Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF (POST-) WAR ECONOMY: LEGAL, ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL DIMENSIONS IN UKRAINE

Glib Aleksin — 2025-06-11

Corporate governance is the primary driver for economic stabilization and the facilitation of recovery processes during and following a war. At wartime, companies prioritize crisis management, financial stability and operational continuity. At post-war period, initiatives focus on long-term reconstruction alongside endeavors to attract investments and implement regulatory reforms. This study investigates corporate governance in Ukraine comparing wartime and the post-war period, encompassing legal, economic and managerial perspectives. Qualitative methods include content assessments of legal frameworks, official statements, business disclosures and reports. This study indicates that wartime governance prioritizes emergency decisionmaking and coordination with both state and international entities, while post-war governance is defined by financial transparency, institutional change and the necessity for modernization. The paper concludes that strategic changes and ESG integration are essential factors for enhancing resilience and investment appeal. Coordinated governance among government, business and international partners is essential for the efficiency of post-war recovery effort.

UKRAINIAN MODEL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INSTRUMENTS APPLICATION IN THE MECHANISM OF DEPORTED CHILDREN’S RETURN CAUSED BY ARMED CONFLICT

Kateryna Chepkova — 2025-06-11

The issue of children during any armed conflict is the most painful issue. The deportation of children is one of the issues that arises during an armed conflict. The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict is no exception. Representatives of the Ukrainian authorities have stated that about 20,000 children have been deported/forcibly displaced since February 2022. At the level of international legal regulation, there are no mechanisms for the return of deported/forcibly displaced children. As a result, the Government of Ukraine has defined an algorithm of actions to identify and return children deported or forcibly displaced as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to analyze the administrative and legal mechanism proposed by the State of Ukraine for the identification and return of children deported or forcibly displaced as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, the public administration entities involved in this mechanism, and the public administration instruments used within the framework of this mechanism.

HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SWITZERIA

Viktoriia Chetveryk — 2025-06-11

Switzerland is a unique example of a country whose constitutional development combines the principles of federalism, direct democracy, and political neutrality. Analyzing its constitutional evolution requires a comprehensive methodological approach and a detailed study of the historiography of the issue. This article examines the historiography of research on Switzerland’s constitutional development, from 19th-century works that emphasized the formation of the federal model to modern interdisciplinary approaches analyzing digital transformation and global challenges. The methodological section of the article explores historical-legal, comparative-legal, systemic, and hermeneutic approaches that allow for a comprehensive study of Switzerland’s legal system and an assessment of its uniqueness in an international context. The application of these methods enables the identification of patterns in constitutional development and explains why Switzerland serves as a model of democratic governance. The research results indicate that the combination of constitutional stability and flexibility contributes to Switzerland’s effectiveness and longevity.

THE IMPACT OF MARKET-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Olha Dukhnevych — 2025-06-11

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of a market-oriented approach on regional development, outlining its challenges for the public administration system and examining mechanisms for minimizing socio-economic disparities. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach that integrates economic modeling methods, comparative analysis of international experience, and regulatory assessment of regional strategy. The findings indicate that, without appropriate government intervention, market mechanisms may exacerbate territorial inequality by concentrating capital in economically developed regions. The study substantiates the necessity of implementing a balanced policy that includes infrastructure investments, targeted support for peripheral areas, and the integration of innovative clusters. The conclusions provide recommendations for optimizing state regional policy to achieve sustainable development and economic convergence. Points for Practitioners Regional governance professionals can utilize the presented findings to optimize regional development policies, ensuring a balance between market mechanisms and state regulation. It is crucial to understand that market-oriented management is facilitated by well-developed institutional/neoinstitutional mechanisms and flexible governmental support for weaker regions. The necessity of strategic investment management. Regional development requires active capital engagement, particularly through the creation of a favorable investment climate. To achieve this, government authorities should minimize bureaucratic barriers and develop financial incentives for businesses, focusing on long-term economic benefits. Infrastructure development as a key factor in addressing regional disparities. The state should promote the financing of infrastructure projects in less developed regions to enhance their competitiveness and reduce economic gaps between regions. A flexible combination of market mechanisms and state support. Excessive government intervention may restrict competition, whereas a complete withdrawal from regulation could deepen socio-economic inequality. A balanced approach is necessary to ensure a fair distribution of resources without stifling market-driven initiatives. Engaging local communities and businesses in decision-making processes. Effective regional governance is only possible with the broad involvement of stakeholders, enabling policies to be better adapted to the real needs of the population and businesses. Stimulating Innovation and Digital Transformation. The use of modern technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and big data, enables the optimization of management processes, including the analysis of conditions and needs through IT capabilities and technological advancements. This, in turn, allows for the development of more effective and flexible regional strategies. The implementation of these approaches can promote more balanced regional development, reduce economic polarization, and ensure stable socio-economic growth across all regions of the country.

LEGISLATIVE TOOLS AGAINST AIDING AN AGGRESSOR STATE: ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE USA, THE UK, AND THE BALTIC STATES

Andrii Heletei — 2025-06-11

The author analyzes legislative and law enforcement mechanisms for combating assistance to aggressor states in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Baltic States, and at the international level. The study examines historical precedents and legislative acts such as the Espionage Act of 1917, the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, the Official Secrets Act of 1989, as well as international treaties such as the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specific cases, including the Rosenbergs, John Walker, Ana Montes, Kim Philby, George Blake, and modern instances of Russian espionage, are analyzed. Particular attention is given to measures taken by the Baltic States to counter Russian aggression, including criminal liability for collaboration with the aggressor, bans on pro-Russian organizations, and information security control. The conclusion highlights the importance of utilizing international law and national legislation to combat assistance to aggressor states and explores the potential application of this experience in Ukraine.

COLLECTIVE COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: EU CHALLENGES AND UKRAINE’S ADAPTATION

Oksana Khorenzhenko — 2025-06-11

The article addresses the impact of digital technologies on the collective management of copyright and related r4ights in the EU. It provides an overview of innovative technologies such as blockchain, digital platforms, and smart contracts, highlighting how these advancements transform the monitoring, licensing, and distribution of royalties. The article examines the potential for integrating modern digital technologies into the operations of collective management organisations in Ukraine. It highlights the challenges these organisations encounter concerning copyright and related rights, particularly in the context of the globalisation of digital content and the rise of streaming services. A focal point of the discussion is the necessity for adapting national governance models to align with European standards. Furthermore, the article emphasises that for Ukraine to integrate into the digital legal landscape successfully, it is essential to adopt international best practices in the realm of copyright.

REGULATORY AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR STATE PERSONNEL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SUBSOIL USE AND PROTECTION

Olena Leonova — 2025-06-11

The establishment of Ukraine as an independent, legally sovereign state requires the implementation of an effective state personnel policy in the field of subsoil use and protection, as well as the utilization of all sources of national economic enrichment, one of which is the rational use of Ukraine’s subsoil resources. Despite the large number of studies dedicated to various legal aspects of state personnel policy in different sectoral areas, it should be noted that legal literature has not yet provided a comprehensive legal analysis of ensuring state personnel policy in the field of subsoil use and protection. This article identifies the historical stages of the development of the current legislation regulating administrative and legal relations in the field of subsoil use, which serve as the foundation for the effective implementation of state personnel policy in this area. It has been established that Ukraine’s current subsoil legislation is still in the process of formation and remains imperfect.

TAX REGULATION IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Oleksandr Patlachuk — 2025-06-11

The article analyses the peculiarities of tax regulation in Ukraine under martial law, which is due to the need to ensure economic stability and finance defence needs. The study is based on the analysis of the basic legislation, the practice of applying tax exemptions and preferences, and international experience. The key challenges associated with the current legislative mechanisms are identified, in particular, the efficiency of the rule-making process in the context of limited public discussion, unequal conditions for taxpayers in different territories and the risks of tax evasion. The author considers the role of tax benefits and deferrals to support taxpayers, as well as the practice of law enforcement and liability for violation of tax legislation. The author suggests ways to improve the tax system based on international experience to maintain stability in the context of a protracted armed conflict. Further research into the adaptation of international experience to Ukrainian realities is promising.

GAMBLING AS A TAXABLE OBJECT IN UKRAINE

Danylo Yevsieiev — 2025-06-11

The gambling market in Ukraine was opened in 2020, until now since 2009 gambling has been prohibited and recognized as a crime. But the tax legislation, which provided for the rules for taxation of this activity, adopted in 2010 under the conditions of the prohibition of gambling after its permission, has not been changed. An analysis of tax revenues from gambling for 2021-2024 showed the shadowing of this market, and therefore the need to change tax legislation. To formulate proposals for effective taxation of this industry, it is necessary to establish the legal nature of gambling. In Ukraine, there are no unified approaches to this concept, gambling is understood as a service, as a type of aleatory contract, as a financial activity. An analysis of EU legislation has shown that in the EU gambling is understood as a service, which requires Ukraine to also change its approaches to the regulation and taxation of gambling as a service sector.

GLOBAL ANTI-BRIBERY ENFORCEMENT: EU AND UK REACTIONS TO THE US FCPA SUSPENSION

Nadiia Zhukova — 2025-06-11

This article examines the global implications of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement suspension. On February 10, 2025, the U.S. President issued an executive order which introduces a 180-day pause on FCPA investigations and enforcement for a policy review. As one of the most influential anti-corruption laws globally, the FCPA has shaped compliance standards and corporate liability for bribery across various jurisdictions and continues to influence enforcement practices internationally. Its suspension has significant implications for worldwide anti-corruption efforts, prompting the EU and UK to reassess and adjust their regulatory frameworks. The study employs dialectical and comparative legal approaches, as well as systemic-structural analysis. The results indicate the need for adapting regulatory strategies in the EU and the UK due to changes in regulation. The conclusions highlight potential shifts in anti-corruption policies and emphasize the necessity of further research to assess the long-term impacts on global legal systems.

DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION: HISTORICITY, MODERNITY, AND NECESSITY

Nurana Aliyeva Natig — 2025-06-11

This study examines the historical development, contemporary approaches, and societal importance of democratic education. The aim is to explain how the educational process is structured according to democratic principles and how this approach influences the development of individuals and society. Additionally, the article highlights the reciprocal relationship between education and democracy. Education should not only transmit knowledge; it must also create opportunities for students to develop independent thinking, social responsibility, justice, equality, and to internalize democratic values. Democratic principles must be transformed into a way of life and practically applied within the educational environment, integrating them into daily experiences. Education serves as a tool for spreading democratic values in society and aims to raise future generations according to these principles. This approach enables individuals to recognize their roles in society and acquire the necessary skills to participate in democratic processes. As a result, individuals become active, informed citizens who can contribute to the development of society. In the future, the democratic education approach may lead to the development of more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable education systems worldwide. The study uses comparative and historical analysis, along with philosophical and pedagogical theories.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

Yaroslav Ryzhuk — 2025-06-11

The article analyzes the concept and criteria for assessing the quality and accessibility of education. The author notes that specific criteria that can be investigated empirically or on the basis of statistical data are key indicators of the effectiveness of educational systems. The author considers the main scientific approaches to determining the quality and accessibility of education. This article establishes that the quality of education is a multidimensional concept that encompasses not only academic indicators, but also social and economic aspects. The author analyzes the concept of accessibility of education. The study identifies the relationship between the quality and accessibility of education and analyzes the existing debatable approaches to the possibility of combining them. The novelty of the article lies in the author's own approach to the formulation of the concepts of «quality of education» and «accessibility of education» and the identification of their criteria. The research methodology is based on comparative analysis, logical and legal method and systematic approach. The results of the study allow to form a comprehensive view of modern methods of evaluating educational services and their practical application.

VISUAL ARTS IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF A DESIGNER: THE IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING, PAINTING, AND SCULPTURE

Serhii Brylov — 2025-06-11

The article explores the role of visual arts in the professional training of designers, specifically the importance of drawing, painting, and sculpture. Methods of comparative analysis of educational programs and practical approaches in design education were used. It was determined that drawing develops spatial thinking, painting enhances color sensitivity, and sculpture contributes to the understanding of form and volume. The study results confirm that integrating these disciplines into the educational process improves the level of professional training for designers. Future research may expand to analyze the impact of digital technologies on traditional artistic practices in design education.

THE CONSENSUS PROBLEM: SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS

Vusala Loghman Gulmaliyeva — 2025-06-11

The article is devoted to the social-philosophical analysis of consensus, which is one of the pressing issues of contemporary times. Consensus is regarded as a critical mechanism in ensuring both individual and collective welfare. The world is fraught with conflict zones that arise based on various motives and contentions, and simultaneously, efforts are made to seek solutions to these conflicts. In modern science, optimal consensus models and pacifist approaches are proposed, with attempts being made to define new directions for the development of conflictology. The article emphasizes that the resolution of social conflicts faces considerable challenges, as each new conflict emerges with its own unique content and scenario, necessitating different approaches for its resolution. These searches also encompass the philosophical, political, and legal aspects of public consciousness. Within the framework of the laws of social dynamics, efforts are made to bring conflicts to the consensus plane and to seek scientific solutions to them. In the article, the relationship between consensus and conflict, based on Hegelian logic, is explained through the structure of antithesis (conflict), thesis (dialogue), and synthesis (consensus). While dialogues aim for a predetermined consensus, conflict, in turn, promotes consensus through dialogues in a philosophical sense. This approach highlights the reciprocal relationship and interdependent nature between conflict and consensus. The limitations of idealizing consensus, as well as the difficulties in its realization, are linked to the impact of the multifaceted and multicontent social structure of contemporary society. The human factor plays a fundamental role in consensus, as moral values are crucial in conflict resolution. Social conflicts arise from the balance created between human nature and morality, reflecting the results of broader societal and state struggles. Ultimately, the achievement of consensus in social conflicts is a product of human moral and value-oriented consciousness.

REPRESENTATION OF THE WILL, HEROISM AND BRAVERY VALUES IN GRAPHIC DESIGN PROJECTS OF CONTEMPORARY UKRAINE

Natalia Udris-Borodavko — 2025-06-11

The article reveals the component of the spiritual and mental level of the socio-cultural identity project model in graphic design, namely the most fundamental values of the Ukrainian mentality – will, heroism, and courage. These values are substantiated by historical research and the results of current surveys of Ukrainians. Examples of graphic design projects of the last 5-7 years show that designers refer to these values as a meaningful concept. In addition, they demonstrate will and heroism through visual techniques (such as composition, stylization, fonts, color), as well as the sign system. Among the most common signs are the national colors, transformed but recognizable forms of the trident, the Cossack character, and the military camouflage «pixel». The representation of the values of the Ukrainian mentality in graphic design resonates with the current social reality, which increases the effectiveness of visual communication. In addition, such projects broadcast Ukrainian identity to the international space and present a unique culture.

BETWEEN HOME AND WORK: HOW CHILDREN’S DISTANCE LEARNING CHALLENGES INTERNAL COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS (2020 VS. 2025)

Oksana Govera — 2025-06-11

This article analyzes the level of parental involvement in children's distance learning during the crisis periods of 2020 and 2025 in Ukraine, with a particular focus on its impact on internal organizational communication. The empirical basis consists of two online surveys, each involving 800 respondents, which trace the changes in intensity, forms, and consequences of parental engagement in the educational process. The methodology includes comparative analysis of frequency data, supported by qualitative interpretation of typical behavioral patterns. The findings reveal a significant increase in cognitive load, time consumption, and emotional exhaustion among working parents between 2020 and 2025. These factors, in turn, have led to fragmented internal communication, role conflicts, and reduced effectiveness of team interaction. The article outlines directions for further research, particularly in the area of communicative support for parent-employees within hybrid work environments.

CIVIC ACTIVISM DURING WAR: UKRAINIAN CONTEXT

Olga Kuzmuk — 2025-06-11

The article examines the ability of civic initiatives to form new social connections and propose innovative solutions in response to challenges arising in wartime conditions. In the current crisis situation caused by the war in Ukraine, the role of civil society becomes particularly important, as it is through community activism that effective ways to overcome difficulties can be found. Supporting such initiatives is critically important for strengthening civil society and ensuring resilience in times of crisis. The article also emphasizes that the social connections formed during the implementation of civic initiatives and projects contribute not only to solving urgent problems but also to fostering trust and cooperation among community members. The conclusions of this work can serve as a basis for developing strategies to support civic engagement, which, in turn, will promote positive social changes in society.

PILGRIMAGE AS A SOCIAL AND COMMUNICATION INSTITUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROCESSES (ON EXAMPLES OF UKRAINIAN AND GERMAN CITIES)

Svitlana Panchenko — 2025-06-11

The author described authentic sacred objects on the example of pilgrimage routes in Lower Bavaria and Transcarpathia, and offered a virtual pilgrimage to German and Ukrainian sacred sites. The researcher recreated the sacred routes in Lower Bavaria on the example of the city of Passau and the village of Sammarei, Transcarpathia, to attract attention to cataloging pilgrimage sites, preserving authenticity, restoration, and creating virtual sites with recreated tourist routes for people with disabilities and young people who often prefer online travel to physically going there and visiting. Digital catalogs, interactive maps, development of digital catalogs, virtual booklets with QR codes, online presentations, and online lectures can become a powerful virtual tool for preserving sacred monuments and the memory of them in the public space. The pilgrimage to Lower Bavaria made it possible to borrow the structure and organization of pilgrimage in Ukraine, as the institutionalization of pilgrimage at the regional level is quite relevant, especially with the rapid development of digital technologies in the modern media space.

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AS A DETERMINANT IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF TURKIC STATES

Nigar Zahid Dunyamaliyeva — 2025-06-11

The Organization of Turkic States (OTS) has emerged as a significant regional actor, shaping geopolitical and economic dynamics in Eurasia. As the organization expands its scope, international security considerations have become a critical determinant in its activities. This study examines how external security threats, including geopolitical tensions in the South Caucasus, Russia’s assertive influence over post-Soviet Turkic republics, and China’s strategic expansion in Central Asia, impact the security priorities of the OTS. Using a qualitative research methodology that incorporates case study analysis, content analysis, and comparative approaches, this research evaluates the organization's responses to these challenges. Key findings indicate that the OTS has shifted from a primarily cultural and economic cooperation platform to a securityoriented regional organization, prioritizing military collaboration, economic security, and cybersecurity. The Shusha Declaration, joint military exercises, and counterterrorism initiatives demonstrate the OTS’s proactive approach to security threats. Furthermore, cybersecurity cooperation and the transition to a common Turkic alphabet illustrate the organization’s strategic efforts to counter hybrid warfare and information security risks. The study concludes that the OTS’s evolving security framework is essential for maintaining regional stability, enhancing strategic autonomy, and reducing external dependencies. Future trends suggest that the OTS will continue to strengthen its security mechanisms, balancing geopolitical competition while fostering deeper regional integration.

LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF YOUTH POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN: NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGIC PRIORITIES

Murad Hasankhanli — 2025-06-11

This study examines the legal foundations and strategic priorities of youth policy in Azerbaijan, focusing on its normative framework and implementation mechanisms. The research explores the constitutional provisions, legislative acts, presidential decrees, and national strategies that shape youth development policies, assessing their alignment with global trends and national objectives. The study highlights key milestones, including the 1991 and 2002 Laws on Youth Policy, the 1999 decree on state youth policy, and the establishment of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Additionally, it evaluates long-term state programs such as Azerbaijan 2020 and Azerbaijan 2030, emphasizing their role in fostering youth empowerment through education, employment, social inclusion, and international engagement. By employing a qualitative legal and policy analysis approach, the study provides insights into the evolution of youth policy in Azerbaijan, its effectiveness in addressing contemporary challenges, and its contribution to national development. While legislative and institutional advancements have reinforced youth participation in socio-economic and political spheres, challenges remain in bridging the gap between policy formulation and practical implementation. The findings contribute to broader discussions on youth governance, highlighting the necessity of continuous policy evaluation to ensure sustainable youth development in Azerbaijan.

THE STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTER THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE U.S. STRATEGY AGAINST THE GROWING INFLUENCE OF CHINA AND IRAN

Vafa Zakir Ismayilova — 2025-06-11

The Second Karabakh War in 2020 significantly reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the South Caucasus, triggering a shift in the balance of power and creating new dynamics among regional and global actors. This article examines the evolving influence of major powers in the post-war period, with a particular focus on the United States’ strategic response to the growing presence of China and Iran. The South Caucasus, serving as a critical bridge between Europe and Asia, has become a focal point of geopolitical competition due to its strategic location, energy resources, and key transit routes, such as the Zangezur Corridor. China’s interest in the region is primarily driven by its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aiming to establish secure, diversified trade routes to reduce dependence on traditional maritime pathways. Concurrently, Iran seeks to maintain its regional influence through economic and political channels, opposing infrastructure projects like the Zangezur Corridor that could marginalize its role in transcontinental trade. The United States has adopted a dual strategy to counter these influences, conceptualized as the "Geoeconomic Disruption Strategy" targeting China’s economic expansion, and the "Military Containment Strategy" aimed at limiting both Iranian and Chinese geopolitical maneuverability. Through strategic partnerships, particularly with Armenia, and military presence in the region, the U.S. seeks to disrupt China’s economic ambitions while enhancing surveillance capabilities over Iran. The article highlights how Washington leverages these strategies to maintain its influence, prevent the consolidation of Sino-Iranian cooperation, and mitigate Russia’s traditional dominance, which has been weakened post-war.

DIFFICULTIES OF THE FIRST STAGE OF STATE-BUILDING IN THE CZECH AND SLOVAK REPUBLICS: FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE EU

Andrii Khomych — 2025-06-11

The countries of the socialist bloc, after the collapse of the latter, set a course for building their sovereign and democratic states. Such countries were the Czech and Slovak Republics, especially new challenges arose after their separation from each other in the form of a «velvet divorce» in early 1993. A number of difficulties faced by the political elites of these two states lay primarily in the economic plane, which in turn led to socio-political and socio-economic transformations. Such changes required knowledge and experience among the political elite, because it was before it, as the main subject of state formation, that the difficulties of the transformation period arose, which it had to solve. During the study of this problem, comparative and system analyses were used. According to the results, it is worth noting that the difficulties in both countries were caused by both subjective and objective factors.

POLITICAL ASPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF UKRAINE’S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Nadiia Kichera — 2025-06-11

«Integration» in translation from the Latin means «integration» – restoration, unification into a whole. The term «economic integration» is characteristic for describing modern international politics and processes of regional and global rapprochement. Integration processes began in Europe after the Second World War, when joint efforts were necessary for rebuilding, to ensure peace and security on the continent. Thus, begins the process of institutionalizing a united Europe, culminating in the formation of the European Union. One of the common policies of the Union is the EU's foreign policy, toward third countries which includes cooperation with the possibility of further integration as a full member of the community. Cooperation between Ukraine and the EU began with the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and reached the stage of Ukraine receiving the status of a candidate country and announcing the start of pre-accession negotiations.

POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE POLITICAL CLASS OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT

Yaroslav Lazebnyk — 2025-06-11

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the political responsibility of the political class and examines the main areas of its violation in modern conditions. Today’s Ukraine needs a strong political class capable of bringing the country out of the war, ensuring economic stability, improving the quality of life of its citizens, and gaining international prestige. The relevant problem cannot be solved without an effective mechanism of political responsibility of the political class. The goal is defined, which implies characterizing the political responsibility of the political class of Ukraine. The author examines the structure of the political class, highlights the key areas of its responsibility to Ukrainian society, and outlines the main manifestations of the ineffectiveness of the institution of political responsibility. The specifics of the political responsibility of the political class amidst the war in Ukraine are rendered. Consequently, the author formulates generalizations, conclusions, and recommendations for further research.

VIRTUAL REALITY AND INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY

Nuraddin Mehdiyev — 2025-06-11

Virtual Reality (VR) technology offers new perspectives and opportunities in international diplomacy. Unlike traditional methods of establishing relationships between states, this technology allows diplomats to engage in discussions, establish contact, and resolve issues remotely while maintaining a sense of personal involvement. The application of VR in diplomacy can ensure more transparent and effective agreements through visual and interactive experiences. At the same time, the use of this technology may lead to new ways of thinking in security, ethics, and humanitarian matters. This paper will explore the application of virtual reality in international diplomacy and the challenges and opportunities it presents in modern diplomatic practice. Additionally, it will analyze the potential future of this technology in diplomatic contacts and decision-making processes.

THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN AZERBAIJAN FOLLOWING THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Rugiyya Naghiyeva — 2025-06-11

Purpose of the study is to analyze the key factors transforming political consciousness in Azerbaijan during and after the Second Karabakh War. By investigating the roles of Azerbaijanism, political parties, NGOs, and presidential leadership, the research seeks to understand their collective impact on the national political landscape and citizen engagement. This study contributes significantly to the existing literature on political consciousness in Azerbaijan, providing an in-depth analysis of post-war transformations. It offers valuable insights into the evolving nature of national identity, political unity, and the influence of socio-political institutions in the country. Results highlight that the Second Karabakh War acted as a catalyst for a profound transformation in Azerbaijan's political consciousness. The ideology of Azerbaijanism emerged as a unifying force, fostering national pride and unity among citizens, regardless of ethnic and regional differences. Political parties displayed unprecedented solidarity, prioritizing national interests over political competition and supporting government efforts during the war. NGOs significantly contributed to shaping public opinion, enhancing civic engagement, and promoting transparency and accountability.

INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE OF POLITICAL NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE INTO A GLOBAL POLITICAL FRAMEWORK

Iryna Petlenko — 2025-06-11

The article is devoted to nonviolent methods of political resistance and their significance for modern forms of political mobilization in the world. Special attention is paid to the ideas and methods of Mahatma Gandhi, which were implemented during Satyagraha in India. The success of Indian resistance to colonial authorities has inspired other political leaders to engage nonviolent resistance in their own political struggles. Indian experience has been integrated into the global political framework by Martin Luther King and the African American civil rights movement in the United States, Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement, the XIV Dalai Lama in defending the rights and interests of Tibet as part of the People's Republic of China. The works devoted to nonviolent political movements and their methodology by Roberto Baldoli, Richard Gregg, Shan Scalmer, Robert Thurman, as well as the ideologists of political movements in the Republic of South Africa, the United States and Tibet became the source base of the study. General scientific methods and special methods of postcolonial theory were used in the article. As a result of the study, the effectiveness of nonviolent methods of political resistance at various stages of the fight for human rights, the right for self-determination or political freedoms was shown. This effectiveness is due to the following features common to all the movements under consideration: mass character, moral, cultural or religious ideological basis, peaceful ways of struggle (boycotts, demonstrations, strikes, civil disobedience), moral and social pressure on the authorities.

THE POSITION OF MAJOR POWERS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS DURING THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Gulgun Quliyeva — 2025-06-11

During the Second Karabakh War the positions of powers and international organizations were important factors influencing the course and outcome of the conflict. Their positions were mainly based on political, economic, and geostrategic interests. Currently, one of the most pressing issues in the world political arena is the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. After the collapse of the USSR, the Azerbaijani state managed to restore its independence in 1991. In the First Karabakh War of the last century, due to the lack of a strong, regular army of the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan and the inability to establish a strong central government system, the Republic of Azerbaijan was defeated in the war and 20% of our lands were occupied by the Republic of Armenia. Although the Republic of Azerbaijan appealed to international organizations to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh problem and tried to resolve the conflict peacefully, the Republic of Armenia, which ultimately occupied the lands of the Republic of Azerbaijan, has repeatedly hindered our just cause. International organizations and the world community have remained silent on the lands of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which have been under the enemy's control for nearly thirty years. The Republic of Azerbaijan has done its best for a peaceful resolution of the conflict for almost thirty years. During this period, the Armenian government has demonstrated an uncompromising position against Azerbaijan. At the same time, no progress has been felt on the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. The victory of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Second Karabakh War transformed Azerbaijan into a strong, developed state in the political world, had a positive impact on other areas, and in addition, reminded other pro-Armenian regional states that the Republic of Azerbaijan is an extremely powerful state both at the political table and on the battlefield. The article discusses the position of major powers and international organizations during the Second Karabakh War.

THE PRIMARY PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MARITAL DISSOLUTION

Arzu Bagirzadeh — 2025-06-11

The family, as a fundamental social institution forming the cornerstone of society, has retained its significance and is unlikely to diminish in importance in the foreseeable future. However, the evolving dynamics of human personality, gender relations, socio-economic structures, and moral frameworks have given rise to numerous contradictions within the family unit. The inability to resolve these conflicts often leads to family dissolution, resulting in various socio-psychological consequences. It is well established that such disruptions, which inflict profound emotional distress on family members, primarily affect children. The impact of familial conflicts and psychological distress varies depending on the child’s age and socio-economic background. Historically, in efforts to stabilize familial relations, extended family members, community elders, and respected figures within society played a crucial role in mediation. In contemporary society, advancements in science and technology, the specialization of professionals across various fields, the expansion of social assistance programs, and the prioritization of family, child, and gender-related policies in state social frameworks have collectively contributed to positive developments in this domain. Nevertheless, divorce rates continue to rise annually, coinciding with an increase in health complications among children, exacerbated by environmental pollution and other socio-psychological stressors. These stressors, in turn, manifest in conditions such as neurological disorders, emotional instability, and mental health issues. Persistent exposure to stress may result in depression, heightened anxiety, and other adverse psychological outcomes. To mitigate these effects, both theoretical and applied research initiatives are being undertaken to regulate these issues and facilitate the child’s reintegration into a stable life. A comprehensive examination of existing efforts and unresolved challenges in this domain will contribute to future advancements in addressing the complexities of family dissolution. The historical conceptualization of parental responsibilities, including child-rearing obligations, has been shaped by deeply rooted societal values, traditions, and familial role models. The interplay between social norms, cultural customs, and personal parental experiences informs the ethical and normative frameworks governing parental duties. Furthermore, beyond legal regulation, parental obligations in every society are also, to some extent, influenced by public opinion and societal expectations.

THE ROLE OF POETRY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN WARTIME

Oksana Chornous — 2025-06-11

This study explores the role of poetry in providing psychological support to students in stressful situations, particularly in the context of war. The research examines how poetic resources can influence emotional well-being and help students cope with stress. The results indicate that poetry is used less frequently than music for stress relief, but still plays a significant role for some students. Most students tend to favor Ukrainian poetry (especially contemporary), which may indicate a high level of national awareness and a search for emotional comfort in their native culture in stressful situations. Students most often seek support in intimate and landscape lyricism. The survey reveals a tendency to choose optimistic poetic works, confirming their effectiveness in maintaining a positive mood. The number of individuals who turn to poetry as a means of psychological support generally corresponds to the number of those who reported its positive effect.

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATION IN CHILDREN WITH ASD: EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS

Volodymyr Khomenko — 2025-06-11

This study examines students' perceptions of gender role identification in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the socio-demographic factors influencing their views. A structured survey was conducted among university students, and statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis tests, Spearman’s Rank Correlation, and logistic regression, were applied to identify significant patterns. The results indicate that age, parental status, and religious beliefs significantly influence perceptions, whereas gender, political ideology, and academic background show weaker predictive power. Dunn’s post-hoc test confirmed that students with children hold distinct views, while Spearman’s correlation revealed moderate associations between general knowledge of gender identity and ASD-related attitudes. Logistic regression had limited predictive accuracy (46.5%), highlighting the need for additional explanatory variables. The findings suggest that educational curricula should incorporate specialized coursework, experiential learning, and interdisciplinary discussions to improve understanding. Future research should explore the role of direct interactions with neurodiverse individuals in shaping inclusive perspectives.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE VALUE SPHERE OF MODERN YOUTH IN CONDITIONS OF WAR

Olga Podzhynska — 2025-06-11

In the current conditions of the military conflict unleashed by the Russian Federation, the problem of the impact of war on the life and value sphere of Ukrainian youth is becoming particularly relevant. The article analyzes the impact of war circumstances on the transformation of life priorities, moral guidelines and social attitudes of the younger generation. Particular attention is paid to changes in the value system, in particular, the strengthening of the significance of patriotism, solidarity, responsibility and personal resilience. Factors that contribute to the formation of adaptive behavioral strategies and the preservation of psychological well-being in crisis situations are studied. The changes that have occurred as a result of the war are reflected in the increase in the number of requests for psychological help and are covered in the media. The results of the study of the impact of war on the value orientations of youth can be used to develop and improve educational programs aimed at the formation of sustainable life values, patriotism, civic position, psychological resilience and the ability to overcome crisis situations in young people. The data obtained can serve as the basis for creating effective programs of psychological support, social adaptation and rehabilitation of youth affected by the war.

LINGUISTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF NOMADIC IDENTITY IN LITERARY DISCOURSE

Svitlana Suvorova — 2025-06-11

The article explores the linguistic and stylistic representation of nomadic identity in literary discourse. The analysis is based on the works of Ukrainian and international authors that reflect a specific vision of space, movement, and self-identification. The methodology combines linguistic stylistic analysis with a discourse-based approach and elements of cognitive linguistics. Key linguistic means that convey the experience of loss, transition, and interaction with the “Other” are identified. It is established that literary text not only reflects historical memory but also actively constructs it, forming flexible models of identity. The findings may be applied in further interdisciplinary research in the fields of culture, language, and literature within the frameworks of postmemory, transculturality, and mobile subjectivity.

THE EXISTENTIAL TRAGEDY OF UKRAINIANNESS IN CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL DOCUMENTARY POST-DRAMA ABOUT THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

Nataliia Yuhan — 2025-06-11

The article analyzes the artistic depiction of the existential tragedy of Ukrainianness in contemporary national documentary post-drama about the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022 – 2025. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines strategies of literary analysis, existential philosophy and psychology, the study of collective and historical trauma, and postcolonial criticism. Documentary post-drama serves as a medium for collective testimony and memorialization, capturing the war experience in an artistic dimension. It contributes to the preservation of memory, plays a therapeutic role by helping society process traumatic experiences, and functions as an instrument of identification, shaping a new national narrative. In wartime conditions, theater becomes a means of preserving historical memory, providing therapy through art, and fostering a new perspective on national self-awareness. Theatrical art not only documents events but also transforms collective perceptions of the Ukrainian nation, its struggle, and its future. Moreover, the war has altered the very essence of theater – it has become an act of resistance that records history in real-time. Theater is no longer merely a form of artistic expression but a crucial witness of the era, actively responding to current events and shaping a new nationally oriented cultural reality.