Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences

THE IMPORTANCE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF A SUSPECT FOR ESTABLISHING A PERSON’S GUILT IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE CRIME OF AIDING AN AGGRESSOR STATE

Andrii Heletei — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the significance of forensic psychological examination in establishing an individual's guilt in crimes of aiding an aggressor state, as introduced into the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2022. It is determined that aiding, unlike collaborationism, implies the presence of direct, conscious, and voluntary intent aimed at causing harm to Ukraine. The intellectual (cognitive) and volitional (motivational) components of intent, which are internal mental processes manifested through external behavior, are investigated. It is substantiated that forensic psychological examination serves as a crucial tool for clarifying these components, evaluating an individual's beliefs, the motivational content of their behavior, and their ideological orientation, specifically the presence of anti-Ukrainian views, nostalgia for the Soviet past, or the ideology of the "Russian world". The article emphasizes that the expert's conclusion is an independent and decisive piece of evidence in criminal proceedings , particularly in complex cases where formal indicators are insufficient for the legal qualification of a crime against national security.

THE CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Natalia Hryshyna — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the concept and properties of the principles of administrative law as a fundamental category that determines the content and development of administrative-legal regulation and guides the activities of public administration. The relevance of rethinking this issue is substantiated in the context of decentralization, the digital transformation of administrative procedures and services, and the implementation of good governance standards and e-government. Doctrinal approaches to defining the principles of administrative law are analyzed; common features and differences in their interpretation are identified; and a generalized understanding of these principles as universal provisions of normative, doctrinal, and judicial origin is formulated. The key properties of the principles of administrative law are outlined, demonstrating their system-forming, regulatory, and rights-protecting role in law-making and law enforcement. The article concludes that further theoretical elaboration of this category is necessary to improve the effectiveness of public administration.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PROSECUTOR AND THE ACCUSED ON PLEADING GUILTY IN CASES OF CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMINAL OFFENSES: THE PUBLIC INTEREST ASPECT

Oleksandr Ostrohliad, Yana Reshyvska — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this article is to analyse the regulatory framework and judicial practice in Ukraine regarding the conclusion of plea agreements between the prosecutor and the accused in cases involving corruption-related criminal offenses. The article examines the provisions of current criminal and criminal procedural legislation governing the conclusion of such agreements, with particular attention to the circumstances that must be considered by the prosecutor when entering into a plea agreement. An important aspect discussed in this work is that a court decision to approve such an agreement should be evaluated through the lens of safeguarding public interests, which must be understood not merely as formal compliance with the law but more broadly, taking into account public opinion. This is particularly significant when concluding agreements in corruption cases, where public expectations are exceptionally high. Future research prospects may relate to balancing the recognition of transferring funds to state needs as a matter of public interest, as well as examining technical and practical issues concerning other mechanisms of recovering such funds through criminal law instruments, such as confiscation or special confiscation. The methods used in the study include: the method of system analysis (to examine judicial practice in conjunction with legal regulation and contemporary realities); the method of legal act analysis (to explore provisions of criminal and criminal procedural legislation governing plea agreements); and general scientific methods.

CONTRACTUAL SUCCESSION LEGAL NORMS FUNCTIONALIZATION ISSUES

Edward Pilipson — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Contractual succession, in contrast to succession by law and testament, possesses with a combined structure which include contracts and legal deals with mortis causa intention. By this reason, norms, which establish future inheritance in different contracts and deals, do not possess with necessary functionality degree, required for contractual succession substantive law. Contractual succession norms, which often contain in family law, testamentary law and in obligation law spheres, do not form future inheritance objects taking into account the requirements of these areas of legal regulation. By this reason mentioned article subject matter related to analyze the impact of norms of different legal nature impact on the objects of legal regulation of contractual succession and, accordingly, problematic situations identification.

THE WESTERN AZERBAIJAN ISSUE: IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY

Sefd Gülgün Mübariz Quliyeva — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The issue of Western Azerbaijan is a complex historical and political problem shaped by consecutive waves of ethnic engineering, forced deportations and demographic manipulation carried out in the South Caucasus throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The complete expulsion of Azerbaijanis from Western Azerbaijan in four major stages 1905 1906, 1918–1920, 1948–1953 and 1988–1991 fundamentally altered the region’s ethnic landscape and contributed to the establishment of a mono-ethnic Armenian state. These deportation processes deprived hundreds of thousands of people of their ancestral homelands, destroyed cultural heritage sites and caused profound social and psychological damage. International legal documents including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1951 Refugee Convention, the European Convention on Human Rights and UNESCO conventions affirm the right of return, restitution of property and the prohibition of ethnic cleansing. Therefore, the issue is not merely a historical dispute but a clear case of violations of fundamental human rights. In the modern period, changing geopolitical realities in the region, new diplomatic dynamics between Armenia and Azerbaijan and the increasing involvement of international actors have further highlighted the relevance of the Western Azerbaijan issue. The Return Concept adopted by the Republic of Azerbaijan prioritizes a humanitarian and legal approach to the matter. Addressing the consequences of deportation, ensuring safe and dignified return and restoring cultural heritage are essential for building lasting peace and regional stability in the South Caucasus. The analysis shows that resolving the Western Azerbaijan issue not only restores historical justice but also provides the foundation for a fair, stable and sustainable regional order for future generations.

THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF NOTARIAL PRACTICE: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS, CONCEPTS, ESSENCE, AND LEGAL NATURE OF THE INSTITUTION OF NOTARIAL PRACTICE

Yevhen Shymansky — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the genesis and evolution of the notarial institution, focusing on its historical and legal foundations, essence, and legal nature. It traces the development of notarial activity from ancient civilizations, particularly the Roman Empire, where functions were performed by tabellions and scribes, to the establishment of the classical Latin notariat model in medieval Europe. Special attention is given to the reception of Roman law, which laid the foundation for modern notarial principles such as public trust, preventive justice, and documentary authentication. The study examines the main stages of the notariat’s development in Ukrainian territories, from the influence of Magdeburg Law in the cities of the 14th–17th centuries to the codification processes of the 19th century within various state formations. The Soviet period, when the notariat was integrated into the state justice system, is analyzed alongside the post-Soviet reforms of the 1990s, which introduced private notaries alongside state notaries. The article defines and reveals the essence of the notariat as a unique legal institution combining public-law and private-law elements. Its legal nature is explored through the lens of international acts, including the 1961 Hague Convention, and a comparative analysis of Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon systems. The paper substantiates that the notariat is an integral part of the mechanism of a modern rule-of-law state, ensuring a balance between the protection of private interests and the implementation of public control. The conclusions emphasize the need for further harmonization of Ukrainian notarial legislation with European standards, improvement of professional requirements and control procedures, and preservation of historical and legal heritage as the basis for the effective functioning of this legal institution in the context of globalization and digitalization.

AUTHENTICITY IN LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY: RETHINKING TEXT SELECTION FOR ESL LEARNERS

Javahir Aghayeva — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of authenticity has gained new relevance in contemporary language pedagogy, particularly in relation to selecting reading materials for ESL learners. As classrooms increasingly emphasize communicative competence and real-world language use, the limitations of highly simplified or decontextualized texts have become more evident. The purpose of this research is to determine how authentic reading materials can enhance ESL learners’ reading skills by providing real linguistic exposure, meaningful content, and genuine communicative value. To achieve this aim, a mixed set of research methods was employed, including analysis of psychological- pedagogical literature, classroom observation, experimental application of authentic reading materials, and qualitative-quantitative interpretation of outcomes. Literature analysis helped to identify theoretical foundations of authenticity, while experimental classroom work allowed practical exploration of learners’ engagement, comprehension, and response to authentic input. The combination of observation and reflective student feedback provided insights into cognitive and motivational factors influencing the reading process. The novelty of this study lies in reconsidering current text-selection practices and demonstrating how authentic materials, when appropriately scaled and methodologically guided, can function as an effective alternative to overly simplified ESL reading passages. Authentic input exposes learners to natural linguistic patterns, diverse discourse structures, and culturally meaningful contexts, all of which contribute to deeper engagement and improved comprehension. At the same time, the findings indicate that effective integration requires careful alignment with learners’ proficiency levels, cognitive load, cultural familiarity, and instructional objectives. The discussion highlights essential selection criteria such as thematic relevance, vocabulary density, discourse clarity, cultural transparency, and learner readiness. A balanced approach is proposed – one that maintains the richness of genuine language while ensuring pedagogical accessibility. By adopting such a framework, teachers can design reading environments that enhance motivation, encourage independent meaning-making strategies, and strengthen long-term development of ESL reading skills.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TEACHING PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Beylerov Elkhan Beyler, Samedova Sevinj Ragub — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article goes on to state that by using the advantages of neuropsychological and neuropedagogical approaches to teaching primary school students, a teacher helps students to optimally develop their abilities and potential. Each student has a unique learning style and different learning abilities. However, teachers often do not know that this diversity should be taken into account in the teaching process, or for some reason cannot do this. Too often, teachers prefer the same method, which they repeat over and over again when teaching any subject, and use the same teaching strategy. This approach reduces students' interest in learning. In order for students to learn more effectively, teachers need to identify their learning styles and take them into account when applying methods in the teaching process.

LESSON OBSERVATION AND ITS EVALUATION IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS

Aynur Budagova — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is much to be said for the term observation. Life is an observation in and of itself. In any sector, acquiring skills, information, conventions, and habits is a process that comes from observation. By following events, people pick up habits, customs, traditions, skills, and knowledge in all areas of life. Since the world is changing, foundational changes are taking place in education and this has its impact on education. Education fosters sustainable development, thus its quality is needed to enhance. The quality of education depends on the quality of its teachers. Monitoring and observation of lessons are the main quality indicators in education. Lesson observation is the most effective tool for the continuous development of new and experienced teachers. Lesson observation is a must for all subjects. However, each observation should be made and assessed by a specialist in that field. Lesson observations boost student and teacher efficiency in the classroom and foster a desire for lifelong learning in both groups. Regular lesson observation leads to the development of education and innovations. Every academic year brings up with innovations. Mutual scientific visions and discussions are needed to be aware of these innovations around. New technology affects every study area. Both positive and negative manifestations might be seen in this influence. The era of artificial intelligence's growth and proliferation is currently upon us. Artificial intelligence has been produced by the human brain, which results in a decline in human labor and an increase in unemployment. Some programs are still attempting to replace teachers. As a result, competition is growing, and we must struggle to meet the need for human labor. Teachers should work on their ability to be innovative, creative and use new technology.

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Oxana Khmil — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the importance of fully substantiating methodological guidelines for deepening scientific understanding of the process of teaching foreign languages in the modern educational process in higher education institutions. The importance of relying on a comprehensive set of methodological approaches that ensure a comprehensive and balanced analysis of this process is emphasised. Self-reflection on pedagogical experience has demonstrated the expediency of distinguishing between competence-based, personality-oriented, activity-based and systemic approaches as complementary methodological foundations that determine the effectiveness of modern foreign language teaching. As a result of the pedagogical discourse, the essence of scientific approaches and their significance in the context of foreign language teaching has been clarified. In particular, the competence-based approach involves the formation of future specialists not so much in terms of knowledge and skills, but rather in terms of the development of key competences; the personality-oriented approach involves taking into account the individual needs and interests of each student, while the activity-based approach requires the active involvement of future specialists in educational and cognitive activities and the formation of the relevant ‘soft’ skills necessary for the constructive solution of professional tasks; a systematic approach involves considering the process of developing professional competence as a holistic pedagogical system.

PROJECT BASED LEARNING INTO PRIMARY LIFE SCIENCE LESSONS

Machanova Javahir Isakhan — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an engaging, student-centered approach that encourages active exploration, problem-solving, and collaboration. In primary science lessons, it helps students connect learning to real-world situations, fostering creativity, critical thinking, and independence. Through PBL, students work on meaningful projects, practice teamwork, develop communication skills, and integrate multiple subjects such as science, math, and art. The method typically follows five stages: problem identification, planning and preparation, implementation, reflection and evaluation, and sharing results. By experiencing these steps, students gain confidence, motivation, and the ability to transfer knowledge across contexts while discovering the joy of learning. PBL not only improves academic skills but also equips students with life skills such as perseverance, collaboration, creativity, and curiosity, preparing them for future learning and real-life challenges.

APPLICATION OF A COMMUNICATIVE-ORIENTED LEARNING MODEL IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS

Maharramova Leyla Tapdig — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the era of globalization and digitalization, the most common method of teaching foreign languages is the communicative method. This article discusses the types of teaching methods, their application in language lessons, the use of the communicative method in language lessons, as well as its pedagogical effectiveness and practical results. This approach develops students' four competencies: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Along with the positive aspects of this method, some disadvantages were analyzed: the level of teacher training, the psychological limitations of students, and the lack of technological tools in classrooms. The use of technological tools in lessons organized according to this method contributes to the development of students' speech skills. All these positive and negative sides were compared, and a general conclusion was drawn. According to this conclusion, properly planned and organized application of communication lessons can lead to positive results in English lessons.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR APPLICANTS TO HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Iryna Malynovska, Vladyslava Zinevych — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a theoretical justification of the conceptual foundations for the application of artificial intelligence technologies in foreign language training for higher education applicants. Based on an analysis of current research, the key capabilities of artificial intelligence in the field of foreign language communication skills development have been identified, including adaptive learning, automated speech skills assessment, modelling of authentic communication situations, and support for individualised learning paths. The advantages of using intelligent tools for teachers and students have been highlighted, namely the optimisation of the pedagogical process, access to high-quality digital resources, prompt feedback, and the expansion of opportunities for independent language learning. At the same time, a number of limitations and risks associated with the use of AI are outlined, in particular, issues of academic integrity, the lack of an emotional component, threats to data confidentiality, and the possibility of technological dependence. The article emphasizes the importance of ethical and pedagogically sound application of intelligent technologies. The results obtained are summarized in the form of structured conceptual principles that can serve as a basis for further scientific research and the development of innovative models of foreign language training in the context of the digital transformation of education.

PEDAGOGICAL INTERACTION IN HYBRID LEARNING: STUDENT EXPERIENCE, EXPECTATIONS, AND METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES

Alisa Marchuk — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the pedagogical specificities of hybrid learning within Ukrainian higher education in the context of ongoing crisis conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and military conflict. The study analyses how technological, organizational, and psychological factors shape pedagogical interaction in hybrid environments, drawing on contemporary theoretical frameworks and empirical data collected through a student survey. The results demonstrate that the effectiveness of hybrid learning depends on technological stability, clear communication, balanced participation of online and in-person students, and instructors’ digital competence. While students reported numerous challenges–including technical instability and uneven instructor attention–they also identified significant advantages such as flexibility, accessibility, psychological comfort, and improved digital skills. Based on the findings, the article proposes methodological recommendations for enhancing pedagogical interaction and strengthening the resilience of hybrid learning models in modern higher education.

ETHNIC AND NATIONAL VALUES IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION

Aliyeva Dinara Nizami qizi — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the problem of ethnic and national values in the context of globalization. Globalization has a dual impact on ethnic and national values: on the one hand, it contributes to their erosion and unification within the framework of global processes, and on the other, it stimulates the desire of peoples to preserve their identity and rebirth. A comparative analysis of the negative and positive effects of globalization on ethnic and national values is carried out. Negative manifestations include: blurring and loss of identity, threat to cultural identity and disregard for national mentality. The positive manifestations include: the strengthening of the desire to preserve identity, as well as national revival. Paradoxically, globalization can contribute to national revival, as nations look for ways to emphasize their uniqueness and defend their identity. In addition, the article separately describes ways to preserve national values. Values are part of culture and its benefits, and they are important for social and humanitarian studies. Value refers to common goals and the ways to reach them, and it works as a basic rule or standard. Because of this, it can be said that values are connected to a person or a subject, and there are no values that exist outside of people and society. Ethnic and national values are a set of spiritual, moral, and cultural rules that develop within a specific ethnic group or nation over time. These values help shape the group's growth and sense of identity. In the era of globalization, all countries of the world face a serious question: how to preserve their national values without losing their identity. Globalization undoubtedly brings many benefits: improved communications, technology development, and economic growth. However, along with this process, we also see some negative aspects, such as the unification of cultures and the loss of unique features inherent in individual nations. It is noted that modern society must be ready to protect its national values from the negative impact of globalization. This means the ability to distinguish useful cooperation and the exchange of cultural achievements from destructive cultural influences that can lead to the loss of the uniqueness of the nation.

ABU OSMAN AL-JAHIZ'S POLEMIC REGARDING CHRISTIANS IN IX

Jamila Damirova Vagif — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

During the Abbasid period, representatives of other nations also participated alongside the Arabs in the development of Arabic literature. Baghdad, as a cosmopolitan city, embraced various ethnic and religious communities. On the other hand, Muslim peoples living over a vast area stretching from the borders of France to China contributed their share to the common cultural heritage. But even though this contribution originated in the Arabic language and was in the spirit of Islam, each nation, each society added its ethnic shades to the all-Muslim culture, brought different notes to the Arabic literature with elements related to its past culture, religious customs and traditions, and way of thinking. If in the first phase of the Abbasid period, non-Arab tendencies prevailed and criticized the past and traditions of the Arabs through satire, in the second phase starting from the third decade of the 9th century, Arab nationalists began to criticize the non-Arab peoples, especially the Persians, attempting to prove their ethnic superiority and ancient cultures. In religious-ethnic discussions, the attitude towards Christians had a special place. Thus, during the Abbasid era, inter-religious relations were not rooted only on the basis of tolerance, but sometimes moved to the level of heated discussions and even religious conflicts. These can be grouped as follows: – The Arabic literature of the Middle Ages has acquired the character of the all-Muslim literature created by various ethnic and religious societies since the Abbasid period. – Christian scholars and writers played an important role in the cultural life of the Abbasid period. – Although some territories incorporated into the Arab-Islamic world as a result of the conquests belonged to Christians, who were considered “People of the Book”, a strong process of Arabization occurred in these regions, ultimately leading to the emergence of Arab-Islamic culture there.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF RESPONSIBILITY: THE NEW BOUNDARIES OF ETHICS

Laman Garayeva Ahmad, Tamilla Rzayeva Zahir — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article philosophically analyses the issues of responsibility, morality, and ethical decision- making that arise in the context of the development of artificial intelligence (AI). The author focuses on the distribution of responsibility between humans and technological agents, as well as on the nature of intention and moral values. The main objective is to examine whether artificial systems are capable of making moral decisions and to show how this relates to the ethical position of the human being. The study compares the behavioural models of AI with the particularities of human consciousness and evaluates the integration of technology into ethical principles along with its social implications. The author notes that as AI advances, the concept of morality acquires not only an individual but also a systemic character; that is, responsibility becomes the joint product of human–machine interaction rather than belonging solely to a single agent. At the same time, adopting a posthumanist perspective, the article questions the central position of the human and explores the possibility of technological entities occupying a place within the moral order. Thus, artificial intelligence is presented not merely as a technical phenomenon but as a philosophical event that stimulates the emergence of a new moral paradigm.

INTERACTIVE STORYTELLING IN VR GAMES: REVISITING JANET MURRAY’S LEGACY

Olexander Poberailo — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the prospects for interactive storytelling in virtual reality (VR) games through the theoretical lens of Janet Murray’s foundational concepts: immersion, agency, and transformation. While Murray’s work provided a seminal framework for digital narrative, the rapid evolution of VR technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates a critical reassessment of these ideas. Utilizing a narrative literature review, this study synthesizes theoretical extensions by scholars such as Marie-Laure Ryan and Hartmut Koenitz, while addressing ludological critiques regarding the tension between game rules and narrative structure. The analysis identifies three primary directions for future development: the integration of AI for real-time adaptive narratives, the use of VR for educational and empathetic “storyliving,” and the emergence of collaborative storytelling in social VR spaces. The study argues that while VR amplifies the potential for embodied narrative experiences, it also introduces significant ethical and practical challenges, including algorithmic bias, accessibility barriers, and the risk of illusory agency. The conclusions suggest that the future of VR storytelling lies in hybrid models that successfully balance authored intent with procedural openness and social responsibility.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK IN COMBATING VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN AZERBAIJAN

Gahramanov Aykhan Shahbaz oglu — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Although domestic violence against children in Azerbaijan has recently attracted greater public attention, it remains a serious social problem that continues to persist covertly within the depths of society. The exposure of children to physical and psychological trauma limits their opportunities for healthy development and places their future well-being at risk. Such instances of violence pose a threat not only to individual families but also to the overall social stability of society and the formation of future generations. In this context, the role of social work is extremely important. Social work aims not only to respond to cases of violence but also to combat them through preventive and rehabilitative approaches. This article explores the functions of social work in preventing violence and providing psychosocial and legal support to children who have been subjected to violence. It analyzes the activities of social workers in early detection, preventive measures, joint interventions with families, rehabilitation programs, and public awareness efforts. At the same time, the article draws attention to key challenges in the implementation of social work in this field in Azerbaijan – such as the shortage of professional staff, the weakness of institutional cooperation mechanisms, limited financial resources, and public indifference. Furthermore, the lack of coordination between state institutions and non-governmental organizations, as well as the passive attitude of society toward this issue, are significant obstacles in combating violence. The aim of the research is to identify the theoretical and practical foundations of social work in this area, to determine existing gaps, and to propose recommendations for the more effective implementation of social work. The article ultimately demonstrates that social work plays a decisive and strategic role in eliminating violence against children. Its systematic organization and implementation on a professional basis are essential for the development of long-term and sustainable solutions in this field.

YOUTH READINESS FOR AI-DRIVEN HR PRACTICES IN THE BALTIC STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Veranika Khlud, Galina Reshina — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores youth readiness for artificial intelligence (AI) applications in human resource (HR) and recruitment practices in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Based on a cross-country survey and qualitative interviews with individuals aged 18 to 30, the research examines digital competence, exposure to AI tools, and attitudes toward AI in hiring. The findings reveal significant differences across the Baltic states. Estonian youth demonstrate the highest readiness, supported by strong digital education and national AI initiatives. Lithuanian respondents show active use of AI in learning but report moderate institutional support. Latvian participants express interest in AI but indicate limited access and lower digital confidence. While most respondents view AI as a useful and efficient tool in HR, concerns remain regarding data transparency and fairness. The study offers evidence-based recommendations to support the integration of AI in education and employment services, aiming to improve youth adaptability to future AI-driven labour markets.

CONCEPT, MODELS AND TYPES OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN CONDITIONS OF FULL-SCALE WAR

Valeriia Kiriak — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The publishing industry is a relevant type of business activity, which is aimed not only at making a profit and supporting the country’s economy, but also at forming a high level of culture and respect for national ideas. The development of the Ukrainian book market for a long time was slow due to the influence and popularization of Russian-language publications on the territory of our state. The sale of literature created by the aggressor country continued after the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, which negatively affected the state of the industry and the information environment within the country. After the full-scale invasion in 2022 and the adoption of relevant changes to the legislative framework regulating publishing in Ukraine, the Ukrainian book market underwent a transformation of all editorial and publishing processes.

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL VISUAL LITERACY IN MODERN MEDIA OF AZERBAIJAN

Almaz Nasibova — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research is dedicated to the dominance of digital visual literacy in modern media, how it is used, and the problems associated with it. The study primarily highlights the mistakes made by journalists and media organizations in relation to visual literacy and offers solutions to these issues. The analysis shows that digital visual literacy is not just a skill, meanwhile it is a necessity in the digital age. It enables individuals to engage with the visual world of modern media in a critical, creative, and responsible manner. As technology evolves, digital visual literacy also develops and emerges in various forms. Today, as the media faces an overwhelming flow of information, it encounters more visual content than plain text. Therefore, verifying and analyzing the authenticity of this visual content has become one of the most crucial responsibilities of journalists. Otherwise, media ethics are compromised, and society receives false information. Media outlets must also know how to use the tools related to digital visual literacy, which are constantly evolving. Azerbaijani media is somewhat lagging in this area, mostly due to financial constraints. In short, this study outlines the problems and proposes solutions, while also providing examples from both local and international media cases.

INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE MODERN WORLD

Agasiyeva Elshana Aziz — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The relevance of research in the field of information wars lies in the fact that every state has a need to ensure the security of the functioning of its information systems and to protect them from deliberate influence. Conflicts based on information warfare are becoming more and more frequent. The topic of information warfare is relevant today because it is one of the active instruments of modern geopolitics, which has an impact on the political, economic, and cultural life of a given society. Unlike the wars known to human history, the goals of information warfare are not the physical destruction of the enemy, but a negative impact on the adversary through the distortion of information in order to manipulate public consciousness. Information warfare in the 21st century is acquiring a more total character. The information sphere is also becoming an arena of interstate confrontation, and therefore it can threaten national security. At present, ideological-informational war also includes propaganda, which, by substituting historical facts, manipulates people’s consciousness. For example, all of Facebook is teeming with pseudo-history about the so-called “Great Armenia”. The history of Armenia is being falsified, and these fictitious narratives are accompanied by emphasis on the supposed long- suffering and special character of the Armenian people, who allegedly are unique. But no matter how much Armenian pseudo-historians and politicians praise themselves, sometimes all their information reaches the point of absurdity, since they resort to fantasies.

REFLECTIONS OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY OF GANJA CITY (9TH–17TH CENTURIES) IN HISTORICAL SOURCES

Turkan Ahmadova Yusif — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ganja, considered one of the most ancient cities of Azerbaijan with a history of nearly three millennia, has repeatedly been destroyed and rebuilt as a result of earthquakes and devastations caused by foreign invaders. On several occasions, the city was even relocated and re-established. Despite these displacements, Ganja has mainly remained situated in the western region of Azerbaijan, in a picturesque area – the Ganja–Gazakh plain that connects the northwestern foothills of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains with the vast Kura–Araz lowland. Archaeological research plays a crucial role in the study of Ganja’s history. Taking into account that a considerable portion of the written records about the ancient history of our country in different languages does not accurately reflect historical reality, cultural monuments and archaeological materials undoubtedly serve as more reliable historical sources. Located on the Great Caravan Route, Ganja was not only a center of international trade but also a hub of highly developed craftsmanship and architecture. According to written sources, in this period the city contained many monumental structures, including the ruler’s palace, mosques, madrasas, markets, bathhouses, caravanserais, as well as well-planned residential quarters and numerous gardens. The remains of Old Ganja and the archaeological excavations conducted in its territory confirm the authenticity of these accounts to a significant extent.

MONEY CAN’T BUY INFLUENCE: WHEN LOBBYING FAILS IN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY

Aleskerova Sara Tahir — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Lobbying and bribery are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they are vastly different from each other. While both involve the act of influencing policy, one is considered a legitimate and legal means of advocacy, while the other is an illegal and unethical practice. The main differences between corruption and lobbying was investigated in this research for better understanding the consequences of these two practices. Additionally, to understand why one of these practise is considered acceptable while the other one is not. This power is shaped by more complex and multifaceted factors which are investigated in this article. The scientific novelty of the article is that this research is the first broader research on identifying that money can’t buy influence in the USA congress.

SUFISM IN AZERBAIJAN: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE

Faiq Aliyev, Aziza Aghayeva — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the history of the development and cultural influence of Sufism in Azerbaijan, from the early stage of the emergence of the mystical and ascetic trend in Islamic religiosity to its integration into social and cultural life and the modern situation. The initial manifestations of Sufism on the territory of Azerbaijan have been recorded since the 10th century, when figures such as Baba Kuhi Bakuvi and his contemporaries gained considerable authority in the Islamic mystical movement. During the Middle Ages, Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) such as Khalvatiyya, Suhrawardyya, and later Safavidiyya were formed on the territory of Azerbaijan, influencing not only spiritual life, but also politics, culture, and architecture. Sufism has become an important component of the spiritual and cultural landscape of Azerbaijan: it is reflected in folk poetry, the Ashyghe tradition, the architecture of khanqahs and mausoleums, folklore and literature. For example, the influence of Sufi motifs on the work of Ashik Ashig Alyasgar is being investigated. In the modern context, Sufism is considered as an element of cultural identity and heritage, as well as an object of academic study and cultural policy. From the point of view of methodology, the article uses a historical and philosophical approach, relies on epigraphic and archival sources, as well as on recent research in the field of Sufism in Azerbaijan. The article shows that the Sufi tradition of Azerbaijan reflects the dialectic between mystical individuality and a general religious institution, between transcendent aspiration and cultural expression.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF RELATIONS OF AZERBAIJAN-EUROPEAN UNION

Aliyeva Aygun Mehman — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development trends of relations between the European Union and the Republic of Azerbaijan are of great importance in terms of monitoring the dynamics of the development of this international organization’s relations with Azerbaijan as a whole. It is no coincidence that the joint statement adopted by the EU and its member states on December 31, 1991, recognizing the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, revealed a more dualistic position of the EU in the initial stages. Thus, the European states initially treated the Republic of Azerbaijan, which had regained its independence, and the South Caucasus as a whole, as a territory within the sphere of influence of Russia. It is more clearly seen, especially in relation to the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict, which became more intense since the 1980s. It is not for nothing that, apart from Azerbaijani researchers, even Western researchers characterize the initial period of development of relations between the parties as “years of lost or costly failures”.

A NEW ERA IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTER THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Parvin Bayramova — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The South Caucasus region includes three countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia. In this historically conflict-ridden region, the interests of many countries have been clashing since the beginning of the 20th century. Two countries in the region – Azerbaijan and Armenia – have been suffering from a conflict situation for more than 30 years. The conflict, which began with Armenia’s overt territorial claims to Azerbaijan’s historical lands, provocations on ethnic grounds and acts of terror in the late 1980s, resulted in military aggression against Azerbaijan. As a result of Armenian aggression, 20% of Azerbaijani lands were occupied, and more than a million refugees were displaced from their homeland. The first United Nations resolution No. 822 on the occupation of Azerbaijani lands was adopted on April 30, 1993. Later, resolutions No. 853, 874, and 884 were adopted, respectively. (Armenia-Azerbaijan confilict, 2025) Unfortunately, over the years, Armenia ignored UN resolutions and mechanisms established to resolve the conflict. Thus, for 30 years, the Armenia-Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict remained unresolved and remained a frozen conflict until the Second Karabakh War.

THE ISSUE OF BORDER REVISIONS BY THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY IN THE 1920S AND 1930S: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY CONTEXT

Oleksii Chukhomets — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes key aspects of the domestic and foreign policy of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1920s and 1930s in the context of territorial revisionism. It is noted that the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Trianon of June 4, 1920, under which the country lost two-thirds of its territory and population mainly to its neighbors–Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia–played a key role in bringing the issue of land return to the motherland. This sharp weakening led to the development of an internal theory of the desired territorial integrity of the country within the framework of the medieval concept of the «State of St. Stephen» – a multi- ethnic country, dominant in the Carpathian basin. At the same time, due to the lack of economic and military capabilities to implement this idea, the country was forced to rely on Germany as another party interested in revising the Versailles-Washington system. Hungary's attempts to raise the issue of the need to revise borders were noted among other influential countries in Europe and North America. However, these efforts had little significant result: France, Great Britain, and the United States generally perceived Hungarian revisionism as counteracting the development of economic relations in Eastern Europe, while Poland and Italy, which themselves sought territorial revision, did not have sufficient geopolitical weight as alternatives to the Third Reich. This leads to the conclusion that for Hungarian politicians, there was no alternative to a pro-German vector in the context of border revision, which allowed the leaders of the Third Reich to gradually draw the country into the orbit of the Axis powers and force it to participate in World War II. Defeat in the war only confirmed the terms of the Treaty of Trianon.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE CZECH-SLOVAK BORDERLAND

Myroslava Lendel — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the evolution, legal frameworks, and institutional structures of cross-border cooperation (CBC) between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic from the early 1990s through the 2020s. It addresses two central research questions: the emergence of dominant institutional formats for CBC, and the identification of best practices for cooperation among public institutions. Drawing on comparative legal analysis, empirical evidence from Euroregions and EGTCs, and recent academic literature, the study reveals the persistence of structural challenges alongside innovative local initiatives. While Euroregions have been instrumental in managing small-scale projects and fostering cultural and environmental ties, the establishment of European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (EGTCs) has introduced new strategic potential–albeit with uneven implementation. The findings highlight the influence of EU cohesion policy, national legal traditions, and administrative capacity on CBC outcomes. Recommendations emphasize the need for institutional reinforcement, sustainable financing, and closer coordination among regional stakeholders.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF THE USER IN REGULATORY ACTS GOVERNING LIBRARIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN AZERBAIJAN

Mammadova Sevda Israfil — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

One of the main structural elements of the library system is its users. The library collection and the services provided are based on providing users with prompt services. Therefore, it is important to design services based on user characteristics. It should be noted that terms such as ‘reader,’ ‘customer,’ ‘member,’ ‘subscriber,’ and “client” are widely used to describe the concept of ‘user.’ Currently, the functions of the traditional concept of ‘reader’ have changed significantly. Along with those who use the library, potential users are also considered users. The language used in connection with any process, the form of expression presented, and the expressions used shape perceptions and views. From this point of view, the form of naming library users is of great importance in terms of defining users' points of view. The aim of this study is to examine the concept of ‘user’ and other related concepts and approaches to them in the main legislative documents of university libraries in Azerbaijan, as well as in library statutes and instructions. Document and data analysis using a descriptive method was widely used to collect data for the study. User definitions have emerged, and overall, comprehensive attention has been paid to the concepts of ‘user,’ ‘participant,’ ‘reader,’ ‘university,’ and ‘student.’ It was established that in the context of the modern approach, the concept of ‘reader’ is mainly defined as ‘user,’ and various expressions related to this term were also found. In general, definitions related to the user vary in form and expression. It is important for academic libraries to get to know their readers better and, accordingly, to serve them based on modern standards, especially by developing this topic from the users' point of view. It is believed that the results obtained can provide valuable information about the concept and perspectives of users in higher education libraries in Azerbaijan.

SHADOW ECONOMY OF UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW: INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS, RISKS, AND MECHANISMS OF COUNTERACTION

Vladyslav Pustovar — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the complex phenomenon of Ukraine’s shadow economy under martial law, a period in which the scale of informal activity increases sharply due to infrastructure destruction, declining institutional capacity, and deep societal uncertainty. The aim of the study is to analyse the structural features of shadowing during wartime, identify the key factors contributing to its expansion, and assess the impact of the shadow sector on Ukraine’s economic and national security. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of economic behaviour among actors who are forced to adapt to extreme conditions, thereby altering the nature of their interaction with state institutions. The methodological framework combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, including the analysis of statistical data, econometric modelling, content analysis of legal acts, comparative studies of countries that have experienced armed conflict, and an interdisciplinary approach integrating political economy, institutionalism, and theories of economic security. This methodological design enables a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional nature of shadowing under wartime conditions. The article identifies the main drivers of shadow economy growth, including the sharp decline in state control, disruption of logistical chains, commodity shortages, increased reliance on cash transactions, migration processes, and institutional destabilisation. It is shown that informal employment, tax evasion, smuggling, corruption markets, and shadow logistics significantly expand their presence as a result of transformed economic incentives and heightened risks in the formal sector. The findings demonstrate that the shadow economy has become one of the central factors undermining the state’s economic resilience, as it erodes budgetary stability, impedes effective financial planning, exacerbates social inequality, and destabilises the labour market. Shadowing also reduces investment attractiveness, distorts competition for small and medium-sized enterprises, and creates a favourable environment for criminal networks that pose direct threats to national security. The paper argues that effective counteraction to shadowing is possible only through strengthening the institutional capacity of the state, digitalising control mechanisms, modernising the tax system, implementing risk-based approaches to monitoring financial operations, and enhancing cooperation between the state, business, and civil society. International partners play an important role by supporting the modernisation of supervisory institutions and the introduction of technological solutions. The conclusion emphasises that, in wartime, the shadow economy functions not only as an economic challenge but also as a systemic indicator of state resilience, its ability to uphold the rule of law, and its capacity to implement effective policy. Successful de-shadowing is possible only through an integrated combination of institutional, legal, technological, and social strategies aimed at strengthening trust, transparency, and the adaptability of economic governance during wartime and post-war recovery.

ASSESSING THE WESTERN EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY RESPONSE TO AZERBAIJAN’S COUNTERTERRORISM ACTIONS IN KHANKENDI

Elmira Talibzade Sahib — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes Western European reactions to Azerbaijan’s counterterrorism operation in Khankendi on 19–20 September 2023, situating them within the broader transformation of EU foreign policy from normative ideals toward strategic pragmatism. The study argues that Europe’s response was shaped primarily by energy interdependence, regional stability, and the strategic impact of the war in Ukraine, rather than moral or humanitarian considerations. France pursued an ideologically driven, pro-Armenian stance, resulting in diplomatic isolation, while Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom emphasized pragmatic engagement, prioritizing energy security, dialogue with Baku, and regional predictability. EU institutions revealed internal inconsistencies, with declarative rhetoric often lacking operational follow- through, underscoring the limits of the normative power paradigm in peripheral regions. The Khankendi case illustrates the consolidation of realism as the guiding principle in European policy toward the South Caucasus. For Azerbaijan, this shift reinforced its sovereignty, strategic role, and capacity to act as a stabilizing actor in the post- conflict region, highlighting the growing recognition of its importance in Europe’s energy and security architecture.

THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF PROFESSIONAL RESILIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL RESILIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ACTIVITY IN EXTREME CONDITIONS

Volodymyr Koss — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the concept and essence of professional resilience in psychology as a key factor in the effective functioning of specialists under challenging, stress-inducing, and extreme working conditions. Professional resilience is defined as an integral psychological characteristic of an individual, encompassing emotional stability, adaptability, internal motivation, self-regulation, and the ability to overcome difficulties. Particular attention is given to the manifestation of professional resilience among security and defense personnel, emergency responders, medical workers, and crisis service professionals. The psychological mechanisms of maintaining resilience in critical situations are discussed, including the role of coping strategies, social support, professional identity, and psychological readiness. The article also summarizes approaches to diagnosing and developing professional resilience in extreme occupational activities. It is intended for researchers, practicing psychologists, and specialists operating in high-risk professional environments.

THE IMPACT OF PRESERVING ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS ON FAMILY BEHAVIORAL NORMS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE IN AZERBAIJANI FAMILIES

Mammadova Gunay — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The family is the most important foundation of society and its further existence. It has an exceptional role in raising the cultural level of social life and in its development. Customs and ethnic characteristics are essential for shaping family relations and daily life. Therefore, the study of the ethnic characteristics of people is considered one of the most significant issues in the social sciences. The Azerbaijani people hold the family as sacred, believing that the nation's spirit and spirituality reside within each family's life, ensuring the transmission of traditions and ethnic characteristics from generation to generation. Every nation possesses its unique ethnic characteristics and traditions. These play a crucial role in the establishment and formation of the family unit. When a girl is chosen to start a family, attention is paid not only to the girl herself but, crucially, to her lineage. The proverb, "Look at her mother, get her daughter" has become a significant selection criterion. Ethnic characteristics and loyalty to traditions are also reflected in the daily life of the family. Another prominent issue that attracts attention when forming a family is the age difference between partners. This holds a great socio-psychological meaning. A specific age of marriage, refined over centuries, has been formed. Girls marrying a boy older than themselves (girls mature both physiologically and psychologically faster than boys) was valued as the strength of the family. The archetype of “children” has a special meaning in Azerbaijani families. “May you see your children’s goodness!”– This is a great blessing in the Azerbaijani sense. The stability of the Azerbaijani families and the lower divorce rates compared to other nations are related to the attitude towards children. Special attention is paid to the upbringing of girls and her dignified, modest, and self-respected behavior. Within the family, girls are taught to behave like “little ladies.” Conversely, the basis of family upbringing for boys is instilling them with masculine qualities. In the Azerbaijani family, loyalty, trust, friendship, and confidentiality have always been highly valued. When women and mothers educate their children and prepare them for future social life by teaching them the moral norms and rules of behavior in society. In short, when giving advice, they have an important role and responsibility to turn to ethnic materials and traditions and use them appropriately.

CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPRIVATION

Gulnara Rizayeva Sadykh — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the psychological and social consequences of emotional deprivation in early childhood, emphasizing its impact on personality development, attachment patterns, and emotional regulation. Emotional attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping a child’s sense of security and social competence. When attachment is disrupted due to parental neglect, institutional care, long-term hospitalization, or repeated separations, children experience psychological deprivation that manifests in cognitive delays, emotional withdrawal, and impaired social functioning. The study identifies several behavioral patterns among deprived children – hyperactive social types, social provocateurs, withdrawn (depressed) types, and those who substitute emotional needs through alternative behaviors. Drawing on the works of Anna Freud, Sophie Dann, and Mary Ainsworth, the paper argues that the intensity and duration of deprivation determine its reversibility. Short-term deprivation may be corrected through consistent care and emotional engagement, whereas prolonged deprivation during the first three years of life leads to irreversible developmental deficits. The findings highlight the irreplaceable role of stable emotional relationships and family-based care in preventing long-term psychological harm. Effective rehabilitation requires not only meeting children’s physical needs but also ensuring continuous affection, attention, and social interaction that foster trust, empathy, and resilience.

EMBODIED-MEANING INTEGRATION AND THE DYNAMICS OF MEANING FIELDS IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL AFTER COMBAT EXPERIENCE: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF WORLDVIEW RECONFIGURATION

Yevheniia Zhuravel — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article substantiates an integrative theoretical model of embodied-meaning integration and the dynamics of meaning fields in the consciousness of military personnel after combat experience, conceptualized as a holistic process of reconstructing the internal worldview. The methodology includes theoretical-analytical, comparative-conceptual, and structural-functional approaches, as well as theoretical and visual modelling. The results demonstrate that meaning transformation unfolds across five key levels – embodied-somatic, cognitive- narrative, moral-value, social-identity, and existential – forming a coherent system of reorganization. The proposed structural and flow models describe both the architectonics of meaning and the mechanisms of its integration following war-related extreme events. It is concluded that the meaning dynamics of military consciousness is multilayered and can serve as a foundation for developing psychocorrectional programs focused on embodied-meaning integration during veterans’ post-war reintegration.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GERMAN LEXICON ACCORDING TO PARTS OF SPEECH: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, AND PEDAGOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Khuraman Asgarova Salim — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the classification of the German lexicon according to parts of speech from structural, semantic, and pedagogical perspectives. It provides an overview of how the German language organizes its vocabulary into grammatical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and particles. Each category is analyzed in terms of its morphological features, syntactic roles, and semantic functions, revealing how linguistic form and meaning interact within the system of the German language. The research argues that the division of words into grammatical classes is not only a grammatical phenomenon but also a cognitive and communicative process that reflects how speakers conceptualize the world through language. It emphasizes the dynamic nature of the German lexicon, where new words emerge through derivation, composition, and borrowing, and where traditional boundaries between categories may shift depending on context and usage. Methodologically, the paper combines descriptive and comparative approaches that connect classical grammatical theory with modern perspectives from morphology and lexical semantics. It also highlights the pedagogical importance of understanding word classes in the teaching and learning of German as a foreign language, demonstrating that awareness of grammatical categories strengthens both vocabulary development and communicative competence. The study presents the German lexicon as a living, evolving system in which structure, meaning, and function are closely interrelated, and where analysis and synthesis methods were applied to ensure a comprehensive linguistic interpretation.

CONTEMPORARY AZERBAIJANI–GEORGIAN LITERARY RELATIONS: LEILA ERADZE AND DILARA ALIYEVA

Mushvig Chobanov — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Beginning from the mid-twentieth century, the literary friendship between Azerbaijan and Georgia – particularly in the field of poetry – entered a new stage within the framework of comparative literary studies. There were, evidently, certain factors that gave rise to this development. Above all, the popularity of Samed Vurgun among Georgian poets and writers, his frequent visits to Georgia, his reputation across the Soviet Union, and the active participation of Azerbaijani poets and writers living in Georgia all contributed to the intensification of these literary ties. Within the scholarly sphere, this cooperation reached a new phase through the interaction between the Georgian literary scholar Leila Eradze and the Azerbaijani literary scholar Dilara Aliyeva. The poet, translator, and literary critic Leila Eradze became one of the most dedicated translators of Azerbaijani literature into Georgian. Dilara Aliyeva, for her part, not only studied the Georgian version of the Koroghlu epic but also actively promoted Azerbaijani–Georgian literary friendship. She rendered invaluable services in translating Azerbaijani literature into Georgian. During the 1970s and 1980s, Leila Eradze was well known in the Azerbaijani literary community. She was awarded the honorary title of Honored Worker of Culture of Azerbaijan. Eradze actively participated in numerous cultural and literary events held in Azerbaijan and made special efforts to strengthen and expand the cultural and literary relations between the two neighboring and friendly peoples. She translated and published into Georgian the poetry collections of prominent Azerbaijani poets such as Samed Vurgun, Suleyman Rustam, Nabi Khazri, Nariman Hasan-zade, Jabir Novruz, and Isa Ismayilzade. Leila Eradze also translated into Georgian a number of prose works by Azerbaijani writers, including Mirza Ibrahimov’s Parvane, Ismayil Shykhly’s Mad Kura, Ilyas Afandiyev’s The Willow Trench, and Hasan Seyidbeyli’s The Telephone Girl, as well as collections of short stories by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Isa Huseynov, and Alaviya Babayeva, thus introducing them to Georgian readers.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND CULTURAL MEMORY IN POSTCOLONIAL BRITISH LITERATURE

Ilaha Guliyeva Nuraddin — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the transformation of the concepts of national identity and cultural memory in British literature during the postcolonial period. Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, alongside the collapse of the British Empire, the notion of Britishness began to be redefined. The inclusion of diverse ethnic and cultural groups within the literary space transformed national identity into a more multifaceted, dynamic, and memory-based construct. The study offers a comparative analysis of postcolonial theories (E. Said, S. Hall, H. Bhabha) and the role of folklore and collective memory in the preservation of national identity (M. Kazimoglu-Imanov, B. Anderson). Analyses of the works of writers such as Salman Rushdie, V. S. Naipaul, and Zadie Smith reveal that postcolonial British literature presents national identity not as a fixed category, but as a dynamic process reconstructed through memory, language, and cultural experience.