Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE US ECONOMY

Oleksii Biriukov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the relationship between management and administrative practices and the economic development of the United States. The relevance of the study is determined by rapid technological advancements, the need to optimize management processes, and the enhancement of innovation performance across economic sectors. The study employs an integrated and systemic approach, econometric modeling, SWOT analysis, KPI assessment, process reengineering, and productivity evaluation. Particular attention is given to O. Likhota’s practical research on the integration of digital technologies and motivation systems into management processes. The research indicates that high-tech companies implementing digitalization, flexible structures, reengineering, and motivation systems demonstrate an 18–22% increase in productivity and a 15–20% growth in innovation activity. Traditional manufacturing enterprises achieve 8–12% productivity gains, while government agencies reduce program implementation time by 20–25%. A systemic approach ensures effective coordination of processes and enhances organizational competitiveness. The results provide guidelines for optimizing management and administrative practices, improving resource efficiency, fostering innovation, and enhancing economic performance in organizations across the United States.

HISTORICAL STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION

Vitalii Holets — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the historical stages of the formation of the Ukrainian nation as a complex and multidimensional process covering the early medieval (Kyivan Rus’), Cossack-Hetman, and modern periods. The key factors of nation-building are analyzed, including culture, language, religion, political institutions, and historical memory. Special attention is paid to the influence of socio-political transformations, external factors, and European ideas on the development of Ukrainian national identity. It is demonstrated that the Ukrainian nation emerged as a result of a long historical evolution, transitioning from an ethno-cultural community to a modern political nation. Each historical stage is characterized by its own specific features while ensuring continuity in national development. The study emphasizes the importance of historical memory and cultural heritage in strengthening national unity under contemporary challenges.

STATE SUPPORT FOR MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATING UKRAINIAN DAIRY ENTERPRISES INTO GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Anton Koss — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the features of state support for the management of dairy industry enterprises in Ukraine in the context of their integration into global value chains. It is determined that the industry predominantly operates at the lower levels of global production networks, which limits the creation of high added value and reduces its competitiveness on international markets. Institutional, managerial, and economic factors influencing the development of the dairy sector are analyzed, along with the role of state policy in stimulating its modernization. The study reveals that the effectiveness of state support depends on its targeting, alignment with enterprise needs, and orientation toward innovative development. The necessity of transitioning to deep processing of dairy products, digitalization of management, and strengthening cooperative links among producers is substantiated. It is proven that comprehensive modernization of the industry is a key prerequisite for its integration into global value chains.

ACTIVITIES OF THE SECURITY SERVI CE OF UKRAINE IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL SPHERE

Larisa Kovalenko, Artem Popravko, Maxim Kolesnikov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

It has been established that the Security Service of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the SBU) is one of the key institutions of the state administration system, designed to ensure national security, protect the constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. It is substantiated that in the conditions of the full-scale armed invasion of the Russian Federation, which began on February 24, 2022, the role of the SBU in the administrative and political sphere has acquired special, extremely important significance. It has been found that the administrative and political sphere includes several subsystems: the sphere of state security, the sphere of public order protection, the sphere of defense, the sphere of foreign affairs and the sphere of justice. The SBU functions primarily in the subsystem of state security, although its activities also affect other subsystems, which is due to the complex nature of threats to national security, which cannot be neutralized without the coordinated efforts of all law enforcement and security structures. It is proven that the SBU performs tasks to counter intelligence and subversive activities of foreign special services, fights terrorism, ensures information security and protects state interests, directly determines the effectiveness of the entire system of public administration in crisis conditions. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the issues of the administrative and legal status of the SBU and its role in the system of public administration were studied by such scientists as S.M. Berezhnoy, M.M. Karpenko, O.P. Ugrovetsky and others. It is concluded that, at the same time, in conditions of martial law, fundamentally new challenges arise for the functioning of the SBU in the administrative and political sphere, which necessitates the need for an up-to-date scientific analysis.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT EVALUATION OF U.S. INNOVATION POLICY: OPERATIONALIZING THE LIFEG FRAMEWORK

Oleksandr Likhota — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines U.S. innovation policy through the lens of strategic management by developing and operationalizing the LIFEG Framework (Likhota Innovation Policy Effectiveness and Governance Framework) as an evaluative model for assessing the strategic management coherence of national innovation systems. Existing approaches often analyze innovation policy through isolated indicators, such as public R&D funding, institutional structures, patent activity, or commercialization outcomes, while providing limited tools for evaluating how strategic priorities, governance mechanisms, support instruments, and economic outcomes are managed as an integrated system. The proposed framework integrates five dimensions: institutional governance, public support mechanisms, commercialization capacity, strategic technological priorities, and economic performance. The study applies a mixed-method approach combining theoretical analysis with empirical assessment based on publicly available U.S. and international data, including federal R&D obligations, national R&D expenditures, R&D intensity, patent activity, agency-level strategic concentration, and comparative international innovation indicators. The findings show that the effectiveness of U.S. innovation policy depends not only on the scale of funding or individual policy instruments, but on the quality of strategic management across governance structures, support mechanisms, commercialization processes, technological priorities, and economic outcomes. The article contributes to innovation management and public administration research by introducing an operational framework for evaluating policy coherence within complex national innovation systems.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT FOR ENTERPRISES IN THE GAS SECTOR UNDER A WAR TIME ECONOMY

Artem Minkov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of anti-crisis management of gas sector enterprises under the conditions of a wartime economy and identifies the main directions for strengthening the resilience of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. The study applies systemic, risk-oriented, structural-functional, and scenario analysis methods, which made it possible to comprehensively assess current crisis challenges affecting gas sector enterprises. The impact of military actions, infrastructure destruction, financial instability, personnel shortages, and cybersecurity threats on the efficiency of energy enterprises was analyzed. The necessity of implementing digital technologies, strategic resilience systems, and innovative anticrisis management models was substantiated. It was determined that effective anti-crisis management should be based on the integration of strategic planning, state support, digitalization, and international cooperation. Prospects for further research are related to the development of artificial intelligence technologies and mechanisms for the post-war recovery of the energy sector.

THE FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION: THE LITHUANIAN-POLISH PERIOD AND ITS LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

Oleksandr Patlachuk — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the role of the Lithuanian-Polish period as a key stage in the genesis of the Ukrainian nation. The work examines the historical preconditions for the integration of Ukrainian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and analyses the impact of political transformations on the ethnic consolidation of society. Particular attention is paid to the legal aspects of nation-building. The author examines the Statutes of Lithuania as the foundation of legal regulation and the role of Magdeburg law in the development of urban self-government. The consequences of the Unions of Lublin (1569) and Brest (1596) are highlighted, which brought about profound changes in the socio-legal structure and religious life, and led to processes of Polonisation. The study employs historicallegal and comparative methods, which have made it possible to determine the legal status of various social classes (nobility, townspeople, peasants) and its influence on the formation of national identity. The findings of this study emphasise that it was during this period that the foundations of Ukrainian legal culture were laid and the institutional prerequisites for future statehood were formed. It is argued that the legal transformations of the Lithuanian-Polish period became a factor in socio-cultural differentiation and a catalyst for the national self-determination of Ukrainians.

THE GENESIS OF THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPT OF JUST WAR IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL DOCTRINE OF AMVROSII MEDIOLANSKYI

Vasyl Patlachuk, Artem Shyposha — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, the authors examine the issues of war and peace, combining the concepts of war and justice, opening the discourse on ‘just war’ in the works of the outstanding Roman philosopher, lawyer, theologian, statesman and church leader Ambrose of Milan (c. 339/340-397). Analysing his works, the authors reveal how Ambrose formulated the principles of justice in the context of war, emphasising the importance of moral and ethical aspects in military conflicts. The study also focuses on the relationship between religious beliefs and legal norms that influenced the formation of the concept of ‘just war’ in the ancient world. The article offers an in-depth analysis of Ambrose of Milan's influence on the development of legal and moral ideas about war, as well as his contribution to the formation of a Christian approach to justice in military affairs. The authors explore how his ideas can be applied to contemporary conflicts, offering new perspectives for understanding the ethics of war in the context of global challenges. Thus, the article not only contributes to the study of the philosophy of war, but also opens new horizons for research on justice in military conflicts in the modern world.

THE FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN ETHNIC COMMUNITY: THE OLD RUSSIAN PERIOD AND KIEVAN RUS'

Vasyl Patlachuk — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyses the process of the formation of the Ukrainian ethnos through the lens of the Old Russian stage of development. The work focuses on the study of Kievan Rus’ as a key centre of ethnocultural integration and the foundation of Ukrainian nation-building. It examines the transition from the early Slavic period to a consolidated community, where the unifying factors were language, legal traditions, religion and a shared historical memory. Particular attention is paid to the methodological framework: the application of historical-legal, cultural and systemic approaches has enabled a comprehensive assessment of the role of state institutions and cultural factors in the formation of identity. The results of the study demonstrate that the Old Rus’ period was a time when the fundamental foundations of the Ukrainian ethnic community were laid. The scientific and practical significance of the topic for contemporary national memory policy and for understanding the continuity of the historical development of the Ukrainian people is substantiated.

MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMIC RESILIENCE

Mykhailo Popovych — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines resilience management of Ukraine’s economy under contemporary crisis conditions and global uncertainty. The theoretical foundations of economic resilience are substantiated, and its key components are identified, including shock resistance, adaptability, and structural transformation capacity. The impact of crisis factors such as military conflict, macroeconomic instability, and global economic disruptions on the national economy is analyzed. It is established that effective management is a decisive factor in ensuring economic resilience, encompassing macroeconomic regulation, institutional mechanisms, strategic governance, and digital transformation. International experience in building resilient economic systems is studied, and opportunities for its adaptation in Ukraine are identified. Directions for improving management approaches to enhancing the country’s economic stability are proposed.

NOTARIAL SYSTEMS IN COUNTRIES BELONGING TO THE ROMAN-GERMANIC LEGAL FAMILY

Yevhen Shymansky — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines notarial systems in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family within the context of the development of the Latin notarial model. The research is based on comparative legal, historical-legal, and systemic methods, allowing a comprehensive analysis of notarial organization in France, Germany, and Italy. It is established that notaries in continental European states perform preventive justice functions, ensure legal certainty in civil circulation, and are characterized by a high level of professional responsibility. Current trends in the digitalization of notarial activity and harmonization of European legal standards are identified. The study concludes that the Latin notarial model is effective and that foreign experience should be used to improve the notarial system of Ukraine.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF US INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL MODELS OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT

Stanislav Sirenko — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a comparative analysis of strategic management of innovation systems in the United States within the context of global innovation management models. The methodological framework of the study is based on the classification approach to innovation system management models proposed by O. Likhota, which includes criteria such as the level of government intervention, institutional structure, R&D funding mechanisms, the role of public-private partnerships, and the effectiveness of intellectual property protection. The study employs a systemic-comparative approach to analyze strategic management models in the United States, the European Union, China, and Israel. The results of the study show that the effectiveness of national innovation systems is largely determined by the quality of strategic management and the ability to balance government regulation with market mechanisms. The findings contribute to the theoretical development of innovation management and can be applied in the formulation of national innovation policy.

MANAGEMENT AND THE ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF POST-WAR UKRAINE: ISSUES OF THEORY AND PRACTICE

Yevhen Zakrevskyi — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a comprehensive study of the theoretical and practical foundations of management and the development of an organisational and economic mechanism for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The relevance of the topic stems from the extensive damage to the national economy, infrastructure and social sphere, which necessitates the implementation of effective management approaches and the latest public policy instruments. The essence of post-war management is analysed as a specific type of managerial activity aimed at restoring economic potential, stabilising socio-economic processes and ensuring the long- term development of the state. The key components of the organisational and economic mechanism are identified, including state regulation, financial and investment instruments, institutional support, public-private partnership mechanisms, and international technical assistance. It is demonstrated that institutional reforms, human capital development, the digitalisation of governance, and the attraction of foreign investment play a decisive role in the reconstruction process. As a result of the study, practical recommendations have been formulated regarding the improvement of reconstruction management, increasing the efficiency of resource use, and ensuring coordination between state bodies, business and international partners.

HІSTORІCAL KNOWLEDGE AS A CORE COMPONENT OF PATRІOTІC CULTURE ІN PRІMARY SCHOOL PUPІLS

Ali Abdullayev — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article substantiates the decisive role of historical knowledge in shaping patriotic culture in primary school pupils. The author notes that between the ages of 6 and 10 children’s interest in the past intensifies and this interest creates a foundation for the development of their worldview, historical consciousness, national identity and civic position. Through historical events, historical figures and examples of literature and art children comprehend their own self, gain social experience and shape their relationships with society. The paper particularly emphasizes the significance of museums as a unique pedagogical environment for acquiring historical knowledge. The museum space enables children to perceive historical facts not only at a cognitive level, but also at an emotional-value level influencing their feelings and allowing them to “experience” history. As institutions of social memory museums establish a link between the past and the present, serve the preservation and transmission of national cultural heritage. The author demonstrates that historical knowledge fulfills the educational, communicative and practical functions of patriotic culture by fostering respect for national values, attachment to the Motherland, civic responsibility and an active stance in children. In conclusion the historical learning process built on the cooperation between school and museum is evaluated as the most effective means for shaping historical consciousness, national identity and patriotic culture in primary school pupils.

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTІCULTURAL COMPETENCE THROUGH COMMUNІCATІVE ENGLІSH LANGUAGE PRACTІCES ІN PRІMARY SCHOOLS

Lamiya Aliyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the impact of communicative English language practices in primary schools on the formation of multicultural competence in students. Foreign language teaching in the education system is of great importance in terms of developing students' intercultural communication skills. Descriptive, comparative and analytical methods were used during the study. The study analyzes the impact of the communicative approach on the formation of tolerance, empathy, respect for cultural diversity and global outlook of primary school students. It has been found that dialogues, role-playing games, group work, interactive tasks and the use of authentic materials have a positive impact on the development of both language and multicultural competencies of students. The article identifies the pedagogical importance of communicative English language practices and their application prospects in the modern primary education system.

FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AIMED AT THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING OF AN INDIVIDUAL

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Today, in the era of the emergence of a highly developed industrial society based on information and communication technologies, Azerbaijani statehood, its individual institutions, and its education system face colossal historical challenges. The main goal of these tasks is to educate a noble, compassionate, tolerant, humane, fair and patriotic individual, an intellectual, and finally, an ideal citizen – the support of the national state, capable of living and acting in accordance with the specific requirements of modern global society. The education of a new person, thinking sensibly, critically, optimistically and progressively, completely free from all negative and transient elements, actions that degrade human dignity, superstitions, prejudices, extremism and fanaticism. To successfully complete this important task and achieve high results, a systematic and comprehensive education system based on progressive principles (humanization of education, differentiated approach to students, pedagogical tolerance. etc.) and advanced modern technologies operates in educational institutions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The creation of a creative atmosphere for creative thinking of an individual, which is a prerequisite for the effective organization of the educational process, using advanced information technologies and pedagogical tools, determines the relevance of the presented article from both a scientific, technical and pedagogical point of view.

WORLD LITERATURE TEXTS AS A PANACEA FOR TEACHING ENGLISH IN MODERN AZERBAIJANI UNIVERSITIES

Elnara Bayram Ganbarova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article addresses an interesting and relevant topic. It’s no secret that numerous works have been published on English language teaching methods in schools and universities worldwide, including Azerbaijan, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. However, to avoid being unfounded and following the principle of “one cannot embrace the infinite”, the author of this work has deliberately narrowed the scope of the study to a brief overview of the role and significance of literary text in this area. First, we would like to point out that this article contains several points that attract particular attention. First, we believe it will be of interest to people of various professions. Clearly, it is primarily addressed to university teachers. However, the informational material is distributed in such a way that it may also be of interest to psychologists, cultural studies scholars, historians, philologists, and linguists. Furthermore, as one reads the article, one can see that the author has thoroughly studied specialized pedagogical literature. Thus, in addition to sources taken from the internet, there are individual references to works published in the media. Moreover, as we see it, the cited works are always appropriate. Moreover, it is striking how logically continues various ideas of critics, drawing their own conclusions and generalizations. The work clearly demonstrates the significant contribution of educators to the problem under study. It is also significant that the data presented in the article and any generalizations made by the author correspond to specific facts, which, of course, enriches the presented article. It is written in a scholarly language that is at the same time quite accessible to ordinary readers.

FROM TRADITION TO INNOVATION: THE TRANSFORMATION OF SCHOOL TECHNOLOGIES IN AZERBAIJAN SINCE THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Aida Guliyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, I explore how school technologies in Azerbaijan have changed from the second half of the twentieth century to the present day. I focus on how traditional teaching methods gradually gave way to more innovative approaches, especially with the development of information and communication technologies. During the Soviet period, education was mostly based on standardized methods, with limited flexibility and a strong emphasis on discipline and memorization. However, over time, new ideas and tools began to appear, influencing both teaching and learning processes. I also look at the period of independence, when Azerbaijan started implementing educational reforms and integrating modern technologies into schools. Digital tools, interactive methods, and student-centered approaches became more visible in classrooms. This shift was not immediate, but it developed step by step, reflecting both global trends and local needs. In addition, I consider how teachers adapted to these changes and how students’ roles evolved from passive listeners to active participants. In the end, the transformation of school technologies in Azerbaijan shows a gradual move from tradition to innovation, where modern educational practices continue to develop while still being influenced by historical foundations.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING ON INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF AZERBAIJAN AND TÜRKIYE

Khalide Aydin Hamidova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Strategic planning has become an essential component of higher education governance in the context of globalization, technological transformation, and increasing international academic competition. Modern universities are expected not only to provide high-quality education but also to contribute to scientific research, innovation, socio-economic development, and international cooperation. In this regard, strategic management approaches play a significant role in improving institutional effectiveness, organizational sustainability, and governance efficiency. This study comparatively examines the impact of strategic planning on institutional effectiveness in higher education institutions within the experiences of Azerbaijan and Türkiye. The research analyzes strategic planning practices, governance structures, quality assurance systems, stakeholder participation, and institutional development processes in universities of both countries. The study employs a qualitative comparative approach based on academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reform analyses. The findings demonstrate that Turkish universities possess relatively more institutionalized strategic management systems due to long-term administrative reforms, accreditation mechanisms, and broader implementation of performance-based governance models. Azerbaijani universities, meanwhile, have accelerated modernization and internationalization reforms, particularly in areas such as digital governance, academic mobility, and quality assurance development. The comparative analysis indicates that strategic planning positively influences institutional effectiveness by strengthening organizational coordination, improving decision-making processes, enhancing research productivity, and increasing international competitiveness. However, several challenges continue to affect the successful implementation of strategic management systems in both countries, including financial limitations, bureaucratic centralization, insufficient monitoring mechanisms, and limited stakeholder participation. The study concludes that effective strategic planning requires adaptive leadership, institutional flexibility, transparent governance, and continuous evaluation mechanisms.

THE EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL OF VIDEO RESOURCES IN DEVELOPING THE AUDITORY COMPETENCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Lіubov Kibenko, Oksana Kravchuk — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, the authors examine the didactic potential of modern video resources in the process of developing the listening skills of higher education students when learning a foreign language. The relevance of the study stems from the need to modernise students’ foreign language training in the context of the digitalisation of the educational environment and the necessity to develop skills for the effective perception of authentic foreign-language speech. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification of the organisational and pedagogical conditions for the effective use of video resources to develop global, detailed and critical listening skills among learners. It has been established that the integration of video materials into the foreign language learning process increases students’ motivation, stimulates their cognitive activity, and contributes to the development of intercultural communication and the improvement of foreign language communicative competence.

BORROWINGS AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND GERMAN THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Halyna Lysak, Olha Pavlyk — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the historical dynamics of lexical and cultural exchange between English and German, two closely related West Germanic languages whose contact spans more than fifteen centuries. The study applies a diachronic analytical framework to trace five major phases of borrowing: the common Proto- Germanic heritage; the early medieval period of parallel West Germanic development; the Early Modern era of scholarly and religious contact; the 18th-to-20th-century influx of German loanwords into English in science, philosophy, and military discourse; and the contemporary dominance of English-origin Anglicisms in modern German. The results demonstrate that borrowing between these languages has never been unidirectional – it reflects recurring episodes of cultural prestige exchange, political contact, and technological transfer. The study concludes that English-German lexical exchange constitutes a mirror of broader European cultural history and carries significant implications for historical linguistics, cultural studies, and foreign language pedagogy.

THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION PEDAGOGY

Mahbuba Mammadova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines in detail the emergence and development of primary education pedagogy within a historical-pedagogical context. It is noted that at the initial stage primary education pedagogy was formed within philosophical thought and was based on general ideas related to the upbringing and development of the child. From the 17th century pedagogy took shape as an independent science and primary education pedagogy began a systematic path of development as a separate scientific direction. The article explores the development of this field in stages from ancient times to the modern period. While in ancient and medieval times education mainly had a philosophical and religious character, in the Renaissance and the modern era under the influence of humanistic ideas the natural development of the child and individual characteristics came to the forefront. During the period of classical pedagogy the scientific foundations of instruction and upbringing were further strengthened. In particular the ideas of prominent educators such as John Amos Comenius, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky played an important role in the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of primary education. In the 20th century as a result of the activities of John Dewey, Maria Montessori and other scholars student- centered developmental and practice-oriented instructional approaches became widespread. The study also broadly highlights the historical stages of development in the preparation of primary school teachers. It is shown that although in the initial periods the teaching profession did not require special preparation later with the establishment of pedagogical courses seminaries and higher educational institutions this field became professionalized. In Azerbaijan the important role of the Gori Teachers Seminary as well as short- term pedagogical courses organized during the period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the formation of teacher training is emphasized. These courses made a significant contribution to eliminating the shortage of teachers and to the development of the national education system. In conclusion it is emphasized that primary education pedagogy has passed a long path of historical development and has transformed from philosophical ideas into an independent pedagogical field based on scientific foundations and constantly improving. In the modern period this field forms the basis of a humanistic and development-oriented education model that ensures the comprehensive development of the student.

DIGITALIZATION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICE PROFESSIONALS: INNOVATIVE APPROACHES AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Nadiia Salamin — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article addresses the issue of digitalization of English language training for fire and rescue service professionals in the context of contemporary challenges related to globalization, international cooperation, and the need for prompt communication during emergency situations. The growing role of international rescue missions, participation in joint exercises, and coordination with foreign partners necessitate a high level of English proficiency, particularly in professional terminology related to civil protection and emergency response. Special attention is paid to the implementation of digital technologies in professionally oriented English language training. The study analyzes the potential of using online platforms, mobile applications, interactive simulations, virtual learning environments, distance learning systems, and multimedia resources that contribute to the development of communicative competence in future fire and rescue service professionals. It is emphasized that digital tools enable the simulation of real-life professional situations, fostering rapid decision-making skills and effective communication under conditions of risk and time constraints.

INTEGRATING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPONENTS INTO THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF EXPERTS: INTERNATIONAL AND UKRAINIAN EXPERIENCE

Inna Seredina, Nataliia Horidko — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a comprehensive study of integrating entrepreneurial components into the system of vocational training of experts. The methodological framework of the investigation is based on a comparative analysis of international ecosystem models (dual, cooperative and phenomenological) and an examination of Ukraine’s experience in transforming the educational environment. The study explores the nature of entrepreneurial competence as a cross-cutting meta-competence (mindset) that corresponds to the standards of the European EntreComp framework. The main outcome of the research is the justification of the authors’ hybrid ‘Win-Win’ model which integrates European quality standards, American rapid prototyping techniques (Lean Startup) and national priorities for post-war recovery, particularly in the Military-tech sector. A three-stage algorithm for implementing entrepreneurial content has been suggested: from cross-cutting integration into professional training courses to encouraging extracurricular activities. The effectiveness of modern diagnostic tools (pitching, self-assessment) and the need to transform educational institutions into ‘learning ecosystems’ have been demonstrated. Prospects for further research imply the experimental testing of the suggested model in the context of vocational education digitalisation.

PREPARATION OF FUTURE ENGLISH TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION

Roya Shikhaliyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the era of globalization, one of the main priorities of higher pedagogical education is the preparation of teaching staff with competitive, creative and professional competencies. In particular, the strengthening of the position of English as a means of international communication has formed new requirements for the preparation of future English teachers. Therefore, the competency-based education model involves the development of practical skills, communicative flexibility, digital literacy and intercultural competencies. The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the competency-based approach, analyzes its role in the professional and methodological training of future English language teachers. Comparative- pedagogical, analytical and descriptive methods were used during the research, and international scientific sources and modern pedagogical approaches were systematically studied. Competency-based education has a significant impact on the development of students' independent thinking, reflective analysis, communicative activity and pedagogical decision-making skills. At the same time, the article examines the role of innovative teaching methods, digital technologies and interactive activities in teacher training from a scientific perspective.

ISSUES OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SPEECH CULTURE THROUGH THE USE OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE DEVICES

Parvana Isa Suleymanova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the present article is to examine, from a pedagogical perspective, the essence of figurative language devices, their place within the linguistic system, and their functional characteristics, as well as to provide a scientific substantiation of their role in the formation of speech culture on the basis of classical and contemporary linguistic theories. As a result of the conducted research, the scientific and linguistic foundations of working with figurative language devices in the teaching of the Azerbaijani language in secondary schools have been identified, and it has been established that methodology plays a significant role in the development of students’ speech culture. One of the principal methods for fostering the development of oral speech in the teaching of the Azerbaijani language in secondary schools is the communicative method. The communicative method implies the practical mastery of language, which, in turn, involves the acquisition of oral speech, reading, and writing skills. Oral speech is taught through the development of speaking and listening comprehension skills. In general, communication occurs between two parties – the speaker and the listener. Effective communication presupposes mutual understanding, that is, the comprehension of transmitted information. In this process, such factors as the participants’ age, social affiliation, level of knowledge, subject matter, and communicative purpose play a significant role. Didactic games and dialogues are of considerable importance in fostering effective listening comprehension skills. The development of science and technology makes it possible to maximize the individualization of Azerbaijani language instruction while simultaneously ensuring collaborative classroom engagement. The proper construction of the methodological system from didactic and psychological perspectives guarantees its practical significance for the future development of students’ speech abilities. The use of figurative language devices in Azerbaijani language lessons plays an important role in the formation of speech culture. The teaching of lexical, phraseological, and syntactic devices enriches students’ vocabulary, enhances their ability to express ideas, and increases their emotional expressiveness. Metaphors, metonymy, epithets, and similes impart a creative and individual character to students’ speech, while phraseological units enrich it with national and cultural nuances. Syntactic devices strengthen the rhythm, intonation, and communicative impact of speech.

TRANSFORMATIVE PROCESSES OF DIGITALISATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS

Anatolii Sustrietov, Olha Stupak — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the transformative processes of digitalisation in higher education from historical and analytical perspectives. The relevance of this research stems from the rapid development of information and communication technologies, the need to modernise the higher education system, and the integration of Ukrainian higher education institutions into the global digital educational space. The evolution of digitalisation is analysed, from the stages of computerisation and internetisation to the current digital transformation, which encompasses the use of digital platforms, cloud services, artificial intelligence and innovative educational technologies. The main principles and strategic directions of the digital transformation of universities are identified. It has been established that digitalisation contributes to improving the quality of education, developing digital competence and modernising the educational environment; however, it requires a systematic approach, the development of digital infrastructure and the assurance of information security.

PRESERVATION AND DIGITAL ARCHIVING OF AZERBAIJANI CARPET HERITAGE THROUGH ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (IN THE CONTEXT OF LITERARY CARPETS)

Elnara Eldar Kazimova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the role of Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS) in the preservation and transmission of Azerbaijani carpet heritage to future generations. Particular emphasis is placed on “literary carpets,” namely carpets that incorporate elements of folklore, poetry, and symbolic textual motifs, which constitute the primary object of the study. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of digitization processes, metadata structures, archiving methodologies, and the application of modern technologies. The findings indicate that EDMS play a significant role in both the physical and semantic preservation of carpet heritage. In addition, the study highlights the interactive capabilities of digital platforms. Through such platforms, users not only access information but are also able to conduct comparative analyses of the visual and textual features of carpets. This approach contributes to the wider dissemination of cultural heritage, enhances the effectiveness of scholarly research, and supports the preservation of national identity. Furthermore, cloud technologies and digital security mechanisms are evaluated as key factors ensuring the long-term storage and reliability of archival data.

AUDIOVISUAL STRATEGIES IN INTERACTIVE FMV PROJECTS FOR THE 3DO INTERACTIVE MULTIPLAYER PLATFORM

Oleksandr Poberailo, Svitlana Rybalko — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines audiovisual strategies in interactive Full-Motion Video (FMV) projects developed for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer plat-form. Based on a comparative analysis of twelve representative cases reproduced us-ing the Opera (libretro core) emulator, the study employs frame-by- frame video anal-ysis (Avidemux, FFmpeg) and authorial chronometry to investigate the interaction between cinematic language, interactive mechanics, and the console’s hardware limitations. Three archetypal strategies of audiovisual experience organization are identi-fied: action reflexivity, interactive drama, and spatial immersion. The type of interac-tivity determines the transformation of montage into an interface event, while sound design assumes a key navigational function. Hardware constraints (Cinepak codec and CD-ROM capacity) are interpreted as productive formative factors that generate the “digital patina” effect and aesthetic reduction. The findings demonstrate that 3DO FMV projects form a coherent system of adapting traditional cinematic language to a digital interactive environment. Prospects for further research include a comparative analysis of FMV aesthetics on the 3DO platform and other 1990s multimedia systems.

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL EQUALITY

Pari Namazzade, Jeyhuna Allahverdiyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change, along with environmental degradation, global inequality and global security issues, is among the four most significant problems of the 21st century. For this reason, it has a decisive position in shaping the continuity of natural life and determining the future of people, at least as much as economic crises, military conflicts, cyber wars and nuclear threats. It is easily seen through its short-term effects that climate change will cause irreparable damage to life on earth in the long term. These short-term effects include loss of life, environmental stress, negative economic effects, water and food crises, social and geopolitical tensions. This study focuses on addressing climate change, which represents the transformation in the society-environment relationship, in the context of environmental sociology. It is aimed to reveal the typical reflection of the changing values and worldview of industrial societies on nature, the relationship of this perception with climate change and the formation of climate change action plans around this perception. The phenomenon of climate change is important in terms of showing the differentiation of the society- environment relationship.

DIGITAL TRANSNATIONALISM: SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS OF AZERBAIJANIS IN EUROPE

Ruslan Rahimli — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Contemporary globalization and digitalization processes have significantly transformed migration and diaspora relations. The rapid spread of social media platforms has created new forms of communication that influence everyday interaction, collective behavior, and identity formation within diaspora communities. This article examines the use of social media among Azerbaijanis living in Europe and its influence on their social behavior within the framework of digital transnationalism. The study analyzes how diaspora members use digital communication technologies to preserve national identity, maintain cultural ties, and strengthen collective solidarity. The research demonstrates that platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Telegram, and YouTube have become important parts of the everyday social life of Azerbaijanis living in Europe. Through these digital environments, individuals remain connected to Azerbaijan while simultaneously adapting to the social and cultural realities of European societies. The findings show that social media contributes to the formation of hybrid identity models, particularly among younger generations, where Azerbaijani cultural elements are represented together with European lifestyles and values. Digital communication also plays an important role in public mobilization, information exchange, and emotional solidarity within diaspora communities. At the same time, the study highlights certain negative aspects of online interaction, including social comparison, misinformation, and digital fragmentation. The article concludes that digital transnationalism provides an important theoretical framework for understanding the social relations, cultural transformation, and identity processes of the contemporary Azerbaijani diaspora living in Europe.

SOCIAL REVIVAL IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD: THE DOST CONCEPT AS IMPLEMENTED IN KARABAKH

Rauf Abbasov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article approaches the institutionalization of social services as a tool for ensuring rapid and sustainable social stabilization. Establishing social services from scratch in a post-conflict area like Karabakh required a lot of manpower and resources. The DOST concept, created on the basis of the experience of local and foreign models, began to operate as a leapfrogging model that would provide access to social services in a short time for the population relocated to Karabakh in a region where the socio-economic infrastructure was completely destroyed. Since part of Karabakh is mountainous and its infrastructure was also destroyed, a mobile social service mechanism was also created within the DOST concept, which could be an adequate solution to this. Within the framework of this model, the “temporal gap” of 5–10 years normally required for the construction of infrastructure is eliminated, ensuring the accessibility of the population to social services in a short time. This concept also includes the “single window” model, which ensures the effectiveness and operativeness of the services provided in Karabakh with the mechanism of combining services in a single enterprise and digitizing them. Because of these, Karabakh can be considered a de facto "Living Lab" for post- conflict reconstruction.

MÖMINƏ XATIN AS A METAPHYSICAL SYMBOL OF AZERBAIJANI FEMALE SUFISM: A HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTURAL, AND MYSTICAL ANALYSIS

Sevinj Abbasova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines Möminə Xatın as a metaphysical symbol of Azerbaijani female Sufism through an interdisciplinary analysis combining historical, architectural, and mystical perspectives. Within the broader framework of Sufi philosophy, the feminine is conceptualized as a central metaphysical principle associated with divine love, illumination, and spiritual proximity. The study explores how this theoretical understanding is embodied in the figure of Möminə Xatın, a prominent historical personality of the 12th-century Eldiguzid state, whose influence extended beyond political structures into the realm of moral and spiritual authority. Particular attention is given to the Möminə Xatın Mausoleum as an architectural manifestation of Sufi cosmology. Its geometric design, symbolic ornamentation, and spatial composition are interpreted as expressions of metaphysical concepts such as unity, transcendence, and the journey of the soul. Furthermore, the article introduces the notion of “silent Sufism” to describe Möminə Xatın’s non-textual spiritual legacy, which is conveyed through cultural memory, ethical influence, and symbolic continuity rather than written discourse. The study concludes that Möminə Xatın represents a unique synthesis of gender, spirituality, and cultural identity, demonstrating the enduring role of women as carriers of metaphysical meaning in Azerbaijani and Islamic intellectual traditions.

NEW POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REALITIES IN THE POST-CONFLICT SOUTH CAUCASUS

Shafag Firudin Ahmadova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the political and economic transformations in the South Caucasus following the 2020 Karabakh conflict. It seeks to identify new regional dynamics and structural changes resulting from the shifting balance of power, particularly the growing influence of Azerbaijan and Turkey and the diminishing regional role of Russia. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach combining political realism and neo-institutional theory, as well as qualitative methods such as comparative analysis of official documents, event analysis, and content analysis. It examines the increasing polarization in Armenia’s domestic politics, the strengthening of Azerbaijan’s geopolitical position, and the growing importance of economic corridors and energy transit routes. Rather than viewing the region solely from a security studies perspective, the article aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the political and economic aspects of the post-conflict order. This original contribution highlights the structural interdependence of political domestic changes and regional power realignments. The practical value of the study lies in its potential application for policy planning, the development of conflict resolution frameworks, and sustainable regional development strategies.

BEYOND SOFT POWER: THE TRANSFORMATION OF SINO-THAI DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

Serhii Averianov, Artem Kucherov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the PRC’s strategy of transitioning the foreign policy stance of Thailand from that of a traditional U.S. security partner toward a more China-aligned orientation. The methodological framework is grounded in the structuralist paradigm of international relations, utilizing the concept of «weaponized interdependence», alongside an analytical approach that includes content, institutional, and trend analysis. The study concludes that the PRC’s approach to gaining leverage over Thailand does not rely solely on soft or hard power; rather, China constructs «nodes» of asymmetrical dependence through informal relations with high-ranking officials to establish a neopatrimonial system. Consequently, political stakeholders prefer the pragmatic preservation of existing ties over confrontational policies toward the PRC, which in turn limits engagement with third-party states. Prospects for further research include examining this pattern in other regional states, as well as exploring the negative consequences of such strategies for China’s broader soft power.

THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618–1648): CLIMATIC CONTEXT, GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES AND THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE AGE

Taras Batenko — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) – the bloodiest armed conflict of early modern Europe – across several interrelated dimensions: geopolitical, climatic, and cultural-material. The key phases of the conflict, its participants, and long-term consequences are examined – from the Peace of Westphalia to post-war instability. Particular attention is paid to the role of the climatic factor – the cold depression of the Maunder Minimum – in deepening the humanitarian catastrophe. The influence of extreme winters on the formation of René Descartes’s philosophical method is explored. A separate section is devoted to cast-iron fireback plates of the Richelieu era – artefacts reflecting the state of metallurgical production under wartime conditions, as well as the regional artistic and heraldic traditions of Burgundy, Dauphiné, and Champagne. The study combines methods of historical climatology, genealogy, art history, and regional history.

CULTURAL HERITAGE RESTORATION AND INTEGRATION IN LIBERATED TERRITORIES AS AZERBAIJAN'S POST-CONFLICT SOFT POWER STRATEGY

Aytakin Elkhan Gasimova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The preservation, restoration and promotion of cultural heritage is a priority in the state policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and international cooperation in this area is highly valued. The strategic potential of national culture, provided that traditional national identity is preserved, plays a key role in Azerbaijan's integration into the global cultural community. This situation, coupled with the looting and destruction of approximately 20% of Azerbaijani territory under Armenian occupation for nearly 30 years, the destruction and usurpation of ancient historical and cultural monuments, underscores the importance of preserving, restoring, and promoting national cultural heritage and necessitates the establishment of international cooperation in this field. The return of territories liberated from 30 years of occupation has significantly contributed to international cultural cooperation, enhanced the international prestige of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and become one of the most important soft power tools for promoting national heritage and strengthening post-conflict peace.

BEYOND COMPLIANCE: EMBEDDING ETHICS-BY-DESIGN IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS UNDER THE EU AI ACT

Tamerlan Hajiyev — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the evolution of artificial intelligence governance in the European Union, focusing on the shift from regulatory compliance toward ethics-by-design. While the EU Artificial Intelligence Act establishes a comprehensive risk-based framework, the study argues that compliance alone is insufficient to address deeper ethical challenges related to human autonomy, dignity, fairness, and power asymmetries in algorithmic systems. The article conceptualizes ethics-by-design as a form of operational normativity that embeds ethical principles directly into the lifecycle of AI systems. It identifies key mechanisms for such integration, including ethical impact assessments, algorithmic auditing, transparency tools, and human oversight. At the same time, it highlights challenges such as translating abstract values into technical practices and avoiding superficial formalization. The study concludes that ethics-by-design is a necessary condition for the legitimacy of AI governance in the EU. By integrating ethical reasoning into system design, it becomes possible to bridge the gap between legal compliance and substantive justice, reinforcing a human-centric model of digital governance.

DIGITAL EDUCATION, LINGUISTIC INTEGRATION, AND SOFT POWER IN THE TURKIC WORLD

Jahangir Hasanov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the institutional architecture of digital diplomacy and strategic communication within the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS), analyzing how this Eurasian regional organization has evolved from cultural cooperation toward sophisticated information warfare capabilities and cyber governance frameworks. Drawing on primary policy documents, summit declarations, and operational initiatives from 2015–2025, we demonstrate that the OTS has constructed a multi-layered digital diplomacy architecture encompassing strategic communication, counter-disinformation mechanisms, media platform coordination, and nascent artificial intelligence governance. The analysis contributes to theoretical debates on digital diplomacy in non-Western regional organizations, demonstrating how authoritarian regimes instrumentalize digital technologies for strategic communication while resisting liberal normative frameworks. The article further examines the cultural dimensions of OTS digital diplomacy, including the Turkic World Vision 2040's mandate for digital heritage preservation, joint online encyclopedia development, and the harmonization of educational content across member states. We conclude that the OTS represents a distinctive model of civilizational digital diplomacy – one that prioritizes collective identity construction, technological self-sufficiency, and regime security over global interoperability and democratic participation.

ACTIVITIES BY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN ILHAM ALIYEV TOWARDS RESTORATION OF THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

Parvın Ibrahımova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the activities of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in resolving the long-standing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The work carried out within the framework of international and regional organizations, active participation in security institutions are examined. The success achieved in the military-diplomatic and information space in the Second Karabakh War is discussed. The Republic of Azerbaijan has suffered from the occupation of Armenia for nearly 30 years, and about a million civilians have become internally displaced persons. The author also discusses the state program prepared by the head of state Ilham Aliyev to improve the living conditions of internally displaced persons. Special work has been carried out with the support of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation since 2008 to convey the truths of the conflict – Armenia's acts of genocide, aggression and terrorist policy – to the world community. The research used methods such as content analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analogy, and systematization.

PUBLIC AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN THE TERRITORIES OF THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF KHERSON PROVINCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Dmytro Kobzar — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the socio-political life of the Jewish community in the northern counties of the Kherson province (in particular, the Yelysavetgrad region) at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Based on archival materials from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine and the State Archive of the Kirovograd region, the functioning of public self-government institutions (kagal), the development of charitable organizations, and the participation of Jews in the revolutionary movement are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the Yelysavetgrad Committee for Assistance to Victims of the Pogroms of 1881–1882, as well as the political involvement of representatives of the Jewish community of county cities in all-Russian parties and organizations (RSDRP, SRs, anarchists, Bund, Poalei-Zion). The attitude of the tsarist authorities to the Jewish question, Black Hundreds organizations, and all-Russian political forces is highlighted. The conclusion is made about the high level of self-organization of the Jewish community and its active role in the socio-political processes of the region.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT THE RED CHURCH KHOJAVEND DISTRICT

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Initial archaeological excavations and field exploration works were carried out within a 10 m² area of the Red Church (Gırmızı Kilsə/Garnir), a historical architectural monument located in the village of Bine (Domu-Temirli) in the Khojavend district of Karabakh. The monument was constructed in the form of a basilica with a vaulted hall and reflects construction techniques characteristic of the ancient period. The main entrance leading to the temple is situated on the western side of the monument. The church is 11 meters long and 6.45 meters wide, with a total area of 225 m². Some of these temples were built on the foundations of earlier pagan sanctuaries, while others were reconstructed and adapted in accordance with Christian religious traditions. The relocation of the capital of Caucasian Albania to the city of Barda in 552 contributed to the increase in settlements and Christian Albanian monuments in Karabakh during the Early Middle Ages. The preliminary results of the archaeological excavations provide grounds to suggest that the Red Church monument was constructed in the 10th century on the remains of an earlier structure. The Red Church architectural monument belongs to the simple-type, single-nave temple category with a vaulted ceiling and dates to the final stage of the Early Middle Ages. During field exploration works, it was also determined that another structure known as the “Small Temple” (Kiçik Məbəd), as well as the remains of a bridge and a caravanserai, are located near the Red Church, indicating that a medieval trade caravan route once passed through this area.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT IN THE AI ERA AS A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

Ulfat Mehdiyev — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this article we analyse human development management as an instrument for sustainable development policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan under the conditions of rapid digital AI development. We focus on three connected domains of education, digital infrastructure and cybersecurity, and post- conflict regional development and assess how public policy in each is responding to structural pressures of technological change (UNDP, 2025; OECD, 2023). Based on data from the Human Development Report 2025, ITU Global Cybersecurity Index 2024 and Global Peace Index 2025, the study places Azerbaijan in a comparative framework that includes post-Soviet states Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia and Uzbekistan and regional partners Türkiye and Iran (World Bank, 2024; ITU, 2024; IEP, 2025). This framework is the basis for Azerbaijan’s genuine progress and structural constraints that continue to limit its development trajectory. The analysis is based on Academician Urkhan Alakbarov’s (2019) concept of inclusive development management and on the prior work of the author on connecting human capital investment to sustainability outcomes (Mehdiyev, 2022) and the article asserts that Azerbaijan’s further progress in the AI era depends on three interrelated conditions: stronger institutional coordination across policy sectors; the development of national AI governance mechanisms; and sustained long-term investment in human capital.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES GENERATED BY THE STRATEGIES OF “DEMOCRACY EXPORT” AND “REGIME CHANGE” ON POLITICAL STABILITY, GOVERNANCE CULTURE, AND PUBLIC LEGITIMACY IN THE ARAB WORLD

Kamil Miriyev — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the structural transformations induced by the strategies of “democracy export” and “regime change” in the Arab world, with a particular focus on their implications for political stability, governance culture, and public legitimacy. Drawing on comparative political analysis and post– Arab Spring experiences, the study argues that externally driven democratization efforts have often produced fragmented institutional orders rather than consolidated democratic systems. While these strategies were normatively justified by the promotion of liberal values and accountable governance, their practical implementation frequently neglected local socio-political contexts, historical state–society relations, and existing governance traditions. As a result, many countries experienced weakened state capacity, contested legitimacy, and the proliferation of non-state actors, contributing to prolonged instability. The article further highlights that regime change interventions tended to disrupt established governance cultures without providing sustainable mechanisms for inclusive political participation, thereby undermining public trust in both domestic institutions and external actors. The findings suggest that democracy promotion strategies, when detached from endogenous reform processes, may generate adverse structural outcomes that hinder long-term stability and legitimate governance in the Arab world. The study contributes to ongoing debates on external intervention, state-building, and democratic transition by emphasizing the need for context-sensitive and institutionally grounded approaches.

CONCEPTUAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE NOTION OF SOLIDARITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF POLYCRISIS

Nadiia Mordzynska — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the conceptual transformation of solidarity during modern crises that expose systemic weaknesses in state institutions. The research aims to conceptualize local solidarity initiatives as effective mechanisms of political power and drivers of social transformation in times of polycrisis. Moving beyond classical views of solidarity as mere state redistribution, the study justifies the concept of «solidarity from below» – the autonomous collective action of citizens. The core thesis argues that grassroots solidarity exceeds simple charity by generating a specific political «power-with» based on coordination and trust. Through the theories of «acts of citizenship» and commoning, the article demonstrates how everyday mutual assistance builds material solidarity infrastructures. The study concludes that autonomous solidarity practices form a de facto alternative governance system «from below», capable of influencing institutions, competing with official power, and redefining the boundaries of political participation.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES AS A TOOL OF CONTROLLED CHAOS IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Bahruz Aliovsat Nazarov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the transformation of the “managed chaos” concept under the influence of artificial intelligence technologies in 2022-2026. Based on cases from Ukraine, the Middle East, and the South Caucasus, it demonstrates that generative AI, social media algorithms, and autonomous systems have reduced the cost of creating instability by thousands of times and removed this tool from state monopoly. The research proves that the main threat to small and medium-sized states is the loss of “narrative sovereignty” and “cognitive sovereignty”. In response, the doctrine of “digital sovereignty” is proposed, encompassing technological, legal, educational, and diplomatic measures. For Azerbaijan, developing such a doctrine is of priority importance amid digital transformation until 2028.

ELIZABETH II AS A PHENOMENON OF SUPRAPOLITICAL META-AUTHORITY IN A MEDIATIZED SOCIETY

Yevhen Nikolskiy, Anna Lill-Bezak — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the image of Queen Elizabeth II in global cultural memory and examines the phenomenon of her suprapolitical meta-authority. The aim of the study is to identify the mechanisms through which the symbolic legitimacy of the monarchy was formed under conditions of a mediatized society and historical turbulence. It is demonstrated that the Queen’s long reign shaped a unique type of symbolic power grounded in repetition, ritual, and the moral authority of service. The paper substantiates the thesis of the symbolic conclusion of the “long twentieth century” and the transition to an era of accelerated historical time. Particular attention is devoted to the role of television and digital media in constructing the phenomenon of the “televisual monarchy.” The study concludes that Elizabeth II’s mode of rule serves as an indicator of emerging models of symbolic leadership in the twenty-first century and as their benchmark. Methodologically, the research relies on an interdisciplinary approach combining historical analysis, political anthropology, media studies, and cultural memory studies.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND INTERNATIONAL YOUTH POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN

Nisa Fazil Pashayeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Globalization, considered an irresistible process, is rapidly changing the world’s political, economic, social, and environmental landscape and transforming the international system from a functional and institutional perspective. These processes are also characterized by an expanding range of problems. Progressive humanity is seeking rational solutions to existing problems, employing various mechanisms and instruments to this end, and putting forward concrete plans. One example is “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, presented by the UN in 2015. Youth is the most vulnerable segment of the population, exposed to the impact of global problems. This impact is most clearly manifested in the areas of healthcare, education, and employment.

THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF AZERBAIJAN’S ARAZ RIVERSIDE MONUMENTS

Durdana Yusifova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Archaeological investigations conducted in the ancient settlements of Nakhchivan, Karabakh, and Eastern Zangezur have revealed numerous examples of material culture belonging to the Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Antique, and Medieval periods. In the Islamic-period monuments of Azerbaijan, formed under the influence of shared material cultures during the 11th–12th centuries, common characteristics of the Nakhchivan, Karabakh, and Tabriz architectural styles, influenced by Arran architecture and the Central Asian architectural school, have been observed in the remains of religious buildings. Ceramic samples and architectural remains uncovered during archaeological excavations have provided a clear understanding of the culture and daily life of the population living along the Araz River. Archaeological studies emphasize the importance of Nakhchivan, located at the intersection of caravan routes that became one of the main economic centers of trade with the Near and Middle East, as well as the “Khudafarin” bridges built over the Araz River. Field research and archaeological excavations carried out in the 1960s–1970s proved the strategic and commercial significance of the “Khudafarin” bridges and the surrounding areas of Karabakh and Eastern Zangezur, including settlements, ancient cities, fortresses, watchtowers, and urban-type settlements belonging to the Bronze, Early Iron, Antique, and Medieval periods.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROFESSIONAL RESILIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS IN THE SECURITY AND DEFENCE SECTOR DURING THE PERIOD OF MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

Volodymyr Koss — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the psychological characteristics of professional resilience among psychologists working in the security and defense sector of Ukraine under martial law conditions. The aim of the study is a theoretical and empirical analysis of resilience levels and the factors influencing its development in prolonged wartime stress conditions. The research employed a combination of methods, including literature analysis, psychodiagnostic tools measuring resilience, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and coping strategies, as well as statistical methods. The results indicate a predominance of moderate levels of professional resilience, the presence of burnout and secondary traumatic stress symptoms, and the significant role of adaptive coping strategies in maintaining psychological stability. It is concluded that professional resilience is a dynamic, multidimensional construct requiring systematic organizational and psychological support. Future research should focus on developing and implementing resilience-building programs for professionals operating in crisis and combat-related environments.

MANIFESTATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL DESTRUCTION AND PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL TENSION AMONG POLICE OFFICERS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEMPORARY EXTREME FACTORS

Vitaliy Saifutdinov — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of professional deformation among employees of the National Police of Ukraine as a psychological phenomenon. It is substantiated that the fundamental prerequisite for the effectiveness of law enforcement activities lies in strict adherence to the rule of law and the protection of constitutional human rights and freedoms, which directly correlates with public trust – a dominant indicator of police performance. The author emphasizes that while professional deformation is an objective and often inevitable process inherent in various occupations, the policing profession is particularly susceptible to its onset and destructive progression. This vulnerability stems from specific operational conditions, a demanding range of professional duties, high psychophysical tension, and constant exposure to conflict-ridden environments. The study systematizes existing scholarly approaches to defining professional deformation and identifies its development as a result of a complex interplay between micro-social, macro- social, and individual determinants. It is demonstrated that the manifestations of professional deformation transcend the professional sphere, negatively impacting the officer’s personal life and social environment. The article concludes that effective prevention and counteraction of this phenomenon require integrated efforts from law enforcement agencies, the state, and civil society.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONNEL MOTIVATION

Viktoriia Vinnikova, Liudmyla Avramenko — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

abstract. The article describes the psychological features of personnel motivation. In particular, an analysis of internal and external factors that influence employee motivation was carried out. 35 people aged 25 to 40 years participated in the study. To analyze the motivational component, the «Motivation Sources Inventory (MSI)» developed by J. Barbuto and R. Scholl and the «Motivational Profile» by S. Ritchie and P. Marrtina were used. According to the results of the study, the main motivational factor is the financial component. Also, a large number of employees strive for professional fulfillment. Prospects for further research are to conduct a comparative analysis of motivational profiles and levels of job satisfaction depending on the length of service and age of employees, as well as to study the impact of these indicators on productivity.

MEDIATION IN THE RELIGIOUS SPHERE: MYTH OR REALITY?

Iryna Vlasiuk, Myron Andrushchyshyn — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the article is to determine the possibilities and limitations of applying mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism within religious organizations in Ukraine. The study is based on the analysis of Ukrainian legislation, statutory documents of religious organizations, and scholarly approaches to mediation and religious conflict resolution. The article examines the specific nature of religious conflicts, existing mechanisms of conflict resolution in religious organizations, and the potential of mediation in this field. It is argued that religious mediation may be effective in disputes concerning communication within communities, property use, interpersonal tensions, and interfaith cooperation, while its application is limited in cases involving dogmatic issues, canonical jurisdiction, or the absence of voluntary participation. The practical significance of the study lies in the formulation of recommendations for the implementation of mediation practices in the religious sphere.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF A SAFE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

Lesia Vysochan, Liudmуla Kharlai — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

abstract. This article examines the issue of ensuring the psychological well-being of learners and educators in the context of creating a safe digital educational environment. The relevance of this research stems from the rapid digitalisation of education, the widespread adoption of distance and blended learning, and the need to establish safe conditions for educational interaction in the digital space. The regulatory and international foundations for creating a safe digital environment are examined, and the role of digital competence, information literacy and digital ethics in ensuring the psychological safety of participants in the educational process is identified. The main digital risks, in particular cyberbullying, information overload and digital addiction, are analysed. It has been established that the creation of a psychologically safe digital environment contributes to the maintenance of emotional well-being, the development of digital culture and the enhancement of the effectiveness of the educational process.

LINGUISTIC APPROACHES TO SELFHOOD AND CULTURAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN LITERARY DISCOURSE

Vusala Aghabayli — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the linguistic construction of selfhood and cultural identity in contemporary literary discourse through “How to Be Both”, “Frankissstein”, and “Girl, Woman, Other”. Drawing on discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, narrative linguistics, and cultural identity theory, the study investigates how language shapes fragmented, fluid, and multicultural identities in contemporary fiction. The research focuses on narrative structure, polyphony, code-switching, gendered discourse, and intersubjective communication as linguistic mechanisms of identity formation. The article argues that literary discourse functions as a dynamic space where cultural memory, gender performativity, and social belonging are continuously negotiated through language. By analyzing contemporary experimental narrative techniques, the study demonstrates that identity in modern literature is represented not as stable or fixed, but as discursively constructed, hybrid, and constantly evolving within cultural and ideological contexts.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE AZERBAIJANI LITERARY LANGUAGE IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN THE WORK OF TOFIG HAJIYEV

Aygun Ahmadova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article studies the development of the Azerbaijani literary language in the early 20th century in the work of Tofig Hajiyev. Speaking about the leading branch of the artistic style of the early 20th century, Tofig Hajiyev notes that the satirical movement, especially the magazine “Molla Nasreddin”, played an exceptional role in expanding the semantic possibilities of the Azerbaijani literary language and increasing the figurative quality of artistic speech at the beginning of the 20th century, and notes that this literary school brought the rich means of expression in the living spoken language of the people to the center of the literary language, demonstrating the functional capabilities of all layers of the language. Tofig Hajiyev systematized the formation of the state language policy in the country with a broader historical chronology, dividing it into stages. In the first stage, covering the years 1918-1920, the acquisition of state status of the language and the restoration of national identity during the period of the Azerbaijan Popular Front and the work done in this direction were examined. The second stage, covering the years 1920-1991, characterized the development and limitations of the Azerbaijani language under Soviet rule, and the transition of language policy to a new level in the Independent Republic of Azerbaijan after 1991.

PSEUDONYM AS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT IN THE WORKS OF AZERBAIJANI, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN WRITERS AND POETS

Leyla Eldar Hajiyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the phenomenon of pseudonym usage in Azerbaijani, British, and American literature across different periods of social and cultural development. The study aims to identify the main reasons that motivated writers to adopt pseudonyms and to analyze the methods and principles of their formation. Particular attention is paid to the historical, political, social, cultural, and gender-related factors that influenced authors’ decisions to conceal or modify their real identities. The research explores how pseudonyms served various functions, including protection from censorship, avoidance of social prejudice, creation of a distinct literary image, and separation of personal and professional spheres. Through a comparative analysis of literary traditions in Azerbaijan, Great Britain, and the United States, the article reveals both common and culture-specific patterns in pseudonym creation. The findings demonstrate that pseudonyms represent not only a means of anonymity but also an important linguistic and cultural phenomenon reflecting the relationship between authors, society, and literary practice. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of authorial identity and naming strategies in world literature.

NARRATIVE VOICE: CONSTRUCTING LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL IDENTITY IN POSTCOLONIAL NARRATIVES

Mahira Hajiyeva — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the role of narrative voice in the construction of language and cultural identity within postcolonial narratives. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of Frantz Fanon, Edward Said and Bill Ashcroft, the study explores how postcolonial writers employ narrative strategies to articulate displacement, hybridity, fragmented identity, and cultural resistance. Particular attention is given to the relationship between narration, linguistic hybridity, memory, and historical trauma. Through the analysis of works by Mohsin Hamid, Kamila Shamsie, Bapsi Sidhwa, Sorayya Khan, and Bina Shah, the article demonstrates that narrative voice functions not only as a literary technique but also as a cultural and linguistic space where identity, belonging, and resistance are negotiated. The study further argues that contemporary postcolonial dystopian fiction expands these discussions through the representation of gender identity, surveillance, and ideological control. Ultimately, the article emphasizes that postcolonial narrative voice reconstructs marginalized cultural experiences while simultaneously challenging the ideological legacy of colonial discourse.

MEMORY, UNRELIABLE NARRATION, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE BILDUNGSROMAN IN JULIAN BARNES’S “THE SENSE OF AN ENDING”

Gila Huseynli — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The postmodern bildungsroman challenges the traditional understanding of growing up as a linear and objective process. This article examines the characteristics of the postmodern bildungsroman in Julian Barnes’s novel “The Sense of an Ending”. The study explores the transformation of the classic novel about identity formation within a postmodern narrative structure. Using genre analysis, narratological interpretation, and close reading, the study examines the novel’s non-chronological temporality, unreliable narration, and the relativity of memory and truth. In contrast to the traditional depiction of the protagonist’s life as a strictly chronological sequence, the narrative unfolds retrospectively and fragmentarily through the memories of the protagonist, Tony Webster. The analysis reveals that growing up in the novel is neither progressive nor harmonious, but retrospective, morally unsettling, and incomplete. Tony’s rethinking of his past reveals the instability of personal history and calls into question the possibility of a coherent self-formation. The findings suggest that Barnes reimagines the bildungsroman as a narrative of epistemological uncertainty rather than achieved integration, thus demonstrating the genre’s postmodern transformation.

WORD CHOICE PROBLEMS IN LITERARY TRANSLATIONS FROM GERMAN INTO AZERBAIJANI TURKISH

Naila Ismikhan Huseynova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines word choice problems in literary translations from German into Azerbaijani Turkish in terms of translation theory, cultural transfer, and stylistic structure. A qualitative research method was employed in the study; historical sources, translation theories, and literary works translated from German into Azerbaijani Turkish were analyzed through a comparative textual analysis method. Within the scope of the research, the semantic, aesthetic, and stylistic problems caused by synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and polysemous words during the translation process were discussed, and the necessity for translators to develop context-appropriate equivalence strategies was demonstrated through examples from the works of writers such as Goethe, Remarque, and Zweig. The findings reveal that success in literary translation depends not only on transferring the literal meanings of words, but also on reconstructing the emotional atmosphere, cultural connotations, and aesthetic structure of the text in the target language. The study emphasizes the importance of contextual and cultural analysis in literary translations between German and Azerbaijani Turkish.

THE REALITIES OF “LORD OF THE FLIES”

Yegana Huseynova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The uniqueness of William Golding’s work lies in the solidity and depth of its structure and organization. The writer carefully constructed his works, enriching them with “meaning” through the use of classical literature, symbolism, and mythology. Along with being a creator of myths, Golding is also recognized as an author whose works illuminate truths about human nature. At times, he reveals literary precedents by presenting them in new ways, while at other times he introduces specific details derived from his own experiences and interests. In an interview with the BBC, Golding himself admitted: “If someone replaced the word myth with the word fable, I would actually accept it as a compliment.” According to Golding, allegory is discovered in an environment where myth evolves from former belief into present creation, departing from its original version and transforming itself. It is a form that contains life and experience. Written in 1954 by William Golding, the novel Lord of the Flies remains highly significant today because of the underlying meanings embedded in its subject matter. The work is considered one of the most famous novels about human nature. “Lord of the Flies” is surrounded by myths and contains numerous references to mythological motifs. Besides being exciting and entertaining, the novel carries a profound philosophical meaning concerning human nature, power, fear, and the fragility of civilization. The work also contains plot motifs directly borrowed from myths. “Lord of the Flies” is regarded as one of the greatest modern English novels because of its timeless and socially relevant themes.

HUMOROUS DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Mehriban Mammadli — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article opens the concept of humorous discourse based on the materials of the English language, determines the role of humor in pragmatic, linguistic and social discourses. It becomes clear that humor in English discourses is not only used to create laughter, but also acts as a discourse strategy that expresses social criticism, identity demonstration, ideological position and state relations. These strategies and goals of humor have found their bright reflection in the works of Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Sweet, Mark Twain and Jerome K. Jerome. In this regard, the article also examines the main functions of humorous discourse. The basis of these functions is to reflect the contrasts and contradictions of society with humor, demonstrate identity and social status through the English language, have an ironic, comic effect on the other party, create a status difference, create intimacy through jokes using puns (word play), metaphorical expressions, paradoxes, lexical transformations, criticize with irony, etc. The article gives an explanation of what each function will do and the role of these meanings in humorous discourse.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODALITY IN BRITISH TABLOID AND BROADSHEET NEWSPAPERS

Aytan Suleymanova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study examines multimodal strategies in British tabloid and broadsheet newspapers within contemporary media discourse. It focuses on the interaction of verbal and visual semiotic resources in British journalism and their role in pragmatic influence, ideological framing, and stylistic organization of news texts. The empirical corpus includes 120 articles published between 2023 and 2024 in The Guardian, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail, and The Sun (24 articles from each newspaper). The study applies multimodal discourse analysis, stylistic analysis, and qualitative content analysis. The research explores the communicative functions of photographs, headlines, typography, color schemes, page layout, infographics, and digital interactive elements in constructing readers’ perception and emotional engagement. The findings demonstrate that tabloids prioritize emotionally intensive and visually dominant strategies, while broadsheets employ analytical, information-oriented multimodality. The results confirm that multimodality functions as a key mechanism of persuasion and ideological representation in contemporary British journalism.

THE POETICS OF MYTHIC CONSCIOUSNESS: WORD, MOTHER, AND CREATION IN THE CREATIVE WORK OF MAHIRA NAGHIGHIZI

Khanim Rza Sultanova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, mythopoetic research in world literary scholarship has undergone a renewed surge of interest, as the enduring presence of archaic mythological worldviews in modern literary masterpieces has generated considerable scholarly attention and given rise to new literary-philosophical perspectives. The intersection of myth and poetry continues to be actively studied as a significant arena of research from both national and comparative literary-theoretical standpoints. This article aims to investigate the poetics of mythic consciousness in the creative work of Mahira Naghighizi – a prominent representative of twenty- first-century Azerbaijani poetic thought, an Honored Teacher, laureate of the “Golden Pen” award, public figure, and poet-professor – with particular focus on the artistic system of the Word, Mother, and Creation archetypes from a mythopoetic perspective. Selected poetic examples from the poet's various collections have been analyzed using the mythocritical method, as well as C.G. Jung's archetypal theory, M. Eliade's concept of mythic creation, and the views of several Turkish scholars on water cult. The research demonstrates that in Mahira Naghighizi's (Huseynova's) poetry, the cosmogonic function of the Word operates as a fundamental principle of mythocosmoqony; the image of the Mother undergoes transformation into the archetype of “White Mother/Earth Mother/Humay Mother”, thereby acquiring a sacred-mythic significance. Furthermore, the poetic sublimation of the Water mythic cult, the artistic reflection of the Fate archetype, and the embodiment of the genetic-archaic traces of shamanism in poetic examples clearly emphasize the continuity of the Oghuz- Turkic mythic memory within the contemporary artistic system. The analysis reveals that twenty-first-century Azerbaijani poetry continues to make new contributions to its study within the context of world mythopoetic tradition, confirming that it offers rich poetic material for monographic research in this field.

THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IN AZIZAH JAFARZADEH’S “ZARRINTAJ-TAHIRA” AND DORIS LESSING’S “THE GOLDEN NOTEBOOK”

Aygun Yusubova — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In contemporary literary studies, the relationship between the individual and society, as well as the influence of the social environment on a person’s worldview and life position, is regarded as one of the most significant research areas. This article examines the problem of social environment and individual freedom in the works of the prominent Azerbaijani writer, People’s Writer and Professor Azizah Jafarzadeh, and the Nobel Prize laureate and one of the most distinguished representatives of English prose, Doris May Lessing, particularly in her novel The Golden Notebook. In both works, the relationship between the individual and society, as well as the impact of the social environment on a person’s worldview and social position, is analyzed. In Azizah Jafarzadeh’s historical novel Zarrintaj-Tahira, the struggle of a woman against religious and social restrictions and her determination to achieve spiritual freedom are depicted. In Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook, the influence of the social environment and political ideologies on individual behavior in modern Western society is presented. Furthermore, the impact of radical ideas on the protagonist’s life is artistically illustrated. The study concludes that although the idea of individual freedom is presented within different social and cultural contexts in these novels, both authors approach the relationship between society and the individual from a critical perspective.