context of globalization and digitalization. The aim of the study is to analyze how these platforms adapt to rapid technological changes and evolving consumer behaviors, as well as their significant role in fostering social inclusion and driving economic growth. The research employed general scientific methods of cognition, including analysis, synthesis, comparison. The research results indicate that the e-commerce sector is experiencing significant growth, doubling its global revenue from $2.24 trillion in 2017 to an expected $5.42 trillion by 2025. Special attention is given to Amazon, which consistently demonstrates robust growth and expanding influence. By 2023, Amazon’s global sales volume reached approximately $231 billion, underscoring its dominance in the industry. This success is reflected in its strong market presence across various regions, including the United States, Europe, and Japan. Amazon’s strategic focus on product categories such as electronics, fashion, and home goods has positioned it as a leader in diverse markets. Moreover, Amazon’s commitment to inclusivity is evident through its initiatives supporting employees with disabilities, such as the "Work Wellness Coaching" program and AI-driven solutions aimed at enhancing accessibility. These efforts not only highlight Amazon's role in economic growth but also its contribution to social development by fostering a more inclusive workplace. Future directions for e-commerce platforms, including Amazon, are poised to capitalize on emerging trends to maintain and expand their market positions. Platforms are expected to enhance their logistical capabilities to meet the increasing consumer demand for faster deliveries, such as same-day or even hour-specific options. The integration of augmented reality (AR) into shopping experiences will continue to blur the lines between physical and digital retail spaces, allowing consumers to visualize products in their environments. Additionally, blockchain technology is likely to play a more significant role in ensuring supply chain transparency, building greater trust between consumers and brands. Personalization will remain central to e-commerce strategies, with AI-driven tools providing more customized shopping experiences. As platforms evolve, they will also increasingly adopt sustainable practices to address environmental concerns and attract eco-conscious consumers. The practical significance of the research lies in providing recommendations for businesses to adapt to dynamic and competitive market conditions.

INSTRUMENTS FOR PREVENTING MEDIA DEPENDENCY AND FAKE NEWS USING AI

Ievgeniia Kyianytsia — 2024-10-17

The article examines the concept of media dependency and the actualization of media surfing problems in all its variations and possibilities of preventing its impact on human activity. The work also outlines the influence of media dependency on the skills of recognizing fake news and prevent its impact on psychological and mental health, the loss of which leads to negative consequences for the functioning of society as a whole. The classification of fakes, particularly based on geographic, temporal, and audiovisual facts that may be turned into disinformation using manipulative techniques, enables understanding the necessity of continuous updating media literacy programs that promote critical thinking, analysis, and evaluation of media content to prevent manipulating information. In turn, AI-based algorithms can monitor the spread pace of fake news on social media platforms and influence correction processes by limiting the reach of such content. Programs like Google Digital Wellbeing and Apple Screen Time provide insights into media usage patterns and help set limits on gadget usage time by sending notifications about the need for breaks and switching to offline activities. The article also discusses preventive measures of avoiding media dependency and the concept media hygiene, adherence to which may strengthen media immunity to the influence of fake news.

AZERBAIJAN'S NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY IN THE SYSTEM OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Ilaha Alizadeh — 2024-10-17

With the end of the Cold War, the political situation in the world has changed dramatically. The emergence on the world stage of new independent states, non-governmental organizations, transnational companies and threatening the world at the regional and global levels, such as ethnic conflicts, the spread of political and economic instability, imbalance, weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, the struggle for natural resources, etc. contributed to the transformation of international relations. As a result of the process, also accelerated by globalization, the state’s perception of security has changed in parallel with the increase in the types and scale of risks and threats.

THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR AS A NEW TYPE OF POSTMODERN WAR AND A FACTOR IN GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE

Oleksii Buriachenko — 2024-10-17

The article is devoted to the issue of the Russian-Ukrainian war as a new type of postmodern warfare that has become a factor in global transformations of the geopolitical landscape. For an objective understanding of this statement, the author aims to thoroughly investigate this issue. The author also aims to analyse the Russian-Ukrainian war in the context of its impact on the international security system. The study allows the author to conclude that the problem and danger of postmodern warfare is that it is difficult to predict due to its complexity, as it covers and targets the political, military, economic, social, information space, etc. But, the irony of postmodern warfare is that measures aimed at managing and reducing risks can lead to the opposite: more destruction and longer conflicts. The author also notes that in the era of postmodern warfare, which has undergone a major transformation in the twenty-first century, there is an understanding that due to the expansion of the «grey zones» of postmodern warfare, we cannot predict the outbreak of war, which affects the adoption of preventive measures. The uncertainty of the outbreak of war also blurs the responsibility of the aggressor. The article analyses the components of the Russian-Ukrainian war, including military and political (methods of «hybrid warfare», technological, network, etc.; full use of traditional methods of warfare of the twentieth century (shifting front lines, tanks and troops, urban attacks, struggle for air dominance and supply lines, mobilisation of troops, production of weapons, etc;) confrontation of regimes (democratic – autocratic); the factor of the aggressor as a nuclear power and a permanent member of the UN Security Council), all this set of factors allows the author to confirm his hypothesis that the Russian-Ukrainian war is a new type of war of the postmodern era. The analysis of the reports, strategic positions of countries, military doctrines, military strategies, national security strategies, etc. allows us to note that the Russian-Ukrainian war has become a factor in global transformations of the geopolitical landscape and destabilisation of the international security system. In the author's opinion, the world community needs to come to the realisation that the current international security system cannot provide answers to the conflicts that arise in the world. It cannot protect the world from war, as this requires new goals and new meanings that would correspond to rapid geopolitical processes. The geopolitical structure of the world is becoming more complex and new centres of power are emerging on the political map. The world needs a new architecture of the global security system that would truly protect the world from the global war that world leaders, international institutions and opinion leaders are talking about.

UKRAINE AND TAIWAN: STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN OPPOSING BIGGER NEIGHBOURS

Andrii Cherednichenko — 2024-10-17

The Russo-Ukrainian war destroyed the existing security system and led to concerns about a similar potential hot spot – Taiwan. The research paper is an analysis of how Ukraine and Taiwan oppose their bigger neighbours, who claim them as their own territory. The article explores the similarities and differences between these two asymmetric conflicts. Attention was also paid to the policy of «strategic ambiguity» employed by each side. The potential reactions of the parties involved in the Russo-Ukrainian war to a possible war in the Taiwan Strait are researched. Findings indicate that successfully maintaining Ukraine’s sovereignty and imposing a high cost on the Russian Federation for launching a full-scale invasion serve as a deterrent for the People’s Republic of China against taking similar actions regarding Taiwan. The study utilizes theoretical and empirical methods, in particular, generalization, analyses, system approach, comparative and observation.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF WAR VICTIMS IN UKRAINE: ASSESSMENT OF STRESS REACTIONS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS

Ivan Klymenko — 2024-10-17

The psychological analysis of the victims' condition is an important tool for understanding and determining the peculiarities of the impact of traumatic events on the human psyche (Bondarchuk, 2016: 11–14). This study examined the psychological aspect of the state of survivors of traumatic events, focusing in particular on reactions, adaptation mechanisms and possible ways to restore the mental health of military personnel, people from the temporarily occupied territories and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The study involved 250 (45.5%) servicemen and 300 civilians (110 people from the temporarily occupied territories and 190 people from IDPs) with various psychological symptoms. The psychological states were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Self-Assessment Scale and the Mississippi Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Hryshchenko, 2022: 166–180). Levels of anxiety were measured using the Beck Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire were used to assess levels of anxiety and depression, revealing significant levels across all study groups. Further research is needed to improve the methods of medical and psychological rehabilitation aimed at improving the psychological state of war victims.

BODIES OF SPEECH: UNRAVELING THE LINGUISTIC DNA OF SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGISMS IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH

Tetiana Aksiutina — 2024-10-17

The study of somatic phraseologisms in language plays a crucial role in understanding the intricacies and nuances of linguistic expression. In both English and Ukrainian languages, these idiomatic expressions rooted in human anatomy not only reflect cultural beliefs but also shed light on how language shapes our perception of the world. Recent linguistic researches have delved into the significance of somatic phraseologisms, emphasizing their impact on language comprehension and cultural identity. By exploring the functioning of somatic phraseologisms in English and Ukrainian, this study aims to unravel the complexities of these expressions, analyze their cultural implications, and contribute to a deeper understanding of linguistic phenomena in a cross-cultural context. This paper focuses on the functioning of somatic phraseologisms in English and Ukrainian, two languages from different language families, to explore cross-linguistic similarities and differences in their usage and conceptual underpinnings. Thus, the research under review contributes to cross-linguistic and cross-cultural studies, highlighting both universal and language-specific features in phraseological units.

CURRENT ISSUES IN LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT RESEARCH AND ITS IMPLICATION

Gulnara Iskandarova — 2024-10-17

Language is an abstract phenomenon, making its assessment inherently complex. This complexity is amplified by the increasing global demands for high proficiency in language abilities and the accountability pressures placed on language educators. This paper explores the multifaceted challenges in the field of language assessment in the 21st century, highlighting issues such as the need for effective classroom assessments, the training of language teachers, and the reliability and validity of teacher-based assessments. Additionally, it addresses emerging challenges due to globalization and the accountability of educational institutions in preparing students for multilingual workplaces.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE EVACUATION PROCEDURE FOR CHILDREN UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN THE COURSE OF STATE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OF MAINTENANCE AND RAISING OF ORPHANS AND CHILDREN DEPRIVED OF PARENTAL CARE

Zhanna Boiko — 2024-10-17

The article examines the ways of improving the procedure for organising the evacuation of children under martial law in the course of implementation of the State policy in the field of maintenance and raising of orphans and children deprived of parental care. The changes in the regulatory framework and organisational provision for the transfer of children of the mentioned category within Ukraine and also abroad introduced by the regulatory acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine since the beginning of the military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation have been analysed. The article highlights the problems which experts and scientists emphasise the need to solve, in particular, the safe evacuation of orphans and children deprived of parental care from the areas where hostilities are taking place, and also focuses on possible ways to improve the relevant organisational procedures with a view to ensuring effective protection of children and observance of their rights guaranteed by the Law of Ukraine.

THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC OPINION ON THE NEED TO INCREASE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION WITH WEB 2.0 TOOLS

Viacheslav Dziundziuk — 2024-10-17

Citizen participation is an essential component of modern democratic public administration. However, it is not provided automatically but requires efforts from both public authorities and citizens themselves. The formation of public opinion on the need for citizen participation contributes to the unification of these efforts on both sides. In the context of the development of the information society, public opinion can and should be formed with Web 2.0 tools and technologies, primarily social media, which have a significant impact on the formation of public opinion in modern societies. The purpose of this article is to explore the possibility of forming public opinion on the need to increase citizen participation using social advertising on social media as a Web 2.0 tool. To achieve this, three research tasks were solved: to determine the essential features of public opinion; to consider the features of analysis and formation of public opinion; to consider the use of social advertising as a Web 2.0 tool for forming public opinion. A separate section of the article is devoted to each of the tasks. Based on the results of the study, several conclusions are drawn. The authors propose a mechanism for shaping public opinion on the need to increase the level of citizen participation, which includes the following components: identification of social groups for further interaction; monitoring of the social mood of these groups; tracking and analysis of social information targeted at these groups; studying public opinion rooted in certain social groups through establishing communication with them; analysis of public opinion in terms of its contribution to increasing the level of citizen participation; application of Web 2.0 tools to identify and analyse public opinion.

NEW FINDINGS OF THE CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD IN NAKHCHIVAN

Ruhiyye Rzayeva — 2024-10-17

In 2010–2018, newly discovered archaeological monuments in Sirabçay and Gahabçay basins provided archaeological materials of great importance for the dating of the Chalcolithic period. During the research conducted around Sirab, it was established that some of the newly recorded monuments belong to the middle stage of the Chalcolithic period. Ubaid and Dalma Tepe type ceramics were discovered in Uçan Ağıl, Uzunoba and Bülovkaya settlements.It was established that the settlements of Azerbaijan located in the south of Aras mainly used Zengezur obsidian. The population of the settlements located inSirabçay and Gahabçay Valley also mainly used Zengezur obsidian. This is one of the facts confirming the connection between these monuments. The new Chalcolithic monuments of Sirabçay and Gahabçay Valley also made it possible to determine the direction of relations with Mesopotamia and the Urmia Basin. At present, it can be said that one direction of relations with the Urmia basin was Nakhchivanchay and Sirabçay Valley through Kültepeof Julfa. On the other hand, based on the researches, it can be said that the Chalcolithic culture found in the archaeological monuments located in the Şerur region or in the Sirabçay and Gahabçay valleys developed in interaction with the countries of the Middle East.