Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

THE ROLE OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2025-07-10T05:24:26+00:00

Since the late 20th century, organisational culture has attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide, becoming a key subject of academic inquiry. In the context of higher education, organisational culture has been shown to exert a significant influence on institutional development and workplace dynamics. A comprehensive grasp of this concept empowers university administration to cultivate a professional environment conducive to the success of faculty and staff. The present study explores theoretical perspectives on organisational culture and examines the views of academic staff across various countries regarding key aspects of institutional culture. A particular focus is placed on faculty self-assessments of their perceived appreciation by both university management and students. The research methodology encompasses an analysis of scientific literature and a survey of teaching staff with regard to organisational culture in higher education. The analysis of data involves the utilisation of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, hypothesis testing through the implementation of t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation analysis. The findings provide insights into the core values upheld by higher education institutions from the organisational culture perspective, offering a deeper understanding of faculty experiences and institutional practices.

REDUCING ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT CARBONISATION LEVEL AND PROBLEMS OF "GREEN FINANCING" BY COMMERCIAL BANKS IN LATVIA

2025-07-10T05:24:25+00:00

In this article, the authors shall conduct a study of the impact of road freight transport on air pollution. The objective of the present study is twofold. Firstly, it seeks to reduce carbon emissions from road freight transport in Latvia. Secondly, it aims to encourage Latvian commercial banks to offer "green financing". In the course of the study, the following hypotheses were proposed by the authors: there is a correlation between the volume of investments in environmental protection and the EURIBOR interest rate; environmental pollution is dependent on the EURIBOR interest rate. The authors have demonstrated that 74% of the Latvian truck fleet has a high level of wear and tear, which shall lead to an increase in CO2 air pollution. This could be a potential avenue for the "green financing" facilitated by commercial banks. However, the commercial banks have declined to provide financing for "green projects" due to the perceived instability of the regulatory framework and the associated political risks. Consequently, "green financing" has been classified within the "high risk" category, which, in turn, necessitates the implementation of higher interest rates. In the context of the instability of business activity in the field of road freight transport, the risk of non-repayment of borrowed funds is increased. The following methodologies were employed in conducting the study: firstly, an empirical approach was adopted in the form of a modified group discussion, with the accompanying literature study constituting the initial phase of triangulation as a study strategy. This has enabled the formulation of hypotheses. In the subsequent phase of the triangulation process, a quantitative preliminary study of statistical indicators has been conducted. The indicators encompass the volume of road freight transport, air pollution, the service life of the truck fleet, the volume of environmental financing and the EURIBOR interest rate. The primary objective of the quantitative preliminary and main study has been the empirical collection of reproducible data. The present study employs a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach for the purpose of testing the hypotheses that have been proposed. The objective of this procedure has been to investigate cause-and-effect relationships.

LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY BUREAU AS AN AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE STATE

2025-07-10T05:24:25+00:00

At the present stage, it is extremely important to ensure the economic security of the country, and this is what prompted the creation of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine, which has undergone a complex development process over the years of its existence. The issue of ensuring Ukraine's economic security has become particularly relevant in connection with the ongoing military aggression and the introduction of martial law. The war creates new threats to the economic stability of the state, including physical destruction of infrastructure, a shortage of skilled labour, risks to food security, and challenges to the functioning of the national economy in conditions of ongoing military action. Under these circumstances, international support and the search for ways to adapt to new challenges in order to protect Ukraine's economic interests are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal basis and prerequisites for the creation of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine, analyse its activities and prospects for development at the present stage, and assess the future challenges and prospects that may arise for this body, which ensures the financial security of the state, given the macro and meso conditions of the current geopolitical situation. The analysis of the legal basis for the creation and functioning of the Economic Security Bureau as a body ensuring the financial security of the state was carried out through the analysis of a number of regulatory and legal acts and laws. For the purposes of the study, the authors used content analysis of legal scientific literature and statistical data on the activities of the ESB. The study analysed the prerequisites and stages of the creation of the ESB, the functional interaction of the ESB with other state bodies as an institution ensuring the financial security of the state, and analytical indicators of the ESB's activities in the state for 2023-2024. The authors paid particular attention to identifying the problems and challenges that arise in the activities of the ESB in the current conditions. This scientific study has identified a system of interaction between the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine and other state authorities. This finding is based on the results of a review and analysis of both legislative acts and subordinate regulatory documents. Based on the analysis conducted, it can be argued that the ESB is an important element of the system for protecting the economic interests of the state. However, despite the positive indicators in its work, this body, in the author understanding, faces a number of future challenges that require attention and effective solutions right now. In particular, these challenges include: staff shortages; insufficient employee qualifications; inefficient functioning; lack of adequate funding for the ESB's activities; imperfect implementation of analytical functions; lack of a network of territorial divisions; lack of tools for criminal prosecution of persons supplying raw materials from Russia; uncertainty regarding the ESB's interaction with taxpayers for the purpose of verifying information outside the scope of criminal proceedings; resistance from businesses and the public. To ensure its success, the ESB needs to strengthen its analytical capabilities, develop international co-operation and minimise corruption risks. Despite these challenges, the ESB has significant potential to ensure Ukraine's economic security.

THE LEGAL REGIME OF BUDGETARY FUNDS: BALANCING EFFICIENT USE AND CONTROL

2025-07-10T05:24:25+00:00

The purpose of the paper is to summarise and present the legal, institutional and practical dimensions of balancing efficient use and control of budgetary funds in Ukraine. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to identify the current challenges in the implementation of the efficiency principle in public spending, and secondly, to draw comparative insights from the practices of the European Union and the United States. Methodology. The research employs a comparative legal analysis and policy evaluation approach. The study is founded on an examination of Ukrainian legal norms, institutional frameworks, and audit reports, complemented by an overview of foreign models of public finance oversight. A comprehensive analysis was conducted utilising official data from the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine, government regulations, and OECD materials. The objective of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of budgetary governance and control mechanisms. Results. The findings indicate that, despite the formal incorporation of the efficiency principle into Ukrainian legislation and the existence of designated oversight bodies, significant gaps remain in practice. It has been observed that a number of issues are frequently encountered, including, but not limited to, inefficient spending, unutilised budget allocations, and a paucity of implementation of audit recommendations. In contrast, the EU and U.S. models demonstrate that effectiveness can be achieved through performance-based budgeting, transparent accountability, and institutionalised audit systems with follow-up mechanisms. Practical implications. The document presents a series of policy recommendations designed to enhance the management of Ukraine's budget, including the reinforcement of internal control systems, the implementation of real-time monitoring tools, the alignment of evaluation methodologies with international standards, and the cultivation of a culture of results-oriented governance. It is also emphasised that efforts must be made to enhance the institutional capacity of financial control bodies, and that measures must be implemented to ensure the enforceability of their findings. Value / Originality. This study makes a contribution to the development of a conceptual framework for balancing efficiency and accountability in public finance. The text provides practical insights into the improvement of legal and administrative arrangements for the use of budgetary funds in transitional and conflict-affected economies, such as Ukraine.

CRIMINAL COMPLIANCE AS A MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND UKRAINE

2025-07-10T05:24:25+00:00

The present article explores the function of criminal compliance as a legal and institutional mechanism for improving the investment climate, through a comparative analysis of criminal procedural frameworks in Ukraine and the United States. The study critically examines how differences in procedural statuses, particularly the presence of a formally defined "suspect" status in Ukraine and its absence in the U.S., affect legal certainty, fairness of proceedings, and overall investor confidence. Shaped by civil law traditions, the Ukrainian criminal process defines clear stages, such as "suspect", "charged" and "convicted", with distinct legal rights and obligations at each procedural point. By contrast, the US common law system does not recognise a formal "suspect" status. This divergence has critical implications for compliance practices. The US legal environment has developed a robust system of criminal compliance, based on early procedural safeguards such as Miranda rights, the exclusionary rule and due process protections under the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments. These safeguards reinforce accountability among law enforcement agencies and protect individuals' rights during pre-trial procedures. The administrative framework that underpins criminal processes is supported by strong and consistent legislative measures, with its foundations firmly rooted in the historical development of common law. This regime functions to provide predictability and consistency in the regulatory process, even before matters reach criminal jurisdiction. It also allows regulatory agencies to align their procedural enforcement activity with the areas of criminal jurisdiction that may arise earlier in the administrative enforcement process. Furthermore, tools such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, and OFAC regulations have led to the institutionalisation of corporate criminal liability and the incentivisation of internal compliance programmes as a means of avoiding legal exposure. These mechanisms contribute to transparent and predictable legal practices and play a key role in maintaining the country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment. In contrast, Ukraine's legal system, while increasingly aligned with European Union standards, still lacks a comprehensive and enforceable framework for criminal compliance, especially within law enforcement and public administration. Despite the legal establishment of procedural rights, their practical enforcement is hindered by legal uncertainty, inconsistent judicial practice, and occasional procedural overreach. These issues have the potential to compromise investor confidence, particularly among international firms that are apprehensive about exposure to corruption, arbitrary enforcement, and reputational risks. The article also evaluates the relevance of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), adopted in 2024, which imposes a legal duty on large companies to implement human rights and environmental due diligence across their operations and supply chains. Whilst the CSDDD is chiefly focused on the civil and commercial sectors, its implications for criminal law are extensive, particularly in terms of reinforcing risk-based internal governance and compliance standards. For Ukraine, aligning with CSDDD principles has the potential to act as a catalyst for more profound criminal justice reform, particularly by institutionalising preventive measures, fortifying procedural rights, and introducing internal compliance obligations within public and corporate structures. The article ultimately contends that the integration of CSDDD standards with the optimal practices of U.S. criminal compliance has the potential to substantially enhance Ukraine's legal infrastructure. The implementation of such reforms would engender legal certainty, reduce systemic risks, and foster a more predictable and transparent legal environment. Consequently, this would result in an improvement in the investment climate and provide support for the broader objectives of economic modernisation and European integration.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC-SECURITY ASPECTS OF PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THEIR INTERESTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF MARTIAL STATE

2025-07-10T05:24:24+00:00

This article identifies the key features of international legal and economic support for protecting children’s rights and interests under martial law. This is achieved by: determining the features of the legal regime of martial law that influence the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms in the state; outlining international legal standards for protecting children and their interests; and examining the economic and legal means of safeguarding children’s rights in Ukraine during a special period. The present study was conducted utilising a combination of general and special scientific cognition methods. The method of comparison was utilised in order to identify status rights during the period of the legal regime of martial law. The application of analytical methods enabled the identification of the quantitative and qualitative parameters that characterise the specifics of implementing certain measures at both the international and national levels for the protection of children's rights within the legal regime of martial law. The findings of the study have demonstrated that the implementation of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine has precipitated directional changes to various types of social relations, which are objectively necessary for ensuring the state's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and overall existence. Concurrently, there are restrictions on some children's rights and an increased risk of violations and inadequate safeguards. In the context of martial law, economic support measures have been employed as a means of ensuring the rights of children are upheld. These measures encompass the allocation of financial assistance to children in the form of monetary payments, as well as the fulfilment of specific needs, which are met through the utilisation of state budgetary resources or through contributions from relevant specialised organisations, charitable foundations, and civil society institutions. Conclusion. The following proposals are hereby made: firstly, to deepen the involvement of such institutions in solving children's rights issues in the Ukrainian state through the activities of permanent observers monitoring the observance of children's rights in the territory recognised by international norms as the territory of Ukraine; and secondly, to implement a register of children who, as a result of martial law, require ongoing additional financial support (for the subsequent distribution of charitable aid to prevent speculation in this area).

RECRIMINALISATION OF SMUGGLING IN THE SYSTEM OF COMBATING ECONOMIC CRIMES: ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LAW

2025-07-24T11:15:23+00:00

The practice of smuggling, as a manifestation of the shadow economy, has historically been regarded as a significant threat to national security. This is due to the fact that it has the capacity to undermine fiscal stability, legitimate competition, and institutional trust. Recent amendments to Ukrainian criminal legislation, which have resulted in the reclassification of commodity smuggling as a criminal offence, underscore the necessity for a methodical and scientific examination of the subject under investigation. Studying the issue of the recriminalisation of smuggling is important for improving criminal legislation and for developing effective state policies in the field of economic security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the criminal law aspects of the recriminalisation of smuggling as part of the system for combating economic crime. This analysis will take into account modern challenges, changes in Ukrainian legislation and international experience. The objective of the study is to ascertain the most effective methods of regulatory enhancement, harmonisation of administrative and criminal liability, and the assurance of effective law enforcement in the field of combating smuggling in the context of European integration. The research methodology consists of such methods as: formal-legal, comparative-legal, policy analysis method, empirical method and synthesis method. The article provides a criminal law analysis of the phenomenon of the recriminalisation of smuggling within the modern Ukrainian system for combatting economic crime. It considers the reasons, consequences and merits of reintroducing criminal liability for certain smuggling activities, particularly those involving goods not subject to excise duty or prohibited items. The national legal framework is analysed, as are the positions of domestic and international experts, and the comparative legal experience of other countries. A meticulous examination is conducted to ascertain the prospective hazards and favourable elements of this methodology with respect to safeguarding the economic stability of the state. The text goes on to outline interdisciplinary approaches to the problem, and determine which approaches are relevant for the formation of a balanced and effective system for combating economic crime.

SETTLEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NON-STATE SOCIAL SERVICES UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF CERTAIN FOREIGN STATES: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

2025-07-24T11:15:23+00:00

In the context of the present conditions of wartime, decentralisation and Ukraine's approximation to the standards of the European Union, the issue of payments for social services provided by non-state structures is becoming critical. The positive experience of foreign countries demonstrates that the introduction of contracting models, voucher systems, indicative budgeting, and outsourcing of social functions significantly increases the efficiency of social protection, allowing the state to focus on strategic management, and non-governmental organisations to focus on the direct provision of services. In view of this, there is a need to conduct an in-depth analysis of such models in the international legal field, in particular in the legislation of the EU countries, African and Latin American states, and to identify universal and contextual payment mechanisms, as well as to determine their applicability to the national legislation of Ukraine. The objective of the present study is a thoroughgoing analysis of the economic and legal mechanisms for making payments in the field of social services provided by non-state providers in certain foreign countries, with a view to identifying effective models of financing, legal regulation and quality control of services that can be adapted to the Ukrainian context. The research methodology consists of the following methods: the comparative legal method, the analysis of regulatory and legal sources, the system-structural method, the method of analogies and extrapolation, and the case study method. The study analysed the economic and legal aspects of payments in the field of social services provided by non-state providers in certain foreign countries. The author conducts an analysis of models of legal regulation of relations between the state and non-state organisations that perform social functions, as well as financial mechanisms for reimbursement of the cost of services or compensation, in particular through social orders, grant financing, subventions and voucher systems. The study is based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts of the European Union countries, as well as individual states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, which vary in terms of economic development and the degree of institutional capacity of the state. This text focuses on the mechanisms of contracting services, cost-effectiveness assessment, principles of transparency, accountability and social orientation of budget financing. The authors undertake a comparative legal analysis of the applied calculation models, determining their advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of adaptation in Ukrainian conditions. In undertaking this analysis, the authors take into account the current reforms in the field of decentralisation, social protection, as well as the desire for integration into the EU legal space. Consequently, conceptual proposals have been formulated for the enhancement of Ukraine's national legislation pertaining to the financing of non-state providers of social services. These proposals are founded upon the principles of economic feasibility, legal certainty, transparency of procedures, and effectiveness.

THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA ON THE CHOICE OF MILITARY ALTERNATIVES FOR UKRAINE’S DEFENСE CAPABILITY

2025-07-24T11:15:23+00:00

The purpose of this article is to present a study that demonstrates that the selection of weaponry and its subsequent production in Ukraine are predominantly influenced by the presence of intellectual capital within the military environment and the defence industry. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is modern methods of applying intellectual capital, which ensures the full-fledged defense capability of the state. Prior to the war, Ukraine's adherence to a distinct doctrine resulted in adverse consequences. Ukraine demonstrated a high level of confidence in its ability to halt the advance of its adversary. The opposing force initiated hostilities with a surprise attack. As time passed, the situation underwent a series of changes, leading to significant losses in manpower and military equipment for Russia. These losses were initially attributed to the rise of patriotism among the Ukrainian population, but this was subsequently addressed by the actions of destructive forces that the authorities initially failed to address. Results. According to the constructed multiple regression model, Ukraine's main weapons in January 2025 were tanks, armoured vehicles, and UAVs. The daily destruction of enemy targets, missiles and Russian UAVs had little impact on front-line battles and was aimed at defensive objectives. It is evident that the war in Ukraine is of a more defensive nature. The realisation of victory is possible through a significant augmentation of human capital within the military sphere, in addition to the receipt of assistance from partners in the modernisation of weaponry and the intellectual vision. This will facilitate the mobilisation of patriotic forces for the purpose of purging the army and government of short-sighted, inhibitive forces and total corruption. Practical implications. However, it is important to note that the war is a consequence of air, soil and water pollution. The war has had a significant impact on the environment, particularly with regard to carbon dioxide emissions, thereby limiting the available options for selecting alternative environmental measures. The present study investigates the restoration process through the creation of a Kohonen neural network and the subsequent application of the practical results thereof. Value / Originality. In light of the findings of this study, it is imperative for Ukraine to ascertain effective strategies for the accumulation and utilisation of its intellectual potential in order to achieve a competitive military position. In order to accomplish this objective, it is imperative to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the macroeconomic landscape of the primary countries that exert a significant influence on the defence capabilities of nations. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the intellectual capital indicators that characterise it leads to determining the significance and improving the economic performance of changes in funding for intellectual capital components. The primary challenge inherent in this approach to identifying alternative funding solutions pertains to the selection of appropriate indicators. The environment was adversely affected by elevated levels of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The Kohonen clustering neural network makes it possible to predict the funds for environmental restoration by clusters (1=alert, 2=restrained, 3=promising).

AN INVESTIGATION INTO FIRM PERFORMANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE BALTIC STATES

2025-07-24T11:15:22+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted economic activity globally. Local restriction as well as restrictions imposed by trading partners led to job losses and firms in certain industries being affected disproportionally. The three Baltic states were affected slightly later than their bigger counterparts. Against this background, the study analyzed factors pertaining to firm performance in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during COVID-19 based on enterprise survey data from the World Bank. Cross sectional regressions are estimated to identify factors that potentially could help determine why firms in certain industries and certain countries were more prone to job losses than others. Classic microeconomic factors, e.g., changes in sales, played a critical role in the performance of the firms during the pandemic – specifically relating to the number of full-time employees. Bigger firms were more likely to preserve jobs, as well as firms that adjusted salaries and other benefits received by employees. Firms in a better position to function on-line also preserved more jobs. The disaggregation of the country samples into different industries provides evidence that industry composition and other context-specific factors play a key role in explaining firm performance at industry/sector level. Various interactive dummy specifications to cater for the gender dimension, local ownership and export involvement yielded heterogeneous results. From a macro perspective, Lithuania’s economic climate during a growth phase provided more support to firms as well as government support in terms of wage subsidies. position the business cycle the general. Even though pandemics of this nature do not occur regularly, specific factors found to be statistically significant in the empirical study could provide guidelines on how to preserve job opportunities during periods of global downturn in general.

ARTIFICIAL SOCIALITY AS A CONCEPT AND TECHNOLOGY

2025-07-24T11:15:22+00:00

The notion of artificial sociality occupies an emerging but still underdeveloped niche at the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), social theory, and research on human-technology interaction. In contrast to traditional approaches focusing on the cognitive capabilities of AI, artificial sociality focuses on the modeling, reproduction, and transformation of social norms, roles, and forms of behavior within artificial agents and socio-technical systems. The aim of the article is to identify the essence and features of the phenomenon of artificial sociality as a new concept and technology, to determine its impact on social processes and the economy. The methodology of the article on artificial sociality is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes the analysis of scientific literature, identification of key research areas, and assessment of the impact of technology on social processes and economy. The article discusses artificial sociality as a conceptual framework and as a technological practice. It describes its theoretical foundations, dating back to sociology, cybernetics, and AI ethics, and analyses current implementation examples, from social robots and voice assistants to collective digital platforms. Based on bibliometric analysis, the topic's marginalization is emphasized compared to the dominant discourse focusing on the cognitive aspects of AI. Furthermore, the cultural and disciplinary contexts influencing the development of artificial sociality in different countries are discussed. The authors argue that artificial sociality requires a more integrative and reflexive approach – not only as a technological vector but also as a critical perspective on the role of machines in social life.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL ACTIVITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2025-07-24T11:15:22+00:00

The article analyzes general requirements for information and analytical activity in public administration. It is proved that the list of modern requirements for information and analytical activity in public administration should include the following: 1) compliance with the principles of public administration; 2) compliance with the rules of logic; 3) the use of scientific methodology; 4) the use of methods of working with information; 5) involvement in information and analytical activities of persons with the appropriate level of professionalism and credentials. In particular, compliance with the principles of public administration implies adherence to the rule of law, legality, openness, transparency, efficiency, etc. Applying the rules of logic includes meeting the requirements of thinking forms and following the laws of straight thinking (correct formulation of statements, correct derivation of deduction, induction, analogy, etc.). Compliance with scientific methodology requirements means that the information employed in information and analytical activities is processed through cognitive methods (general, general scientific, and special methods of cognition). The use of methods for working with information manifests itself in compliance with the requirements of methods for: 1) ensuring the quality of information (its relevance, adequacy, objectivity, unambiguity, usefulness, timeliness, etc.); 2) ensuring the completeness of information (its sufficiency, volume, etc.); 3) ensuring the practical significance of the findings of information and analytical activities. Involvement in information and analytical activities of persons who have the appropriate level of professionalism (expertise in management, legal regulation, information, and public administration) and aptitude (the presence of such properties as good memory, perseverance, a tendency to analytical thinking, etc.). The author concludes that all these requirements contribute to increasing the effectiveness of information and analytical activities in public authorities, and at the same time, to improving all types of public administration activities in Ukraine.

THE ANALOGY OF STATUTE AND THE ANALOGY OF LAW AS DOCTRINAL INSTRUMENTS FOR LEGAL RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

2025-07-24T11:15:21+00:00

Ukraine's contemporary legal system is undergoing a period of significant transformation, which necessitates not only a robust and stable legal framework, but also a flexible doctrinal apparatus. This is especially relevant in the face of economic challenges caused by global crises, war, sanctions, rapid digitalisation and the emergence of new forms of economic activity. The analogy of statute (analogy legis) and the analogy of law (analogy iuris) hold a distinct place among the tools for overcoming legal gaps in the economic sphere. In the context of the global trend of expanding the scope of judicial discretion, the question of the admissibility and methodology of analogies is becoming increasingly critical. The challenges confronting Ukraine require the creation of a high-quality regulatory framework and the development of new conceptual approaches aimed at ensuring systemic and structural improvement of the legal system. In this process, doctrinal instruments such as the analogy of statute and the analogy of law play a crucial role, particularly under conditions of economic transformation. The article examines the analogy of statute and analogy of law as key doctrinal instruments capable of providing an effective legal response to the latest economic challenges. It examines the use of analogy in the legal regulation of situations arising from economic instability, market digitalisation, the introduction of financial innovations, and the increasing complexity of business behavior. The author demonstrates the appropriateness of using analogy to fill legal gaps, especially in the context of novel or atypical economic circumstances. This research focuses on the legal nature of the analogy of statute and the analogy of law as doctrinal tools for overcoming legal gaps. The author provides a reasoned argument in support of their significance and outlines specific proposals for their proper application within legal regulation. The relevance of the topic is determined by two factors. Firstly, there is a need for theoretical development in this field. Secondly, there is a practical interest in identifying and proposing specific legal measures. These measures are intended to ensure that legal entities comply with the rules of application of analogy of statute and analogy of law in legal regulation. The subject. The subject matter of this study is the concept of analogy of statute and analogy of law, which includes the definition of its concept, essence, place in the system of law, correlation with related legal categories, legal and technical bases and limits of application. The research also explores the admissibility limits of applying legal analogy and presents various scholarly approaches to the definition of legal gaps. Methodology. The methodological foundation of this research is the general scientific dialectical method of cognition. This approach made it possible to examine the object of study in its historical variability, to explore diverse scholarly perspectives on the subject matter, and to analyse the practical application of analogies in legal contexts. To achieve the objectives set in this study, universal scientific methods were employed. The formal-logical method was used to formulate the concept of the analogy of law, as well as the legal and technical rationale for its application. The employment of the systemic-structural method facilitated the delineation of the institute of analogy's position within the legal system. Moreover, the study involved the use of specialised legal methods, including the comparative legal method, which enabled the examination of forms of analogy applied in different legal systems, and the method of systematic interpretation, which contributed to identifying the specific features of applying analogy to particular legal relations. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to clarify the nature of analogy of statute and analogy of law as doctrinal tools for addressing legal gaps; and secondly, to identify the current risks and challenges associated with the use of analogies. The results. The conclusions are of particular significance insofar as they establish a comprehensive perspective on the content of analogy of law and its function as a doctrinal instrument for addressing lacunae within the legal system. Furthermore, they determine the role of analogy of law within the broader framework of law and legal technique. In addition to this, the conclusions identify contemporary challenges related to the utilisation of analogy. The results of the study provide a foundation for further research into the methods by which to bridge the identified gaps. Conclusion. In the field of legal science, the terms "analogy of statute" and "analogy of law" are collectively referred to as "legal analogies". The relationship between analogy of statute and analogy of law is not a purely theoretical issue. A correct understanding of these doctrinal tools is essential for making lawful and well-reasoned decisions in cases where a legal gap exists. This study has demonstrated that, under modern conditions, the presence of gaps in legislation is an inherent characteristic of law itself. The analogy of statute and the analogy of law should therefore be regarded as doctrinal instruments for overcoming such gaps within the legal system. However, the views of contemporary Ukrainian scholars on the definition of the term "legal gaps" remain diverse. The utilisation of legal analogy as a method of addressing legal lacunae incorporates a degree of creativity, whilst simultaneously ensuring that law enforcement does not evolve into rulemaking.

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE VEGETABLE MARKET UNDER CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC REGIONALISATION

2025-07-24T11:15:21+00:00

The objective of the present study is to analyse the trends and prospects for the development of the vegetable market of Ukraine in the context of regionalisation of the economy. In particular, the study will seek to identify the main factors that affect the effectiveness of the functioning of this market at the regional level. Methodology. A comprehensive approach was adopted for the research, incorporating theoretical, quantitative, and qualitative methods of analysis. The main methods applied in the study include the following: document and literature analysis (to assess theoretical approaches to economic regionalisation and its impact on the agrarian sector); SWOT analysis (to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the vegetable market in Ukraine in the context of regionalisation, as well as the opportunities and threats arising from changes in economic and environmental conditions); comparative analysis (to compare the state of the vegetable market in different regions of Ukraine and identify specific features and opportunities for local development); regression analysis (to identify the relationship between key economic factors and the results of vegetable market development); sustainability analysis (to examine the impact of internal and external factors on the stability of the vegetable market); case study method (to formulate recommendations and development strategies tailored to the needs of regional markets). The results of the study indicate that regionalisation promotes increased efficiency in vegetable production through regional specialisation, the development of agrifood clusters, and the optimisation of logistical processes. The analysis demonstrated that pivotal factors encompass adaptation to climate change, the integration of innovative agricultural technologies, and the development of organic vegetable production. Nevertheless, the market is confronted with challenges pertaining to infrastructure, access to financing, and inadequate government support. The prospects for development include the following: improved co-operation between producers, the development of regional export strategies, and enhanced product quality, with a view to accessing international markets. Practical implications. The regionalisation of Ukraine's vegetable market has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of local agrifood clusters, thereby reducing logistics costs and improving production efficiency. The implementation of innovative technologies and adaptation to climate change have been demonstrated to increase yields and ensure supply stability. It is anticipated that there will be an enhancement in the competitiveness of Ukrainian vegetables in both domestic and international markets. This will be driven by improvements in product quality and certification. The provision of state support for farmers, in conjunction with the establishment of favourable conditions for the development of organic vegetable production, is of significant importance. Value / Originality. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the trends and prospects of the vegetable market's development in the context of economic regionalisation, which is crucial for the formulation of effective agricultural policies and regional development strategies. The text emphasises the pivotal role of innovative technologies, climate change adaptation, and the development of local agrifood clusters in enhancing production efficiency and the competitiveness of Ukrainian vegetable products in international markets.

DIGITAL MEDIATION TOOLS IN RESOLVING SOCIAL CONFLICTS WITHIN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

2025-07-24T11:15:21+00:00

This study examines the use of digital mediation tools to resolve social conflicts within the public administration system, emphasising their growing importance in the context of the global digital transformation of governance. The research focuses on the integration of online platforms, artificial intelligence technologies and digital communication formats into public governance mechanisms for resolving conflicts. The primary aim of the research is threefold: to assess the effectiveness of digital mediation tools; to determine the level of trust in these mechanisms; and to propose a methodological framework for their evaluation, with a particular focus on the Ukrainian context during wartime recovery and governance decentralisation. In order to achieve these objectives, the authors employed a comprehensive research methodology that includes comparative analysis, content analysis, sociological surveys, and mathematical modelling. The comparative analysis focused on international experiences from countries such as Estonia, Germany, Canada, Singapore, and Ukraine, with a view to identifying best practices in digital mediation implementation. A content analysis of digital platforms was conducted to assess functionality, interactivity, and usability. A sociological survey was conducted, with 200 respondents including public officials, local community members, and mediators. The aim of the survey was to capture perceptions regarding trust, accessibility, and barriers to participation. The development of three key indices was enabled by mathematical modelling: the Index of Digital Mediation Accessibility (IDM), the Index of Digital Mediation Effectiveness (IEM), and the Index of Stakeholder Satisfaction (ISM). Collectively, these indices form a Composite Digital Mediation Index (CEM), the purpose of which is to quantify overall effectiveness. The findings indicate that digital mediation is gaining traction in public administration, facilitating transparent dialogue, broader participation, and efficient conflict resolution processes. In Ukraine, the VzaemoDIA platform and other online consultation tools have become instrumental in fostering civic engagement, particularly in regions affected by conflict or remote communities. The Composite Index calculated in the study indicated an 75% effectiveness rate, with the highest performance recorded in the stakeholder satisfaction component (83%). These results indicate that Ukrainian society is prepared to adopt digital conflict resolution tools, although there is a necessity for consideration of digital inequality, digital literacy, and data security. The study concludes that, although digital mediation cannot replace traditional methods entirely, it is a vital addition to modern governance, particularly in times of crisis. To maximise impact, policy measures should prioritise integration with broader e-governance systems, as well as providing training for public officials and citizens, developing cybersecurity infrastructure, and legally regulating online mediation processes. This study makes a valuable contribution to academic discourse by proposing a replicable evaluation framework and offering insights into Ukraine's distinctive experience of managing digital conflicts during wartime.

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POST-WAR RECOVERY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN UKRAINE'S ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

2025-07-24T11:15:21+00:00

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the role and contribution of universities and students in supporting post-war recovery based on the principles of sustainable development. Methodology. The research employed a survey method, with students from Ukrainian higher education institutions selected as the primary target group of respondents. A total of 151 students from a variety of academic disciplines participated in the survey, which was conducted electronically via Google Forms. The questionnaire comprised 35 questions with the aim of assessing young people's understanding of the fundamental principles of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the roles of universities and students in achieving them. The questionnaire comprised a number of question types, including diagnostic, evaluative, behavioural and motivational questions. The content of the questionnaire encompassed a range of topics, including general principles of sustainable development, economic aspects (innovation, infrastructure, labour, use of natural resources), environmental aspects (ecosystems, water resources, biodiversity, etc.), and social aspects (inequality, gender balance, inclusion). In addition, the questionnaire posed questions related to partnerships and the impact of universities on achieving the SDGs. The methodological framework of the study is based on the Sustainable Development Concept. The article provides substantiating evidence for the hypothesis that this concept can be applied in Ukraine's post-war recovery process. In view of the fact that sustainable development encompasses economic, social, and environmental components, the questionnaire was structured accordingly to reflect each of these dimensions. Results. The article presents the results of an analysis of respondents' answers to questions related to the economic component of sustainable development. The study revealed a reasonably accurate understanding among young people of the internal essence of the Sustainable Development Goals. The majority of respondents demonstrated an adequate understanding of the significance of sustainable development in ensuring national economic growth. While acknowledging the pivotal function of academic institutions in fostering sustainable development, students exhibit a moderate degree of self-awareness concerning their individual contributions to the achievement of the SDGs. Findings. The author suggests that Ukraine’s model of sustainable post-war recovery should be based on the four "R" pillars, including the economy and the higher education system: Relationships, Renovation, Resilience and Revampment. In light of the rapid advancement of digital technologies, the article also suggests integrating digital solutions into the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and strengthening security measures in Ukraine during the post-war period.

ATTRIBUTE FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMER OVERALL SATISFACTION IN HOTEL SERVICES – EXAMPLE OF GEORGIA

2025-07-24T11:15:20+00:00

The present research focuses on measuring service quality and customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. The aim is to identify overall satisfaction with hotel services in Georgia and the factors influencing it. This issue is of particular pertinence, given its impact on both the image of the country as a tourist destination and the prospects for guests returning from their travels with a sense of satisfaction. This is of particular significance for Georgia, which is currently engaged in efforts to consolidate its position within the global tourism market. The study utilised statistical data from official organisations, as well as ratings reflecting the overall satisfaction of guests surveyed using modern technology on the Booking.com portal. Qualitative factors were grouped into 6-7 sub-components impacting satisfaction, which were formulated by sharing the concept of popular models. The research has utilised the results of a survey of confirmed guests in 137 hotels located in the city of Tbilisi and mountain resorts (8,874 respondents). The results were processed using the SPSS statistical software package. A comparative analysis of hotel cluster groups was conducted, which revealed that local hotel brands have competitive strategies, such as their uniqueness, and different customer attitudes towards quality components of different categories of hotels. This was reflected in the high satisfaction with family hotels in this segment, despite their low ratings in certain (predominantly technical) components of quality. It is noteworthy that interest in mountain resort brands is growing; therefore, family hotels, which make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of regional tourism, require support from the state through different approaches, such as raising knowledge of the area and regulatory incentives. It is evident that the limitations imposed by the research have precluded an assessment of the weighted significance of the impact of the indicators – quality factor groups – on the hotel's rating. This is a subject that requires further study.

INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL AID IN POST-CONFLICT RECOVERY: LESSONS FROM GLOBAL PRACTICES FOR DE-OCCUPIED AREAS

2025-07-24T11:15:20+00:00

The article presents a study of theoretical, methodological, and applied approaches to the engagement of international technical assistance (ITA) in post-conflict recovery processes, with a particular focus on its potential application in the reconstruction of de-occupied territories in Ukraine. The paper substantiates the necessity of integrating ITA into the national framework for reconstruction, reintegration, and stabilization under the conditions of martial law and systemic transformation. ITA is conceptualized as a strategic resource that encompasses financial, technical, expert, and institutional support from international donors aimed at the implementation of long-term sustainable development programs. The article provides a structural analysis of the forms of international technical assistance, the mechanisms of its provision, and institutional coordination, particularly in the context of cooperation between governments, intergovernmental organizations, financial institutions, and civil society actors. Key criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of ITA are outlined, along with methods of monitoring, auditing, and risk management. Special attention is paid to transparency and accountability issues in the implementation of technical support projects in countries with post-conflict status. Within the empirical component of the research, international experience in post-conflict recovery and reintegration is examined using the cases of Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Georgia, and Croatia. A comparative analysis of ITA models in these states is carried out, highlighting institutional successes, shortcomings, and adaptable practices relevant to the Ukrainian context. The article emphasizes the importance of leveraging such experience not only for infrastructural reconstruction but also for strengthening public administration, security, the rule of law, and public trust in the reintegration of de-occupied areas. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematic generalization and critical rethinking of foreign experience in international technical assistance within post-conflict recovery, assessed through the lens of its applicability to modern Ukraine. For the first time, a comparative analysis is conducted of ITA models in countries with varying degrees of de-occupation (full, partial, absent), enabling the development of a typology of approaches to stabilization, reintegration, and institutional recovery of liberated territories. Thus, we can observe in the article the following. Subject of the study. This research addresses the conceptual and institutional foundations of international technical assistance (ITA) within the context of post-conflict recovery. It focuses on identifying and analysing mechanisms for the application of ITA in the processes of reconstruction, reintegration, and stabilization of de-occupied territories, with particular emphasis on the Ukrainian case. Methodology. The methodological framework of the study combines comparative analysis, institutional diagnostics, and the examination of selected international case studies. The empirical component relies on the analysis of post-conflict recovery practices in Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Georgia, and Croatia. The study applies qualitative content analysis and institutional comparison, supported by an assessment of aid effectiveness, monitoring instruments, and governance models. Purpose of the Study. The purpose of this research is to critically examine the role of international technical assistance in post-conflict settings and to assess the relevance of global experience to the Ukrainian context. The study aims to propose an analytical framework for integrating ITA into national recovery policy, with particular attention to its potential for enhancing institutional resilience and promoting sustainable reintegration. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that international technical assistance can function as a key component in the recovery and stabilization of territories affected by conflict, provided it is coherently embedded in national strategic planning. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of ITA depends on the alignment between donor approaches and local needs, institutional capacity, and mechanisms of coordination. Based on the comparative analysis, the research develops a typology of ITA application in countries with differing post-conflict trajectories, offering applicable insights for the reconstruction of Ukraine’s de-occupied areas.

FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION IN ECONOMIC CRIME INVESTIGATIONS

2025-07-24T11:15:20+00:00

Despite the extensive digital transformation of the economy, physical documents (typically on a tangible medium such as paper or polymer) remain a significant component of document flows in economic sphere. Accordingly, these documents inevitably play a role in economic crimes, serving as objects or instruments of offenses, carrying traces of criminal activity, or representing unlawful proceeds obtained from such crimes. In economic investigations, such documents constitute valuable evidence that requires thorough examination using specific procedural and forensic tools. Thus, the purpose of the article is to identify and present the means of forensic document examination in economic crime investigations. The study employs a combination of general and specialized scientific methods. Using the formal-legal approach the authors clarify the procedural status of physical documents as evidence under the current Ukrainian criminal procedure legislation. The authors employ a formal-logical approach to differentiate preliminary, expert, and judicial examinations of documents. Through the modeling, hypothetical scenarios of the activities of authorized persons involved in document examination during economic investigations were constructed. The results of the study show that in criminal proceedings, documents are considered written (documentary) evidence when their content is of importance to the case, and physical evidence when their external characteristics – such as material, production method, security features, signs of forgery, damage, etc. – possess evidentiary value. The authors identify typical documents to examine in economic crime investigations, including corporate founding and administrative documents, accounting and tax records, banking documents, securities, correspondence, identity documents, audit findings, and inspection reports, among others. During pre-trial investigation, a preliminary examination of such documents is conducted through visual perception (reading, observing) as part of a formal inspection procedure. The study also examines the possibilities of involving specialists (forensic scientists, economists, computer scientists) and the use of specialized technical tools during the inspection of documents in economic investigations. It is established that an in-depth expert examination of documents is carried out by referring them for forensic expertise. Technical document examination and handwriting expertise help determine a document’s authenticity and authorship; forensic economic expertise clarifies the content of financial transactions recorded in the documents; forensic commodity expertise is used to determine the value of securities.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY ON THE MARKET OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL SERVICES IN UKRAINE

2025-07-24T11:15:20+00:00

The purpose of the article is to analyze the economic and legal policy in the security sphere in non-banking financial services market in Ukraine. Methodology. General scientific methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction and modeling) and special methods (logical and legal method, axiomatic method) were used, with the help of which the essence of economic and legal policy in the security sphere in the non-banking financial services market in Ukraine was revealed. Results. Ensuring the Ukrainian state's own path of development and its integration into world processes are inextricably linked with the reform of the financial system and the improvement of legal regulation. This is necessary to achieve compliance with modern development trends and international standards. The functioning of any state is impossible without proper financial support, an effective legal mechanism, as well as clearly defined tasks and objectives of activity. Nowadays the issues of the ensuring financial stability and security are the key elements, since it depends on their condition that the realization of national interests and sustainable development of the country. The modern economy is unthinkable without the financial services market, which serves as the basis for the provision and consumption of financial services. These services contribute to the formation of financial resources that are directed to the economic development of both the state as a whole and individual business entities. The financial services market is a key element in ensuring the development of all sectors of the national economy, creating conditions for the expansion and modernization of production. The progress in such areas as industry, entrepreneurship, trade, medicine, science and other important sectors is impossible without the active use of financial instruments in the modern world. The legal principles for implementing state policy in ensuring security sphere in the non-banking financial sector (NFS) constitutes a system of legal norms enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine, subordinate regulations, as well as in program and strategic documents. These principles determine the purpose, objectives, rules, order and procedures of the activities of authorized entities in the context of regulating and developing relations in NFS. Their main purpose is to ensure the implementation of social and economic rights and freedoms of citizens, their legal protection in case of violations, creating conditions for sustainable economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of national economy. Usually, these norms are enshrined in by-laws adopted by state regulatory entities operating within the principles of NSF. The norms of administrative legislation are the basis of administrative and legal regulation aimed at implementing state policy. Their characteristic feature is a clear definition of the scope of action (limits of legal regulation), which covers the subject area of work of public administration bodies and managerial social relations that arise in the process of their performance of power and organizational functions. It is also important to emphasize the importance of interaction between regulatory entities and financial market participants. This interaction is based on the principles of transparency, legality and responsibility. The use of innovative approaches to regulation, digitization of control processes and increasing financial awareness among market participants contribute to reducing risks in financial security sphere. Strengthening the institutional capacity of bodies responsible for supervision and regulation is a key factor for the effective implementation of state policy in non-banking financial sector. The constant updating of the regulatory framework, in accordance with modern challenges and international standards, is an urgent need in this regard. Practical implications. It should be noted that the norms of administrative law are formed to regulate public relations of a managerial nature that arise between the state and the subjects of NFS. The difference between these relations is that one of the parties is the state represented as a public administration body endowed with power. This body has the right to demand compliance with certain legal behavior from other participants, such as the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), the National Securities and Stock Market Commission (NSSMC), etc. This creates an effective tool for implementing regulatory policy in the financial services sector in practice. It covers the processes of licensing, supervision, inspections, application of administrative sanctions and issuance of mandatory regulations for implementation. These measures are aimed at preventing violations, ensuring transparency of financial institutions and strengthening confidence in the financial market as a whole. In modern conditions, special emphasis is placed on the implementation of a risk-based approach to supervision. This allows the regulator to focus its resources on the most vulnerable market segments and those entities whose activities may pose a threat to financial stability. This approach involves a deep analysis of financial companies' internal processes, their corporate governance, financial reporting, and compliance with consumer protection standards.

THE CHOICE OF EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS, ACCOUNTABILITY IMPLICATIONS, AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2025-07-24T11:15:19+00:00

The choice of exchange rate regimes over the period 2000-2024 has been a key policy issue for developing countries. This paper will investigate the impact of different types of exchange rate regimes – fixed, intermediate and flexible – on economic growth performance. According to empirical data collected by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the results are that there is no statistically significant relationship between the choice of exchange rate regime and the level of long-term economic growth. Descriptive data, on the other hand, show that countries that have followed intermediate regimes have experienced higher growth rates compared to fixed or flexible regimes. In this regard, central accountability implications arise: the way in which economic decision-makers report, explain and coordinate exchange rate policy is directly related to the perception of institutional credibility and the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of accurate financial reporting and transparent accounting as essential elements for strengthening institutional accountability and creating a stable economic environment in developing countries. The findings show that the effects of exchange rates on economic development are not self-governing, but interdependent with other aspects such as trade openness, investment levels and institutional stability. Therefore, transparency and accountability in the design and implementation of monetary policies are key elements for the sustainable development of developing countries.

LEGAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY: UKRAINIAN AND EUROPEAN DIMENSIONS

2025-08-13T08:03:00+00:00

The relevance of researching the legal foundations of the circular bioeconomy is determined by a number of factors. Firstly, there is an objective need today to find an effective alternative to the linear economic model, which is based on intensive extraction and use of resources, followed by waste disposal, and which has a negative impact on the environment and depletes natural resources. The authors consider such an alternative to be a circular economy based on the principles of closed-loop technologies and rational resource and energy consumption. Secondly, given the potential of Ukraine's agricultural sector and the current realities of its functioning, the formation of a circular bioeconomy model, in which agricultural production should play a key role, is promising for Ukraine. Thirdly, it is time to develop a legal framework for regulating relations in the field of circular economy and circular bioeconomy. This process for Ukraine should be based on international, primarily European, experience, which in turn requires research into the relevant provisions of European Union legislation. It is also necessary to develop a unified conceptual and categorical framework. Conducting scientific research on these issues is the purpose of this article. Its achievement was facilitated by the use of such methods of scientific cognition as: philosophical (dialectical) method, general scientific (formal logical and analytical methods) and special scientific (formal legal and comparative legal) methods. As a result, the authors formulated their definition of the concept of "circular bioeconomy" as "an economic model aimed at creating conditions for ensuring food security in the country through the functioning of waste-free (including) agricultural production based on the use of mainly bioenergy resources, which reduces the negative impact on the environment". The paper argues for the circular bioeconomy principles to be used in rebuilding rural areas that got hit by the war. It shows that the circular bioeconomy isn't really covered by Ukrainian laws at the moment. The present study aims to characterise the principles of state policy and existing measures of state support for bioenergy as a direction of the circular bioeconomy. The necessity of the implementation of a state target programme for bioenergy in Ukraine has been demonstrated. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of European Union legislation regulating circular bioeconomy relations, and its positive features that could be taken into account by Ukrainian lawmakers are identified. The generalisations obtained can serve as a basis for formulating the content of regulatory and legal acts in the field of circular bioeconomy and bioenergy, as well as material for promising scientific research on this issue.

ENSURING STATE SOVEREIGNTY AS A GUARANTEE OF THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2025-08-13T08:02:58+00:00

The establishment of an effective system of law and order, peace and security constitutes a fundamental responsibility of the international community. A fundamental element of this process pertains to the matter of sovereignty, which is a prerequisite for a state's participation as an equal participant in international relations. However, the equality of states in international communication gives rise to a variety of approaches to interpreting the meaning of this category, which complicates the task of regulating international law and order. In modern conditions, an effective way to ensure state sovereignty is to develop an economic security strategy, which plays a key role in ensuring the national security of such large states as the United States and China, as well as integration associations (the European Union), since the effectiveness of all other components of national security, in particular military security, largely depends on its state. The purpose of this study is to clarify the conceptual foundations of the mechanism for ensuring state sovereignty, the interconnection of key elements with economic development policy, European integration and public authority as a guarantee of the country's economic development. Methodology. The structural restructuring of the domestic economy and national security system during the formation of Ukrainian statehood, and eventually Ukraine's integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures, is dynamic in nature and requires constant methodological reflection. The study was conducted on the principles of dialectical logic. The multifaceted, multifactorial and multifunctional nature of the phenomena of state sovereignty and economic security necessitates the use of a systematic, structural-functional and situational approach to their study. The work also employed methods of systematic, logical, institutional and retrospective analysis, as well as forecasting. The provisions and conclusions were developed using comparative analysis, conflict studies, rational choice theory, neo-institutionalism, geopolitics and geoeconomics. In international law, state sovereignty is not only a judgement on the aesthetics of the legal space, but also an arena in which there is a constant struggle between the ideals of justice and geopolitical realities. Ensuring Ukraine's state sovereignty as an independent, democratic, social and legal state is a complex, multifaceted and multi-level process that includes such key areas of activity as: guaranteeing the stability of the Ukrainian state; developing all elements of Ukraine's legal system; improving the efficiency of the organisation and functioning of the entire system of state power, not just individual branches and/or bodies of state power; strengthening the economic, cultural, social, political, environmental and security potential of the state; positioning Ukraine on the international and domestic arena as an active player capable of solving complex problems at the national and global levels and capable of predictable and reliable international co-operation; strengthening the democratic nature of the Ukrainian state and guaranteeing the foundations of Ukraine's constitutional order. National security is a prerequisite for economic development, while economic development contributes significantly to the protection of national security. A thorough examination of GDP dynamics reveals encouraging indications of recovery in the aftermath of the war-induced decline, underscoring the resilience of economic and public governance mechanisms. In order to ensure economic security, and thus national security and state sovereignty, it is vital that the state focuses on protecting against all types of significant threats, risks and challenges. It is imperative for Ukraine to exercise vigilance not only in regard to incidents that surpass expectations and bear grave consequences, but also in the prevention of threats associated with potential concealed conflicts. In the process of involving other states in ensuring its economic security, Ukraine should not focus on forcing its allies to adhere to its policy objectives. Sanctions imposed by the EU and individual states against Russia should focus on issues of international and regional security. The sustainability and effectiveness of sanctions will depend on their perceived legitimacy and awareness of the risk to international and regional law and order.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES AND MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF COAL COMMUNITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN CHALLENGES

2025-08-13T08:02:57+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of communication strategies and mechanisms of public governance of coal communities in the face of modern challenges through the analysis of new approaches to public administration. The subject of the present study is communication strategies and institutional and managerial mechanisms of public governance of coal-mining territorial communities (hromadas) in the context of modern socio-economic, environmental and security challenges, in particular in the context of the transformation of the coal industry, energy transition and decentralisation of power. The research adopted a systematic approach, encompassing the comparative analysis of public administration postulates, the analysis of best practices in process-oriented management, and the utilisation of generalisation and institutional modelling methods. This comprehensive approach was undertaken to formulate practical recommendations for local authorities. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the principles of process orientation of local government activities and recommendations for improving public administration, taking into account the principles of good governance. The application of the good governance cycle as a tool for increasing the efficiency of management processes in communities undergoing transformational changes is proposed. The objective of the present article is to provide a robust theoretical and empirical foundation for effective mechanisms of public governance in coal communities in Ukraine, particularly in the context of transformational processes. To this end, the article employs the concept of good governance and institutional innovations, such as Project Offices, as a means to achieve this aim. The article proposes the use of the good governance cycle as a methodological basis for improving public administration in coal communities. The establishment of Project Offices is recommended as a mechanism for coordinating transformation processes, developing strategic development programmes and implementing innovative management practices. The present study seeks to explore the hypothesis that process-oriented management contributes to increasing the efficiency of local government bodies, reducing social risks and ensuring the economic sustainability of communities. A particular emphasis is placed on the viability of establishing Project Offices as an organisational framework for implementing process-oriented management within the local government apparatus. The implementation of the proposed mechanisms is expected to enhance the efficiency of public administration in coal communities, ensure effective coordination of transformation processes, and mobilise local resources for strategic development. The application of the good governance cycle, in combination with the functioning of Project Offices, will foster the development of a new management culture at the local level, increasing transparency and accountability of public authorities. This is especially critical in times of profound societal change. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the substantiation, for the first time, of the integration of the good governance concept with institutional innovations in the form of Project Offices as a systemic tool for public administration in coal communities undergoing structural transformation. The research contributes to the scientific understanding of process-oriented management in the context of decentralisation and socio-economic challenges.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTION OF A SYSTEM FOR DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF DESTRUCTION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF CONSTRUCTION PARTICIPANTS

2025-08-13T08:02:55+00:00

The increasing complexity and risk exposure inherent in the implementation of construction projects underscores the critical need to develop a methodological framework aimed at detecting and preventing disruptive actions that threaten the performance of construction participants. The present study is dedicated to establishing a systematic approach to safeguard the activities of developers, contractors, and project stakeholders against destructive impacts, including reputational, financial, and operational disruptions. The objective of the research is to conceptualise and construct a preventive diagnostic system that integrates analytical models, digital monitoring platforms, and real-time communication protocols. The aim is to identify potential threats before they escalate into critical failures. The focal point of this study is the interaction environment of construction participants, wherein trust, information integrity, and process synchronization are identified as pivotal in ensuring project sustainability. The methodological foundation of the research combines system analysis, risk-oriented modelling, and process mapping techniques. The proposed framework incorporates the utilisation of behavioural indicators, deviation tracking algorithms, and early warning dashboards, which collectively facilitate proactive responses to disruption risks. Consequently, a modular architecture of a digital protection platform was developed, which facilitates real-time assessment of project vulnerabilities and supports adaptive decision-making across all stages of construction. The practical significance of this approach lies in its potential to reduce downtime, mitigate coordination failures, and enhance the reliability of project delivery. The results also offer valuable insights for improving communication transparency, automating compliance controls, and reinforcing institutional resilience within construction enterprises. The study makes a significant contribution to the development of intelligent support systems, which have the capacity to enhance the stability of construction actors in conditions of uncertainty, external shocks or deliberate interference.

THE FISH FARMS IN THE OPEN BLACK SEA AS A STRATEGIC INITIATIVE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: JUSTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

2025-08-13T08:02:54+00:00

Developing fish farms in the open Black Sea is an important strategic step for Ukraine, with the potential to significantly improve the country's economic situation. Using aquaculture in the Black Sea not only increases seafood production, but also preserves the marine environment's ecological balance by minimising pollution and reducing environmental risks through the use of modern technologies. The aquaculture enterprises are to be operated in accordance with state-of-the-art, eco-friendly technologies, thus enabling a substantial reduction in the detrimental impact on the marine ecosystem when compared with conventional fishing methods. Investment in fish farming represents a strategic opportunity for Ukraine to gain integration into global seafood markets, given the country's advantageous geographical position in the Black Sea. This location facilitates the export of products to the European Union, the Middle East, and other regions, thereby exerting a positive economic impact and enhancing national food security. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the international experience of fish farms in the open sea, drawing particular attention to the practices of countries such as Norway, Chile, Scotland, Australia and China. The international experience demonstrates that fish farms in the open sea can be successful, provided that the correct technological facilities and effective management are in place. This is particularly relevant for Ukraine, which has great potential for the development of aquaculture in the Black Sea. The establishment of floating fish farms in the open sea represents a promising strategy for Ukraine, given the favourable climatic and ecological conditions of the Black Sea, which facilitate the implementation of effective and sustainable fish farming projects. The development of offshore aquaculture in Ukraine has the potential to contribute to the country's food independence and sustainable development. However, the successful implementation of these projects is predicated on the adoption of clear legislation that will regulate aquaculture outside territorial waters, thereby facilitating the attraction of investments and ensuring the sustainable development of this industry. The proposed adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Offshore Aquaculture" should become the basis for the effective development of fish farms in the open sea, which in turn will facilitate the implementation of investment projects and the sustainable development of aquaculture in Ukraine. The project implementation stages are presented, including opportunities assessment, farm construction, launch and testing, as well as marketing and sales of products.

INDUSTRY 4.0 IN UKRAINE AND ROMANIA: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND PATHWAYS TO INTEGRATION

2025-08-13T08:02:52+00:00

The present study explores the current state and potential of Industry 4.0 adoption in Ukraine and Romania, two countries positioned at the edge of the European Union and sharing complex post-Soviet legacies. The subject of this study is the digital and industrial transformation driven by advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics. The objective of the present paper is twofold: firstly, to identify the challenges and opportunities for these countries in embracing the Fourth Industrial Revolution; and secondly, to examine pathways for regional integration and economic modernisation. The study employs a comparative analysis, case study methodology, and a synthesis of official statistics and policy documents to evaluate the readiness and strategic direction of both countries. The present study draws upon an analysis of two representative firms, Dacia in Romania and Grammarly in Ukraine, in order to illustrate sector-specific technological integration, innovation scalability, and the role of external financial and institutional support in achieving transformation. The findings suggest that Romania benefits from EU structural funds and a centralised digital strategy, whereas Ukraine relies more heavily on private-sector innovation and international aid due to its ongoing geopolitical challenges. Despite these structural differences, both countries present promising opportunities for collaboration, particularly in cross-sectoral knowledge transfer, public-private partnerships, and digital upskilling of the workforce. The paper concludes that sustainable implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies requires a cohesive national strategy, inclusive digital education policies, and mechanisms for efficient resource allocation. The employment of a comparative perspective is conducive to the cultivation of a comprehensive understanding of the manner in which policy frameworks, economic structures, and innovation ecosystems interact to give form to the trajectory of digital transformation in emerging economies.

IMPACT OF THE UKRAINIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS ON LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS

2025-08-13T08:02:51+00:00

Since 2014, Ukraine has undergone a major decentralisation reform with the aim of strengthening local self-government, through the transfer of powers, responsibilities and fiscal resources from the central to the local level. However, the full-scale Russian invasion in 2022 has significantly disrupted this process. The ongoing war has caused severe financial instability across all levels of government and led to a functional and fiscal transformation of local self-government bodies. The present article examines the impact of Ukraine's financial crisis on the legal framework, functions and practical operations of local self-government bodies, focusing in particular on three areas: the shift in local functions during wartime, the impact of the financial crisis on local budgets, and the suspension of participatory budgeting and citizen engagement. The study is based on a combined legal and economic analysis, including national legislation and financial data. It is evident that local self-government bodies were obliged to adopt emergency roles, including humanitarian support and civil protection, despite the absence of explicit legal functions in these domains and inadequate financial resources. The crisis has also resulted in a considerable decline in own-source revenues and substantial reductions in interbudgetary transfers. Whilst legal provisions under martial law did indeed allow for a certain degree of flexibility, they also created risks for transparency, democratic accountability, and institutional overload. Notwithstanding the challenges faced, the article emphasises the resilience and adaptability demonstrated by local self-government bodies in Ukraine. The text calls for improved integration of legal safeguards and fiscal stability during periods of crisis, and argues for the urgent need to restore participatory tools during the post-war recovery phase. The findings contribute to broader discussions on decentralisation under the martial law, and offer policy recommendations for strengthening local self-government within the framework of Ukraine's European integration. By examining this critical period, the article provides insight into how local democracy can be protected and rebuilt in times of war and uncertainty.

THE ROLE OF OPERATIONAL UNITS OF THE NATIONAL POLICE IN PREVENTING CYBERCRIME IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION AND EXISTENTIAL CHALLENGES

2025-08-13T08:02:50+00:00

The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of a legal and economic nature, concerning the legal support for the activities of operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime, in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Methodology. The present study employed both general and special methods of cognition. Utilising the dialectical method, the author evaluated the essence of countering cybercrime by operational police units in terms of its prevention and prevention of these offences in the legal and economic planes, according to a diverse range of parameters. The analysis established the foundations for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of cybercrime prevention in the context of economic integration, in terms of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis established the conditions necessary for the generalisation of the distinctive features of the activities of police operational units. The formal legal method enabled the correct interpretation of the content of legal acts defining the general and special legal regimes of preventive activities of operational police units within the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential areas for improvement in the activities of the operational units of the National Police in order to prevent cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The results of the study demonstrated that the role of the operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges encompasses a range of complex measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily in ensuring cybersecurity. It has been determined that there are specific areas in which the operational units of the National Police can enhance their efforts to combat cybercrime. These areas have been identified in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Conclusion. The advent of cybercrime can be attributed to the prevailing technological transformations in the economy, particularly with regard to the dissemination of information as the primary resource and catalyst for societal advancement. The author's position is that the implementation of economic policies aimed at curbing cybercrime should encompass the following measures: the establishment of a fair and balanced tax system, the formulation of a strategic economic development policy, the promotion of production-oriented initiatives, and the allocation of resources towards the enhancement of public services. From the standpoint of a company's economic security, measures to prevent cybercrime are crucial, due to both local and global economic factors. The analysis of cybercrime legislation enabled the identification of measures of general and special competence taken by the operational units of the National Police. Concurrently, within the legislative framework on national security, which encompasses cybersecurity, the National Police is delineated as a subject of counteraction to such crime, signifying a specialised competence. Concomitantly, the general competence in combating and preventing cybercrime is reflected in the primary function of the National Police, namely to ensure public safety and order, protect human rights and freedoms, the interests of society and the state, and combat crime, including in cyberspace. The primary focus of the implementation of the special competence of operational police units is the Cyber Police Department, which is an integral component of the National Police. The Cyber Police Department is responsible for conducting comprehensive operational and investigative activities as a component of the broader strategy to prevent cybercrime. The authors support the view that the following measures, carried out by operational police units, stand out as effective means of countering cybercrime under conditions of existential challenges associated with armed aggression. These measures include counterintelligence, operational and investigative work, and procedural work to counter relevant information threats; the introduction of incentive measures aimed at creating their own information product; the development of their own information and telecommunications infrastructure; and the establishment of communication between civil society and law enforcement agencies in this area.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF STARTUPS IN MODERN SOCIETY: ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL REGIMES

2025-08-13T08:02:48+00:00

The subject of the present study is the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and applied foundations of the legal and economic nature of the functioning of a startup as a form of innovative activity. Methodology. The present study employed a combination of general scientific and special legal methods. The analysis determined the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the organisational, legal and economic principles of determining startups in modern conditions. The synthesis yielded common features inherent in the phenomena of socio-economic and legal nature, which serve as a prerequisite for the functioning of a startup. The employment of a comparative legal methodology has facilitated the identification of both the common and distinctive characteristics inherent in the legal consolidation of a startup within the legislation of individual countries, with due consideration for legal and economic prerequisites. The formal legal method established the necessary foundation for formulating conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the regulatory consolidation of the concept and characteristic features of a startup as an innovative product and a subject of the corresponding organisational and legal form, and outlining the corresponding normative proposals. The purpose of the article is twofold: firstly, to establish the state of determination of a startup as an economic category; and secondly, to highlight the prerequisites for the formation and development of such products in the context of international and national legal regimes. This will be achieved through the study of the legal and economic foundations of the specified phenomenon. The results of the study demonstrated that the economic and legal prerequisites for the functioning of a startup are derived from the innovative essence of such a form of entrepreneurial activity and are projected into the plane of implementation of the corresponding product and the exercise of legal personality of a certain participant in such relations within the framework of both national and international legal regimes. Conclusion. From an economic perspective, a startup is regarded as a technological innovation in the context of entrepreneurial activity. Its primary objective is to ensure the most optimal and effective utilisation of available and accessible resources, which are inherently limited in the modern context. It is evident that the emergence and development of a startup is contingent on a number of economic prerequisites. Primarily, there is a necessity for the effective implementation of the formula "small investments - significant profit". Furthermore, there is the possibility of an intensive transition from small to large-scale projects, and the attraction of additional resources in the form of so-called incubators. A startup is defined as a form of innovative activity, characterised by a distinct operational production cycle and a focus on maximised efficiency (defined as the ratio of costs to benefits received, with a high probability of achieving innovative outcomes in comparison to other forms of such activity). A complex combination of means of achieving the set goal and the probability of forming the defining features of a startup (operationality, resource limitations, novelty, innovation) is the most effective when compared with other forms of innovative activity. For nascent enterprises, the investment procedure is a highly effective mechanism that facilitates exponential growth, albeit at the expense of various sources unrelated to the project's originator and the constituents of the pertinent legal entity, which is the form of its implementation. The contract thus serves as the primary instrument for the execution of the startup's legal personality, which is subject to variation in accordance with the diverse scope of its activities. In the context of economic activity, a startup is synonymous with the legal personality of an individual entrepreneur, a private enterprise, a limited liability company, or, in certain circumstances, a structural unit of a specific business entity. Empirical evidence has demonstrated that the organisational and legal structure of a nascent enterprise is predominantly characterised by one of the recognised forms of business entity, with a particular emphasis placed on those models that impose limitations on the contributions of its stakeholders. Conversely, in instances where the initiation of a project is undertaken within the ambit of a structural unit of a legal entity, the latter may not be applicable to business companies. In order for a startup to function legally, it is necessary to determine the legal status of those involved in this type of innovative activity, in terms of both the nature of the object and ensuring the implementation of their powers, in view of the needs of society and the individual.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTING THE PRACTICE OF THE ECHR IN THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE (CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES)

2025-08-13T08:02:47+00:00

Implementing the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) within Ukraine’s national judicial system, particularly in criminal and civil proceedings, is a pressing issue in the context of the country’s European integration and ongoing legal reforms. Despite Ukraine's formal commitments under the European Convention on Human Rights, systemic deficiencies, including chronic underfunding of enforcement institutions, continue to undermine compliance. This has resulted in mounting financial liabilities, encompassing compensation payments and reputational costs, thereby imposing a substantial strain on the state budget. The relevance of the study lies in the growing economic consequences of Ukraine's non-compliance with ECHR decisions, especially in cases of systemic violations such as Burmich and Others v. Ukraine, which exposed institutional failures in executing domestic judgments. The objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive economic and legal analysis of the implementation of ECHR decisions in Ukraine, with a focus on criminal and civil justice. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to identify the key economic risks and institutional shortcomings affecting compliance, and secondly, to propose reforms to mitigate these risks and shortcomings. The methodology employed is founded upon the principles of the comparative legal method, formal logical analysis, and systemic-structural approach. The examination encompasses national legislation, case law, and international best practices. The results of the study demonstrate that the primary barrier to effective implementation is the lack of dedicated budgetary funding, despite recent efforts by the Ministry of Justice to improve enforcement. The article concludes that it is essential for sustainable reform that legal obligations are aligned with financial planning.

MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR TURKIYE

2025-08-13T08:02:45+00:00

International migration is an increasingly widespread phenomenon of our age with macroeconomic determinants. There are many economic and non-economic forces behind the decision to migrate. This study estimates the impact of macroeconomic determinants on international migration to Turkiye. Turkiye’s annual data for 1990-2023 were used in the econometric analysis. The economic determinants used in this study are total tax burden, social assistance, GDP per capita, economic freedom index, unemployment, and health expenditures. Time series regression models were used in the analyses specific to Turkiye. Johansen cointegration tests were conducted to analyze the existence of a long run relationship between the variables. In addition, dynamic least squares (DOLS) and fully adjusted least squares (FMOLS) estimation methods were used to determine long run coefficients. The findings obtained from the Johansen cointegration analysis confirmed a long run cointegration relationship between the variables. FMOLS consequences indicate that real gross domestic product per capita, economic freedom index, tax burden, social assistance, and unemployment rate have a robust and significant effect on international migration to Turkiye in the long run. The DOLS analysis results also show that health expenditures have a positive impact on international migration. The results of this study can be used to develop migration projections and create migration policies that can lead to better economic and social integration among immigrants.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS IN PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VETERAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UKRAINE

2025-09-03T11:11:34+00:00

The article explores the legal and organizational foundations of integrating international investment programs into the system of support for veteran entrepreneurship in Ukraine. It is substantiated that the development of entrepreneurial activity among individuals who have participated in the defense of the state constitutes not only a tool for economic self-realization but also an integral part of public policy for the social adaptation and reintegration of veterans into civilian life. The study examines the main forms of foreign financial involvement in the sphere of veteran initiatives, in particular the mechanisms of grant assistance, concessional lending, guarantee instruments, and technical support implemented with the participation of international financial organizations and donor funds. The procedures for the participation of veteran business entities in the respective programs are detailed, and the legal aspects of cooperation with international donors within the framework of the current Ukrainian legal system are analyzed. The core focus of the research is the institutional arrangement of the investment process into veteran entrepreneurship. It has been found that the national legal system currently does not provide a specialized regulatory regime for business entities founded by veterans, which creates obstacles to their participation in international projects. Particular attention is given to the need to formalize the status of such entities for the purposes of legal protection and fiscal incentives. The article analyzes legal and administrative barriers that complicate the implementation of international investment programs in Ukraine. It highlights the problems of inconsistency between investment legislation, the regulatory framework in the field of veterans’ social protection, and the regulation of entrepreneurial activity. The importance of cross-sectoral legal harmonization is emphasized, taking into account standards of transparency, accountability, and effectiveness. Within the framework of the study, the necessity of establishing a specialized state mechanism for the coordination of international investments in the field of veteran business has been substantiated. The creation of a national agency or coordination center is argued as expedient, which would perform the functions of regulatory support, expert analysis, project certification, and communication between Ukrainian recipients and international entities. Based on the conducted analysis, a number of recommendations have been formulated aimed at improving the legal environment for supporting veteran initiatives through systematic regulatory arrangements for their participation in international investment programs. The conclusion is drawn regarding the necessity of integrating veteran-related issues into long-term state strategies for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises as one of the factors of social resilience and national recovery. The subject of the article is the legal and organizational-institutional aspects of engaging international investment programs in the process of support, development, and institutionalization of veteran entrepreneurship in Ukraine, as well as the regulatory provision of interaction between state authorities, veteran business entities, and international financial structures in the context of post-war recovery. Research methods. Within the research entitled: "The Role of International Investment Programs in Forming the Legal and Institutional Foundations for Supporting Veteran Entrepreneurship in Ukraine", a comprehensive set of legal science methods was applied, ensuring the thoroughness and depth of the analysis of the chosen issue. In particular, the formal-legal method was used to analyze regulatory acts governing investment activity and the legal status of veterans; the comparative-legal method was applied to identify the features of legal regulation of investment support for entrepreneurship in the context of cooperation with international donors; the systemic-structural method was used to study the interaction between legal, institutional, and financial elements. In addition, during the research, the functional method was used to clarify the role of public authorities in ensuring the effective use of international assistance; the dialectical-legal method served to comprehend the internal contradictions and development trends of the legal framework in the field of veteran entrepreneurship; and the method of legal forecasting made it possible to formulate proposals for improving legislation and the institutional environment, taking into account the prospective integration of international investment mechanisms into the post-war economy of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to provide a scholarly justification for the need to improve regulatory and institutional mechanisms for engaging international investment programs in the development of veteran entrepreneurship in Ukraine, as well as to identify key law enforcement issues that hinder the effective functioning of such programs, followed by the formulation of proposals for creating a favorable legal environment for the socially oriented economic reintegration of veterans. Conclusions. Public administration in the field of veteran entrepreneurship development involving international investment programs is an important instrument of the state's social policy aimed at ensuring the dignified reintegration of veterans, stimulating their economic activity, and strengthening social cohesion in the context of post-conflict recovery. The role of the state consists in establishing a clear legal foundation for the functioning of veteran business entities, developing relevant regulations, coordinating participation in international programs, and introducing incentive mechanisms, including tax, financial, and advisory support tools. Executive authorities and local self-government bodies must ensure the effective implementation of such programs at the regional level, including informing target groups, supporting investment projects, monitoring the legal status of participants, and creating institutional capacity for interaction with international donors. Against the backdrop of limited budgetary resources during wartime, special importance is attached to the development of innovative public-private partnership mechanisms and the creation of specialized coordination structures or support funds for veteran businesses with the involvement of international technical assistance. Legislative regulation should provide for comprehensive support for veterans as entrepreneurs, considering not only commercial law but also social, rehabilitative, and investment aspects. A critical condition for the successful implementation of such programs is the integration of veteran policy into national economic development strategies, the strengthening of inter-agency coordination, and the assurance of transparency, accountability, and stability in legal regulation. A systemic and cross-sectoral approach should ensure the synergy of efforts among all public administration actors, international partners, and civil society.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AS A RESULT OF WAR: WAYS OF INTEGRATION INTO THE LABOR MARKET

2025-09-03T11:11:34+00:00

The article examines the issue of volunteer initiatives (activities of rehabilitation centers, entrepreneurial skills, social startups) that support persons with disabilities as a result of war and promote employment and economic independence of veterans with disabilities, as well as assess the cost and long-term economic effect of such programs for the state budget and local communities. The economic efficiency of volunteer programs to support people with disabilities as a result of war lies in the optimal ratio of resources (financial, human, material) invested in the rehabilitation, professional training and social adaptation of veterans and civilians, and the resulting social effect in the form of increasing their productivity, reducing costs for social benefits and medical care, as well as reducing the burden on the state budget. By organizing free training, employment at specialized enterprises and psychological support, volunteer initiatives contribute to the economic independence of people with disabilities, their return to the labor market and the formation of added value through the payment of taxes, which together provides a multiplier effect for local communities and the national economy as a whole. The subject of the article is economic indicators and mechanisms for the integration of military personnel with disabilities into the labor market through the implementation of volunteer programs and the provision of volunteer support. Research methods. When studying the economic efficiency of volunteer programs to support people with disabilities as a result of war, various methods are used that allow for a comprehensive consideration of the legal, social, economic and managerial aspects of this issue: the method of dialectical materialism; the method of abstraction; methods of analysis and synthesis; the functional method; the method of system analysis; the synergistic method; the comparative legal method; the method of interpretation and hermeneutics; the dogmatic method; the method of system analysis; the statistical method. The purpose of the article is to reveal the ways of integrating people with disabilities as a result of war into the labor market through effective volunteer programs. Conclusions. Volunteer support and volunteer programs play a key role in ensuring the integration of persons with disabilities as a result of war into the labor market through the following mechanisms: professional retraining and skills development involves volunteers organizing free training courses, master classes, and trainings adapted to the physical and psychological capabilities of participants (e.g., computer literacy, use of specialized equipment, craft or IT skills). This allows former military personnel with limited mobility to obtain a competitive profession and meets the needs of the modern labor market; career counseling and psychological support are more effective thanks to volunteer psychologists and social workers – persons with disabilities receive assistance in overcoming psychological barriers (fear of failure, low self-esteem) and orientation in choosing a profession based on their rehabilitated capabilities. Career counselors help with writing a resume, mastering interview techniques, and preparing for adaptation in the workplace; networking and mediation with employers – volunteers establish contacts with enterprises and organizations that are ready to create or adapt workplaces to the needs of people with disabilities (for example, ensuring office accessibility, special equipment). They conduct information and educational campaigns, organize job days and career fairs, where employers directly meet candidates, and volunteers help build partnerships; providing technical means and social adaptation. Through charitable foundations and volunteer initiatives, participants receive the necessary rehabilitation tools (wheelchairs, prostheses, orthopedic equipment) and accompanying services (adaptive technology courses, voice-activated software, specialized tables or lifts). This significantly expands the opportunities to perform professional duties and increases the level of independence; creation of social enterprises and microbusinesses – volunteer programs support the initiatives of veterans with disabilities who seek to start their own business (small workshops, online stores, farmer cooperatives). Fiscal advice, assistance with business registration, mentoring by experienced entrepreneurs, and start-up capital (grants or microloans) from volunteers allow program participants to develop a market-resilient business and create jobs for themselves and others; legal support and advocacy of rights – volunteer lawyers provide information about labor rights, help to draw up the necessary documents to obtain the status of "Participant in hostilities" and benefits for persons with disabilities, and advise on employment and social protection issues. They also contribute to resolving disputes with employers and monitor compliance with employment quotas for persons with disabilities in accordance with the law. Thanks to this comprehensive approach, volunteer programs create conditions for former military personnel with disabilities not only for employment, but also for long-term social integration, which strengthens their economic independence and reduces the burden on the state social budget.

DEVELOPMENT OF CYBERSECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION: ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR RISKS AND INVESTMENTS ASSESSMENT

2025-09-03T11:11:34+00:00

The article defines that cybersecurity of critical infrastructure in the context of digitalization is a set of measures, technologies and processes aimed at protecting systems, services and data that ensure the functioning of critical infrastructure facilities (energy, transport, water supply, telecommunications, etc.), in the context of their transition to digital platforms. Digitalization is understood as the gradual introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT), automated control systems (SCADA), IoT devices and cloud solutions to increase the efficiency, efficiency and scalability of management. At the same time, this transition opens up new vulnerabilities: each element of the network, from the controller of pumping stations to the sensor of a "smart" meter, becomes a potential access point for cybercriminals. Therefore, cybersecurity in this context encompasses both the protection of physical components (PLC controllers, servers, routers) and software (operating systems, SCADA applications), network protocols and data circulating within and between these systems. Taken together, technical and economic challenges form a complex context for ensuring cybersecurity of critical infrastructure during digitalization. They can only be solved through a multidisciplinary approach that combines state regulation (equipment and process certification requirements), the involvement of international standards (ISO/IEC 27001, IEC 62443), the stimulation of private investment (through partnerships with state infrastructure access fees) and the development of our own human capital through specialized educational programs and pilot routes for the integration of engineers. The subject of the article is the disclosure of economic tools for assessing risks and investments in the development of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure, which is caused by digitalization processes. Research methods. When studying economic tools for assessing risks and investments in the development of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure, which is caused by digitalization processes, classical research methods were used (dialectical materialism, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, functional, systems analysis, synergistic, comparative law, interpretation and hermeneutics, dogmatic and statistical methods). The purpose of the article is the disclosure of economic tools for assessing risks and investments in the development of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure, which is caused by digitalization processes. Conclusions. The development of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure in conditions of active digitalization requires the comprehensive application of economic tools for assessing risks and planning investments. The use of quantitative risk analysis methods, cost-benefit analysis estimates, and scenario modeling allows critical infrastructure entities to justify the amount of resources needed to implement protective technologies. Regression and economic-mathematical models allow you to project the scale of cyber threats and predict potential financial losses from incidents, while allowing you to compare the effectiveness of alternative options for measures - from upgrading legacy PLC controllers to implementing SIEM/IDS systems. Thanks to a multi-criteria approach and analysis of real options, business leaders can allocate the budget in such a way as to ensure the optimal balance between preventive investments in security and current operating costs, minimizing both direct and indirect losses from failures and reputational risks. At the same time, the success of a critical infrastructure cyber protection strategy largely depends on effective government regulation and international harmonization of standards. In particular, the implementation of the NIS 2 Directive and approximation to the provisions of the EU DORA stimulate the development of unified audit, monitoring and operational response procedures. Tax incentives, grant mechanisms for co-financing and cyber risk insurance can become an additional tool for economic incentives for CI operators to modernize their digital systems. The development of human capital is also of key importance: investments in the training of cybersecurity specialists, the establishment of cooperation between universities, industrial enterprises and international organizations will ensure the sustainability and adaptability of protective measures. As a result, such a synergy of economic instruments, the legal environment and human resources support will allow achieving a high level of resilience of critical infrastructure to cyber threats and ensuring the uninterrupted functioning of key industries in the face of any challenges of the digital world.

ECONOMIC AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM POLLUTION

2025-09-03T11:11:34+00:00

The protection of the marine environment from pollution is a significant topic of research in the field of international law. Almost all states face problems in the field of environmental protection and strive to solve them at the national level. However, until environmental protection is ensured even in areas that do not fall under the sovereignty of any state, sustainable development goals and global environmental safety will not be achieved. Therefore, the protection of the marine environment from pollution requires appropriate international legal regulation. The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysis of international legal regulation of the protection of the marine environment from pollution, identify existing problems and propose ways to solve them. Statistical data on the state of the pollution of marine environment were analysed. Methodology. When writing the article, general theoretical methods were mainly used. Analysis and synthesis, theoretical generalization and systematic interpretation helped to assess the sufficiency of international legal regulation of the protection of the marine environment from pollution. Results. The article considered the content of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and identified its shortcomings. Practical implications. On the basis of doctrinal provisions, as well as the norms of the current international law the authors have identified the main range of problems existing in the sphere of international regal regulation of protection of the marine environment from pollution and proposed the possible ways of their resolving. Value/originality. It is determined that an important step in improving international legal regulation of the protection of the marine environment which is required is adoption of additional provisions which would regulate the protection of the marine environment from microplastics and provisions which will contain details of how should be established liability for damage caused to the marine environment by individual persons and details of collection of compensation for damage caused to the seas.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN WARTIME: ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND ECONOMIC RESILIENCE

2025-09-03T11:11:33+00:00

The subject of the study is the role of social enterprises in ensuring economic resilience and contributing to the post-war recovery and regional reintegration of Ukraine. The research focuses on the institutional, redistributive, and territorial functions of social enterprises under wartime conditions, with special attention to their ability to adapt, self-organize, and fill systemic gaps left by weakened state and market actors. Social enterprises are considered as hybrid socio-economic actors that combine market mechanisms with civic missions, thereby offering innovative solutions to the dual challenge of economic collapse and social fragmentation caused by Russia’s full-scale invasion. Methodology. The article employs an interdisciplinary approach based on institutional economics, resilience theory, and social innovation studies. Methods include comparative case analysis, typological classification, policy review, and system analysis of adaptation strategies. Empirical sources include reports from the Ukrainian Social Investment Fund, UNDP, OECD, and Ashoka, as well as local field data from de-occupied and frontline regions. The methodology allows the identification of both macro-level policy implications and micro-level innovations generated by social enterprises during the war. The aim of the work is to conceptualize social entrepreneurship as a systemic actor in Ukraine’s national economic architecture during wartime and reconstruction, and to assess the conditions under which social enterprises can scale up their impact. The article seeks to understand how social enterprises function as redistributors of resources, agents of local demand stimulation, and platforms for civic empowerment. It also aims to offer practical policy recommendations for legal recognition, financial support mechanisms, and integration into national and EU-aligned recovery strategies. The results of the study demonstrate that social enterprises have played a critical role in maintaining local economic activity in de-occupied and high-risk zones. Their hybrid models allowed for rapid reorganization under conditions of disruption: shifting to digital platforms, diversifying services, relocating operations, and forging cross-sectoral partnerships. These actors provided employment to vulnerable groups, maintained access to basic services, and reactivated regional supply chains. In parallel, they contributed to restoring institutional trust by engaging in transparent, participatory governance at the community level. Quantitative metrics such as SROI and employment sustainability, alongside qualitative indicators like trust and embeddedness, confirm their role as resilient infrastructure in a fragmented state. Conclusion. Social enterprises in Ukraine are not marginal or temporary crisis responders but are foundational actors in the country’s economic reintegration and resilience-building efforts. Their impact spans multiple domains: from inclusive employment and community development to institutional innovation and public service co-production. The study calls for the strategic institutionalization of social entrepreneurship through legal definition, national standards for impact measurement, and blended financing tools. Recognizing their role in national policy and aligning support mechanisms with EU frameworks will be essential to unlocking their full potential in post-war reconstruction.

EUROPEAN PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE

2025-09-03T11:11:33+00:00

The article presents the results of a study of the current state of the crop production industry in Ukraine under martial law. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of trends in the development of organic production in the context of globalization and regionalization processes. The need to transition to organic farming as an important component of sustainable development of the agricultural sector is substantiated. Agrotechnological directions and a set of practical measures are proposed to solve existing problems, taking into account the experience of the European Union countries, in particular within the Eastern Partnership. In the structure of agricultural production in Ukraine, a significant decrease in yields is noted in the regions affected by hostilities (Donbas, southern Ukraine), while the western regions demonstrate positive dynamics. A description of the main crops that form the country's crop production is provided, in particular grain, leguminous, industrial and vegetable crops, indicating the sown areas in 2024. The aim of the article is a comprehensive study of the current state of the crop production sector in Ukraine, while simultaneously identifying key problems facing national agricultural producers. The main task is to substantiate promising measures to increase the productivity of agricultural production with an orientation towards European standards and their adaptation to the specifics of Ukrainian realities. The conducted research acquires particular relevance in the context of the implementation of the state program, financed from the state budget, on the topic: «Development of agrobiotechnological approaches to the production of crop products to restore soil fertility affected by hostilities». The scientific basis of the study was the use of the dialectical method of cognition, a systematic approach to the analysis of economic processes, and methods for calculating the efficiency of the functioning of the crop production sector. In addition, the basis was the provisions of modern economic theories, the results of domestic and foreign research, as well as regulatory and legal acts on improving the efficiency of agricultural production, supplemented by our own observations and accounting data. The study proposed practical recommendations for the development of organic production in Ukraine. The current trends in the field of organic farming in the context of deepening globalization and regionalization processes were analyzed. The problems associated with the need to transition to organic production of crop products as a factor in the sustainable development of the agricultural sector were outlined. Agro-technological directions and a set of promising measures to overcome the identified challenges were also formulated, taking into account the experience of EU countries, in particular within the Eastern Partnership.

FORMATION OF AN EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS

2025-09-03T11:11:33+00:00

The relevance of the topic of forming an effective system of management of economic security of the agricultural sector in the system of sustainable development is due to the combination of pragmatic challenges of modernity, scientific and methodological needs and strategic priorities of national development. The development of theoretical and methodological principles in this area is of significant importance for ensuring stability, adaptability and sustainable development of the agricultural sector in conditions of constant changes in the external environment. The subject of the study is the theoretical and methodological aspects of forming a system of management of economic security of the agricultural sector of the economy. The methodological basis is a comprehensive approach that combines general scientific and special research methods: dialectical and scientific-theoretical methods – to determine the essence of the category of economic security and the formation of theoretical generalizations, abstract-logical method – to systematize knowledge and formulate conceptual provisions. In the process of research, a systematic approach was applied to the analysis of the structure of economic security of the agricultural sector, which allows us to consider the system as a single holistic formation taking into account the interrelationships of its components. To determine the relationships between the elements of the system, structural-logical modeling methods were used, which ensure the formalization of complex processes and their systematization. The information base is the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as the results of our own empirical research. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological principles for the formation of an effective system for managing the economic security of the agricultural sector, which ensures the stability and competitiveness of enterprises in dynamic environmental conditions. The formation of an effective system for managing the economic security of the agricultural sector requires a comprehensive approach that integrates organizational, economic, informational and social components. Ensuring the economic security of the agricultural sector in the face of modern challenges, in particular military, economic, climatic and social, is a complex multifactorial process. The prerequisites for this process are formed on the basis of the interaction of state, market and institutional factors that ensure the stability, sustainability and development of the agricultural sector in the long term. According to the author of the article, the economic security of the agricultural sector is an integrated system for ensuring the stable, effective and sustainable functioning of agricultural enterprises and the industry as a whole, based on the balanced use of economic, social, environmental and technological resources, the ability to adapt to internal and external threats, as well as the implementation of sustainable development strategies that guarantee food security, competitiveness and long-term viability of the agricultural sector in the context of global transformations. A systematic and comprehensive approach to determining the economic security of the agricultural sector, which takes into account both internal and external factors, as well as the integration of the principles of sustainable development, is key to the formation of effective management mechanisms and ensuring the stability of agricultural production in modern conditions. The functions of managing the economic security of the agricultural sector include: forecasting and identifying threats; planning security measures; organizing and coordinating management actions; monitoring and controlling the state of security; analyzing the effectiveness of the implemented measures; implementing preventive and reactive actions; information support for management. The implementation of these functions provides a comprehensive, systematic and adaptive approach to protecting agricultural enterprises from various risks, which contributes to their stable development and competitiveness. The system of economic security management of the agricultural sector is a multi-level, integrated structure that combines methods, tools, levers and support for achieving sustainable development, stability and protection of agricultural enterprises from various threats. It covers both economic and social, technological, legal and information aspects, which makes it a key element of agricultural sector management in modern conditions.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL SERVANTS' POLITICAL PARTY MEMBERSHIP IN UKRAINE AND POLAND: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2025-09-03T11:11:32+00:00

The research argues that safeguarding the impartiality of civil servants is not merely a formal requirement but a fundamental condition for the effective functioning of democratic governance, which directly influences the stability and sustainability of development of state and its democratic reforms. Ukraine and Poland were chosen for comparative analysis due to their shared historical and legal backgrounds, yet Poland’s successful experience in depoliticizing its civil service provides a valuable model for Ukraine’s ongoing reforms. In Poland, strict legal prohibitions on civil servants’ participation in political party activities have been instrumental in eliminating conflicts of interest and fostering a professional, independent civil service. Conversely, Ukraine’s current legislative framework still contains loopholes that allow for political influence over civil servants, posing risks to the transparency and sustainability of public administration. The study examines the legislative evolution and current legal regulations in both countries, highlighting the deficiencies in Ukraine’s approach to restricting political affiliations among civil servants. It is emphasized that the legislative establishment of the prohibition on membership in political parties and the restrictions on financing political parties are interconnected and constitute an important element of the overall system for preventing the politicization of the civil service and ensuring its impartiality. Furthermore, the article reviews relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights to assess the compatibility of such restrictions with human rights obligations, emphasizing their necessity for upholding democratic standards. In conclusion, the author proposes specific legislative amendments to Ukrainian laws aimed at introducing clear and comprehensive prohibitions on political party membership for civil servants. Such measures are presented as critical steps towards building a politically neutral, transparent, and sustainable civil service that can effectively support Ukraine’s democratic development and long-term governance reforms.