Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTION: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

2025-09-24T13:34:48+00:00

Occupational stress in preschool education institutions is increasingly affecting staff well-being, yet this phenomenon remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this research was to identify the primary stress-inducing factors among preschool staff, to assess their coping strategies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of organisational and individual interventions. The present study concentrated on stress experienced within the preschool work environment. In order to address this gap in the literature, researchers applied a mixed-method approach, combining theoretical models of stress and burnout with a structured questionnaire. A total of 62 staff members, constituting 80.5% of the institution's workforce, participated in the survey. The results indicated that 73% of employees experienced work-related stress, with 58% reporting stress several times a week and 10% daily. The principal stressors identified were excessive workload, low salary, and inadequate organisational support. Furthermore, 48% of respondents reported symptoms of burnout, primarily due to limited decision-making power and few development opportunities. The majority of staff members coped through physical activity, effective time management, and social support. Relaxation techniques and emotional expression were utilised to a lesser extent. It is noteworthy that a mere 18.6% of the participants expressed confidence in their organisation's provision of support for emotional well-being. Consequently, the study emphasises the necessity for enhancements in psychological safety, leadership practices, and stress management training. The findings provide practical insights for the creation of healthier, more sustainable work environments in the field of preschool education.

LOCAL DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE: RECONSIDERING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY (WITH REFERENCE TO TAXATION)

2025-09-24T13:34:48+00:00

The principle of subsidiarity is a concept that is currently receiving increased attention within the fields of both European human rights law and governance practice. The present study examines the manner in which subsidiarity is implemented within the Council of Europe, with a particular focus on its application in the context of the protection of fundamental human rights and taxation. The paper aims to explore the evolving role of local and regional authorities in implementing European human rights standards while maintaining fiscal responsibility and legal accountability. The research focuses on how the European Court of Human Rights applies the subsidiarity principle to tax-related cases, balancing national discretion with Convention-based safeguards. The study applies a doctrinal methodology, combining legal theory with case law analysis. It investigates leading Court’s judgments (e.g., Ferrazzini v. Italy, Gasus Dosier v. the Netherlands, Bulves AD v. Bulgaria) to identify the legal logic, proportionality tests, and the Court’s reasoning in taxation matters. Additionally, the paper examines the links between subsidiarity, fiscal autonomy and sustainable development, focusing on the local implementation of SDGs 11, 13 and 16. As a result, the paper explores how subsidiarity can empower local self-government bodies to administer taxes competently and act as key human rights stakeholders. The findings show that combining human rights law with the SDGs increases local democratic legitimacy and policy coherence. The research provides a framework for aligning fiscal governance with human rights protections, offering practical insights to policymakers, legal scholars and European institutions seeking to reinforce local governance based on the rule of law.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL AND STATE PROGRAMMES FOR THE REHABILITATION OF VETERANS

2025-09-24T13:34:48+00:00

This article provides a thorough analysis of the current financial and legal support available for veteran rehabilitation programmes in Ukraine. It highlights the importance of rehabilitation policy as a vital part of post-war recovery, focusing on the reintegration of military personnel who have suffered physical and psychological injuries due to armed aggression. The authors emphasise the necessity of a systematic approach to financing rehabilitation services, taking into account the requirements of humanitarian law and the standards of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The primary focus of this analysis is the disparity between the state and international components of funding, in addition to the deficiencies in the regulatory framework that delineates rehabilitation as a continuous process. The fragmentation of current legislation, the absence of unified terminological foundations, inadequate coordination among relevant actors, and the lack of procedural regulation for interagency co-operation are all salient issues. The text goes on to emphasise the discrepancy between the rights of veterans to rehabilitation and their actual access to quality services at the regional level. The following paper sets out to outline the key challenges in financing the veteran rehabilitation system under the conditions of a special period. These include the absence of transparency in public procurement procedures, the lack of an effective mechanism for external control over the use of funds, and the paucity of performance indicators with which to assess expenditure efficiency. It is imperative to acknowledge the disparity in the financing mechanisms for the multifaceted components of rehabilitation, encompassing the medical, psychosocial, domestic, and occupational domains. This disparity hinders the comprehensive resolution of challenges associated with the adaptation and integration of veterans into society. The analysis conducted has resulted in the formulation of well-founded proposals for the improvement of normative legal acts, the introduction of independent monitoring, the involvement of civil society institutions in the development of individual rehabilitation plans, and the enhancement of transparency in procurement in this field. The creation of a unified basic law on rehabilitation and the introduction of an indicative system for evaluating the performance of service provision are proposed. The results obtained in this study are of practical significance for the formation of a new model of state policy in the field of post-war rehabilitation. They can be used in the activities of central and local executive authorities, healthcare institutions, academic institutions, as well as in the process of law-making and the development of budget programs. Subject of the article. The subject of this article is the financial and legal foundations of the functioning of international and state rehabilitation programmes for veterans in Ukraine. The article focuses particularly on the issues of their regulatory framework, funding, intersectoral coordination, and implementation mechanisms for rehabilitation services aimed at the comprehensive recovery of military personnel affected by war. Research methods. To ensure objectivity and interdisciplinary analysis, a set of general scientific and specialised legal methods was employed in the course of preparing this article. The formal legal method was employed to analyse the norms of Ukrainian and international law relating to rehabilitation, and to highlight any legal discrepancies. The system-structural method facilitated the analysis of institutional interactions and relationships among the legal, financial and social elements of the system. Meanwhile, the comparative legal approach made it possible to compare the Ukrainian model with the practices of the European Union. The method of legal hermeneutics was employed to unify legal concepts, and a socio-economic analysis was conducted to assess financing efficiency and identify risks in public procurement. Analytical and logical-normative methods were employed to summarise the data and develop recommendations to enhance the financial and legal support for rehabilitation programmes. Purpose of the article. The article aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the financial and legal foundations of international and state rehabilitation programmes for veterans, in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine. This includes identifying gaps in the current regulatory framework and organisational and financial imbalances in the implementation of relevant programmes, as well as developing conceptual proposals to improve the financing, coordination, control and regulatory unification mechanisms of rehabilitation policy in Ukraine. The article focuses on the structural barriers of a legal, institutional and resource-related nature that hinder veterans' access to comprehensive medical, social, psychosocial and occupational rehabilitation. Conclusion. The article concludes that Ukraine currently lacks a coherent mechanism for implementing veteran rehabilitation programmes that can ensure the integrated provision of medical, psychological, social, domestic, educational and occupational interventions. It identifies substantial gaps in the regulatory framework, particularly with regard to terminological ambiguity, the absence of unified approaches to determining the scope of services and the lack of a clear division of responsibilities between state authorities and local self-government bodies. The study emphasises the critical lack of institutional and financial foundations necessary for the rehabilitation system to function stably. The existing funding model is ineffective due to the absence of external monitoring mechanisms, a lack of transparent reporting and inefficiencies in public procurement procedures and resource allocation. These shortcomings prevent adequate fulfilment of veterans' needs, particularly in regions where shortages of specialised institutions and professionals are exacerbated by infrastructural inaccessibility. The research conducted substantiates the necessity for a structural reform of the rehabilitation system. This would include harmonising the legal framework, strengthening intersectoral co-operation, establishing an effective quality control mechanism for services, and developing financial instruments to facilitate the long-term integration of veterans into public life.

DESTINATION BRANDING AND MARKETING OF HAINAN IN THE EYES OF CHINESE MAINLAND TOURISTS

2025-09-24T13:34:47+00:00

Hainan's status as a popular tropical tourist destination in China is facing increasing competition and changing visitor expectations, making it necessary to re-evaluate its branding and marketing strategies. This study examines the perceptions of Chinese mainland tourists regarding Hainan’s destination image, focusing on the alignment between its brand positioning and visitor experiences. Using a combination of quantitative surveys (with 600 respondents) and qualitative analysis, the authors evaluate important factors such as natural attractions, cultural depth, service quality and the effectiveness of digital marketing. The results reveal that 60% of tourists prioritise natural scenery, while only 15.5% value cultural experiences. This highlights a risk of homogenisation. Service attitude (32% of complaints) and pricing transparency (26%) are identified as key areas for improvement. Furthermore, 75.5% of respondents rely on the internet for travel information, underscoring the potential for enhanced digital engagement. Based on these findings, the study proposes the following actionable strategies: integrating Li and Miao cultural elements to differentiate the brand; improving service training and pricing regulations; and optimising social media campaigns on platforms such as Douyin. By aligning projected and perceived images, Hainan can enhance its competitiveness as a multifaceted global destination. This research makes a valuable contribution to the literature on destination branding by providing empirical support for Keller’s brand equity model in the context of emotional drivers and demographic segmentation. It offers policymakers and marketers practical insights.

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF INFORMAL ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE ON SERVICE DELIVERY: CASE OF A LOCAL AUTHORITY IN ZIMBABAWE

2025-09-24T13:34:47+00:00

Informal culture, frequently characterised by unwritten rules, social norms and interpersonal relationships, plays a critical role in shaping employee behaviour and organisational effectiveness. The present study set out to explore the role of informal organisational culture on service delivery at a selected local authority in Zimbabwe. The present qualitative research utilised a case study design, with in-depth interviews being used to collect data from 30 conveniently selected participants. The study's findings indicated that informal organisational culture has a positive and negative effect on service delivery in local authorities. Positive informal interactions among employees lead to improved co-operation and responsiveness to community needs. They also foster a sense of camaraderie and teamwork, enhance open communication channels, and boost employee morale. Conversely, negative informal cultural practices such as cliques, exclusion, favouritism, resistance to change, and misalignment between informal culture and formal organisational goals can hinder performance and the delivery of quality services. The study concludes that an understanding of, and ability to leverage, informal organisational culture is essential for improving service delivery in local authorities. Consequently, managers must endeavour to foster a conducive informal environment that is congruent with the formal organisational culture and objectives. This study makes a significant contribution to the broader discourse on organisational culture and service delivery, particularly in the context of developing regions, where formal structures may be less effective when operating in isolation.

PRINCIPLES OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF BUDGET FUNDS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOUND PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2025-09-24T13:34:46+00:00

This article explores the legal and economic principles underlying the legal regime of budget funds, with a view to ensuring sound public financial management. It focuses on identifying and systematising the fundamental principles that govern the use of public budget resources, such as efficiency, transparency, legality, accountability and targeted use. Particular attention is paid to the interconnection between these principles and their practical implementation in Ukraine during the post-reform and wartime periods. Methodology. The study employs a combination of economic and legal analyses, incorporating a systematic review of legislation, an evaluation of fiscal policy, and an analysis of budget execution data and public audit reports. The research also considers EU practices and OECD standards in public finance governance, integrating comparative approaches. Results. The findings demonstrate that, although the principles of sound financial management are formally recognised in Ukrainian budget legislation, their practical application remains inconsistent. The implementation of budget governance is hindered by institutional and procedural shortcomings, a lack of transparency, and limited accountability mechanisms. The findings from international studies indicate that the presence of legal clarity, procedural safeguards, and integrated audit systems is imperative in achieving both fiscal discipline and social outcomes. Practical implications. The article's findings are outlined in a series of legal and policy recommendations, the aim of which is to strengthen the budgetary legal framework and promote institutional reforms. These include the enhancement of regulatory clarity, the facilitation of public access to budget information, the expansion of the powers of oversight bodies, and the adoption of a results-based management approach. Value / Оriginality. The article provides a structured analysis of the fundamental principles of the legal regime of budget funds and their role in enhancing the quality of fiscal governance. The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal mechanisms for the management of public funds in emerging economies, with a particular focus on fragile and conflict-affected contexts.

OPTIMISATION OF MANAGEMENT OF MULTI-COMPONENT TRANSPORT OPERATIONS WITH APPLICATION IN MODERN LOGISTICS USING A FLEXIBLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COST MINIMISATION

2025-09-24T13:34:46+00:00

The effective management of transport and logistics issues is a critical component of contemporary supply chain management. In the context of a globalised economy and increasing demands for speed and quality of service, the optimisation of transport processes is becoming a strategic priority for achieving economic sustainability and enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. In view of this, the aim of this study is to develop an innovative mathematical model that will minimise the total costs of organising complex, multi-component transport operations. The proposed model framework is characterised by a high degree of realism, as it takes into account key practical constraints. These include the limited capacity of transport vehicles, the specific requirements for personnel qualifications and availability, and the detailed conditions for servicing final destinations. This approach offers flexibility and adaptability when modelling a variety of logistics scenarios, including those involving dynamic changes in consumer demand, resource availability, and infrastructure constraints. It is particularly well-suited to urban logistics and inter-platform delivery management, as well as other sectors requiring a high degree of coordination and precision in resource allocation. The mathematical formulation transforms the transport problem into an integer programming optimisation model. In this model, binary variables play a key role in representing discrete solutions for allocating tasks and resources. The model ensures compliance with operational, logistical and regulatory requirements by incorporating precisely defined constraints. Due to the problem's high combinatorial complexity, the solution is implemented using a combined approach that includes both exact (e.g., branch-and-bound) and heuristic (e.g., greedy algorithms and local search) optimisation methods. This hybrid methodological approach enables the discovery of solutions that are close to optimal within an acceptable computational time, which is critically important for real-world applications. The empirical part of the study comprises simulations and quantitative analyses demonstrating the model’s ability to efficiently allocate transport tasks while reducing costs. This is achieved by making balanced use of different types of transport vehicle, engaging qualified drivers optimally, and providing an adequate service to geographically diverse destinations. This work's scientific contribution is demonstrated through the creation of a compact, applicable optimisation framework that integrates multidimensional, practically significant constraints, and through the demonstration of its effectiveness and applicability in real scenarios. The main achievements of the study can be summarised as follows: development of a detailed optimisation model for multi-component transport processes; formulation of the problem as an integer model with multiple constraints; application of a hybrid approach combining exact and heuristic methods for finding solutions; demonstration of practical applicability through simulations and quantitative evaluation of the results. All models and calculations are implemented in the MATLAB programming environment, which offers the computing power and flexibility required for the real-time simulation and analysis of transport scenarios.

THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR ON THE TRAINING OF FASHION INDUSTRY SPECIALISTS IN UKRAINE

2025-09-24T13:34:46+00:00

This article discusses the integration of the apparel industry into vocational and higher education systems in Ukraine. It analyses the main trends in co-operation between educational establishments and apparel industry enterprises, and determines the key areas in which educational programmes should be adapted to meet modern labour market requirements. It also outlines the advantages of dual education, industrial practices and internships as effective mechanisms for training industry professionals. It is imperative to emphasise the necessity to modernise the material and technical facilities of educational institutions. This can be achieved by attracting grant programmes, international financing, and partnerships with businesses. The role of enterprises in the development of educational initiatives is substantiated, in particular by investing in the development of laboratories, providing equipment, and conducting co-operative research. The research considers the current state of the apparel industry and its main challenges. These include a shortage of skilled personnel, educational programmes that do not meet the current requirements of the labour market, and low motivation among young people to pursue careers in this field. The authors propose ways to reform sectoral education, such as updating training laboratories, providing teaching staff with regular internships at production facilities, integrating digital technologies into the educational process and fostering public-private partnerships. This article analyses the impact of the Russian–Ukrainian war on training specialists for the fashion industry. It considers human resources challenges, the adaptation of educational programmes and the role of cultural diplomacy in supporting the industry. The paper also draws attention to the lack of mechanisms for state and business co-financing of education. This factor, in turn, complicates the training of highly qualified specialists. The authors suggest possible solutions to this problem, such as introducing tax incentives, developing dual education and attracting international support. Particular attention is also given to analysing the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on training fashion industry specialists, the co-operation mechanisms between educational institutions and apparel industry enterprises, the introduction of digital technologies, the development of dual education and the expansion of public-private partnerships. This research aims to identify effective ways to improve interaction between the apparel industry and vocational and higher education in Ukraine. It will also study the main challenges facing the industry and develop recommendations for modernising educational programmes to meet current labour market requirements. Methodology. The specifics of the research determined its methodological principles. The study employed methods such as analysis, synthesis and analogy, as well as comparative, historical and systematic approaches. This methodological background enabled changes in the training of fashion industry professionals in Ukraine to be compared under the impact of the Russian–Ukrainian war, while taking into account the historical, socio-cultural, and economic contexts. The surveys conducted as part of this study are based on data from professional associations, educational institutions, business representatives, and industry experts. Results. The results obtained can inform strategic decisions regarding the development of sectoral education, enhance interaction mechanisms between educational institutions and the production sector, and inform policy to support the fashion industry during wartime. Practical impact. The key challenges caused by the outflow of personnel abroad are identified, and the prospects for reforming the educational system to adapt to the new situation are outlined. The main approaches to updating professional training are described, which could facilitate the restoration and development of the Ukrainian fashion industry, even during wartime. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of approaches to the qualitative interaction of the apparel industry and the system of vocational and higher education in Ukraine in the context of modern economic and socio-cultural challenges. For the first time ever: the present study identifies and systematises the main trends in co-operation between educational institutions and apparel industry enterprises that contribute to effective personnel training in accordance with the needs of the labour market; the paper analyses the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the training of specialists for the apparel industry, with particular reference to the challenges experienced by personnel, the need for adaptation of educational programmes, and the role of cultural diplomacy in supporting the industry.

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN-POLISH ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY SECURITY CHALLENGES

2025-09-24T13:34:45+00:00

The objective of this article is to delineate the array of fundamental institutional impediments that curtail the capacity for Ukrainian-Polish economic collaboration in the context of prevailing security challenges, and to formulate recommendations for addressing the identified concerns. The present study investigates the main trends, factors, and components of the development of Ukrainian-Polish economic relations under conditions of heightened global instability. This study focuses on institutional barriers, with a particular emphasis on their role in amplifying systemic risks for the economies of both countries. The article examines the drivers and manifestations of institutional dysfunctions impeding bilateral economic co-operation and analyses their impact in the context of Ukraine's European integration ambitions and the strategic priorities of bilateral collaboration. The research indicates an augmentation in the potential for trade and economic co-operation, as evidenced by actual indicators of mutual trade turnover that exceed the estimated thresholds derived from the gravitational model of bilateral economic attraction. The findings also demonstrate that the most significant institutional dysfunctions negatively affecting co-operation include opportunistic behaviour, institutional traps, information asymmetries, and institutional mutations and anomie. The global institutional context is a key area of focus, with particular attention paid to its implications for bilateral co-operation. The erosion of traditional international institutions has prompted a search for novel forms of institutional collaboration between Ukraine and Poland, both bilaterally and multilaterally. The study proposes directing strategic attention towards the institutional dimensions of Ukrainian-Polish co-operation in sectors such as agriculture, agri-food processing, transport and logistics, energy, defence and security. It identifies the diversification of institutional platforms for interaction among economic actors, government authorities at all levels and civil society institutions in both countries as the most effective tool for overcoming existing institutional barriers. The article argues that modernising governance instruments and reducing the negative impact of information asymmetries, mental stereotypes and social archetypes would reduce opportunistic behaviour and encourage greater engagement between business communities in Ukraine and Poland.

SOCIAL ENTERPRISE FINANCING MODELS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UKRAINIAN REALITIES

2025-09-24T13:34:45+00:00

The subject of the present study is the models of financing social enterprises in the national economy of Ukraine under the conditions of institutional transformation and military challenges. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research incorporates a range of analytical approaches, including system and comparative analysis, SWOT analysis, institutional analysis, and case study method. These methods were employed to facilitate an objective assessment of the financing practices of social enterprises. The objective of the present study is to categorise the prevailing models of financing social enterprises, to identify the key challenges to their implementation in Ukraine, and to propose the potential for adapting international financial instruments to the domestic institutional and economic environment. The results of the study demonstrate that the current financing landscape in Ukraine is characterised by short-term, fragmented models, including donor grants, internal self-financing (bootstrapping), crowdfunding, and partially available microfinance. State-supported mechanisms and impact investment instruments remain underdeveloped. Prospective directions include blended finance models, social impact bonds, public-social-private partnerships (PSPP), and targeted fiscal incentives. Conclusion. The development of sustainable financing models for social enterprises in Ukraine is predicated on the institutional recognition of social entrepreneurship as a legal-economic phenomenon. This recognition is to be accompanied by the creation of an enabling regulatory environment, the establishment of national standards for measuring social impact, and the integration of public-private investment tools. It is asserted that social enterprises have the potential to act as drivers of inclusive economic recovery, especially in post-war and crisis contexts. However, this potential can only be realised if financing models are supported by coherent policy, multi-level co-operation, and the engagement of both domestic and international stakeholders. These transformations are imperative not only for ensuring financial viability, but also for embedding social entrepreneurship into the broader strategic framework of national economic resilience and long-term development.

DІAGNOSTICS AND PREDICTING OF CUSTOMS PAYMENTS AS A TOOL FOR ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

2025-09-24T13:34:45+00:00

In light of the challenges posed by the full-scale war, the issue of Ukraine's national security has assumed a new strategic significance that extends far beyond the military sphere. In the context of armed aggression, a key element in ensuring national stability and sovereignty is the regulation and management of customs payments. These have evolved into a powerful tool for supporting both economic and border security. Prior to the full-scale invasion, Ukraine's customs system was undergoing a process of modernisation, with a focus on aligning with European standards of administration, transparency, and digital integration. Concurrently, during wartime, the role of customs authorities in ensuring national security underwent significant expansion, primarily through the implementation of stringent controls over the movement of dual-use goods, the reduction of illegal imports, the combatting of smuggling, and the prevention of the financing of terrorist organisations. Despite the attention paid to the fiscal function of customs payments by both domestic and foreign researchers, the analysis of the security potential of the customs system in conditions of martial law requires closer consideration. In particular, the specifics of customs policy should be considered as a factor in mobilising resources to support the Armed Forces of Ukraine, stabilise the state budget, strengthen trade borders, and counteract the destructive effects of external economic threats. In this context, research into the relationship between customs policy, economic security, and Ukraine's national interests in wartime becomes particularly important. The subject of the present study is the functioning of the customs payment system as an instrument of national security support during armed conflict. The aim of the present study is twofold: firstly, to ascertain the potential of the customs system as a means of strengthening national security, taking into account the challenges of wartime; and secondly, to develop proposals for the effective use of customs revenues for post-war recovery. The study employed a combination of general scientific and applied methods. In particular, system analysis was used to study the functions of the customs authorities under martial law; economic and statistical methods were used to assess the dynamics of customs revenues; and methods of analysis and synthesis were used to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the security functions of the customs system. Additionally, graphical methods were employed to visualise changes in the structure of customs payments. This article examines the peculiarities of Ukraine’s customs policy in the context of the challenges posed by the war. It notes that customs payments are crucial for maintaining financial stability, defence potential and economic security. The article emphasises that post-war recovery should be based on the effective use of the customs system as a tool for not only filling the budget, but also mitigating the risks associated with the shadow economy, illegal transit and smuggling. Conclusion. Under martial law, the customs system performs a dual function of fiscal and security measures, enabling the state to respond quickly to internal and external challenges. Customs payments provide a reliable source of funding for defence, logistics and critical infrastructure. In the post-war period, customs policy should be strengthened and modernised to focus on strategic national security goals. Thus, a new security architecture for Ukraine is being formed through the prism of customs payments, based on the principles of transparency, efficiency, and European management standards.

MEDIATION AS A TOOL FOR ADDRESSING GAPS IN CIVIL LEGISLATION AMID ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

2025-09-24T13:34:44+00:00

In the contemporary context, the provision of legal support for innovative processes affecting the economic, political and social development of society is becoming increasingly significant. The economy requires legal backing to ensure stability, to minimise conflict-generating factors, and to enable effective mechanisms for achieving consensus with partners. This article explores the legal foundations, mechanisms, and practical approaches to applying the institution of mediation in resolving economic disputes in Ukraine. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of blockchain technology to address the existing gaps in civil law. Methodology. The study employs a combination of contemporary general scientific and specialised legal research methods, providing a systematic, holistic, and interdisciplinary approach to analysing the phenomenon of mediation as a mechanism for addressing legal gaps in civil law during the resolution of economic disputes. The present study employs the dialectical method to identify patterns in the evolution of legal regulation for alternative dispute resolution in Ukraine, within the framework of market relations and the rule of law. System analysis enables the consideration of mediation as an element of the legal mechanism regulating economic relations, in interaction with judicial practice, law-making, and civil law principles. The formal legal method is employed to analyse legislative acts, with a particular focus on the Law of Ukraine "On Mediation" and the Civil and Commercial Procedural Codes, with the aim of examining the application of mediation to economic disputes. Furthermore, the judicial decisions of the Supreme Court are examined. The legal modelling method is employed to formulate proposals for enhancing the regulatory framework for implementing mediation agreements in Ukraine, as well as for developing conceptual approaches to recognising such agreements as a means of bridging legal gaps in civil law. The objective of this scientific article is threefold: firstly, to examine the potential of mediation as a tool for addressing gaps in civil law during the resolution of economic disputes; secondly, to analyse current legislation and judicial practice; and thirdly, to formulate proposals for improving national law enforcement practices. The findings of the research demonstrate that mediation holds significant potential as a means of overcoming gaps in civil law, particularly in areas where proper legal regulation of economic relations is lacking, or where the existing legislation is overly formalised. Conclusion. Since 2021, Ukraine's national legislation has created proper legal preconditions for the development of mediation in economic disputes, particularly through the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Mediation" and corresponding amendments to procedural codes. Judicial practice demonstrates the efficacy of mediation, particularly in cases involving the suspension of proceedings for the purpose of conducting negotiations, thus signifying a gradual integration of alternative dispute resolution into the national legal system. The primary factors impeding the advancement of mediation in Ukraine are as follows: inadequate awareness among participants in economic legal relations; the absence of consistent judicial practice; insufficient institutional support and certification of mediators; and the lack of a regulated mechanism for the enforcement of mediation agreements. In order to ensure the effective implementation of mediation as a means of addressing legal gaps in the economic sector, it is necessary to: ensure proper professional training for mediators; formalise the procedure for recognition and enforcement of mediation agreements; create conditions for promoting mediation among entrepreneurs, lawyers, and judges; and adapt court-assisted mediation tools to the specifics of economic disputes.

LEGAL REGULATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY: GUARANTEES AND RESTRICTIONS

2025-09-24T13:34:44+00:00

The study focuses on the legal regulation of investment activity, paying particular attention to the guarantees and restrictions applied in national and international legal systems. Methodology. The research is based on a methodological framework that draws on general scientific and special legal methods, including dialectical, comparative legal, formal legal and systemic analysis. These tools enabled the content and limits of investment guarantees to be explored, as well as the legal mechanisms that restrict or balance them in various conditions. The work aims to determine the essence of investment activity as a legal phenomenon, analyse the system of guarantees protecting investors’ rights and identify the scope and legal nature of limitations imposed in the interests of national security, public order and economic stability. Particular attention is paid to the legal environment in Ukraine during martial law, as well as to the role of "soft law" instruments in shaping international investment standards. The results of the study showed that investment activity is legally regulated by a complex set of norms reflecting both private and public interests. Legal guarantees are essential for attracting investment, while legal limitations act as a safeguard in exceptional situations. The interaction between hard and soft law helps to make the investment regulatory framework more flexible and adaptive. Conclusion. In contemporary conditions, legal regulation of investment activity is not limited to creating favourable conditions for capital flow; it also encompasses mechanisms for balancing economic freedom with constitutional imperatives, such as national security, public order and environmental sustainability. Investment guarantees are essential for legal predictability and investor confidence, providing protection against arbitrary state interference, discriminatory practices and sudden regulatory changes. At the same time, legal restrictions are not necessarily negative. Rather, they reflect the state's sovereign right to regulate economic behaviour in the public interest, particularly during times of emergency such as armed conflict or economic crisis. The role of soft law in investment regulation is becoming increasingly important. In the absence of binding multilateral agreements, international advisory instruments, declarations and best practice standards provide essential normative guidance, contributing to the gradual formation of customary rules. These mechanisms help to bridge the gaps between different legal systems and promote the harmonisation of investment standards in a flexible and non-confrontational way.

STRENGTHENING LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE SOCIAL RIGHTS: CHALLENGES AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2025-09-24T13:34:43+00:00

The present article explores the role of local self-government in promoting social rights in Ukraine. The study considers the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development within the context of incomplete decentralisation reforms and the ongoing war that began in 2022. The present study aims to evaluate the influence of legal, institutional and economic frameworks on the ability of local authorities to deliver social services and secure social rights during times of crisis. The research employs qualitative methods, including the analysis of Ukrainian legislation, public finance data and case studies from several communities. Since 2014, decentralisation has been shown to empower local authorities, enhancing service delivery and citizen engagement. However, the war has precipitated a series of unprecedented pressures, engendering widespread social benefits disruption and exposing obsolescent legislation. Furthermore, it has imposed considerable limitations on the fiscal autonomy of numerous local authorities. Participatory budgeting practices, which are vital for encouraging civic engagement, have declined sharply during the conflict. Notwithstanding the aforementioned challenges, local authorities have demonstrated economic resilience by redistributing resources and maintaining the provision of essential social services, particularly for vulnerable groups such as veterans and families affected by the war. The findings emphasise the urgent need to update social protection laws to reflect current realities. The text highlights the discrepancies between the legal guarantees provided and the practical implementation of social rights, emphasising the necessity for addressing these issues. It is imperative to acknowledge the significance of stable revenue streams for local authorities and the revitalisation of participatory governance mechanisms in Ukraine's post-war recovery process. The alignment of reforms with the Sustainable Development Goals is a key factor in the development of democratic and accountable hromadas that are economically strong. This study illuminates the potential of local self-government to promote human rights and social welfare, even during periods of crisis. The present volume provides practical insights to policymakers and practitioners involved in decentralisation and social development initiatives in Ukraine and similar contexts.

METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF NORM-SETTING IN THE CONTEXT OF ADAPTATION TO EUROPEAN UNION LAW: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PARADIGMS

2025-09-24T13:34:43+00:00

Ukraine is actively moving towards integration with the European Union, as evidenced by the signing of the Association Agreement (2014) and the granting of EU candidate status (2022). These steps have become significant milestones on the path to European integration, opening up new opportunities for Ukraine's political, economic, and legal convergence with EU member states. The adaptation of national legislation to EU law is one of the key stages on the path to European integration. This process requires not only the formal transposition of EU legal norms into national legislation, but also their practical implementation, taking into account the national characteristics of Ukraine's legal system. Accordingly, harmonisation of legislation must be accompanied by institutional reforms, improvement of law enforcement practices and enhancement of the quality of regulatory drafting. The process of legislative drafting, that is to say, the creation of legal norms, is subject to the requirement of compliance with EU standards and principles. The principles of legislative drafting are aimed at ensuring that laws are not only adopted but also effectively implemented. Adaptation to EU law is not merely a matter of formal transposition of norms; it is also contingent on their practical implementation. The purpose of this study is to summarise the conceptual foundations and methodological principles of norm-setting as a law-making process, to identify effective adaptation mechanisms for integrating Ukrainian legislation into the legal space of the European Union, taking into account the challenges and prospects identified for Ukraine within the economic and legal paradigms of the present day. Methodology. The restructuring of domestic law during the formation of the Ukrainian legal system and Ukraine's subsequent integration into the European legal field is a dynamic process that requires constant methodological reflection. This study was conducted according to the principles of dialectical logic. The multifaceted and multifactorial nature of the law-making process necessitates a systematic, structural-functional and situational approach to its study. The provisions and conclusions were developed using theories of rational choice and a comparative approach. Within the scope of the conclusions, it can be stated that the formation and functioning of the legal system is a law-making process. The dynamics of processes occurring both around and within the system can have two different development patterns: unifying and disunifying. Legal monitoring in the law-making process is designed to identify them, while ensuring the implementation of the predictive function of law. The process of drafting regulations and adapting Ukrainian national legislation to EU law is a complex and multifaceted task that requires consideration of both the fundamental principles of regulatory drafting and new challenges posed by the specific nature of the European legal space and current global trends. Adapting legislation is a complex and multidimensional process which, in addition to implementing reforms and close coordination between state bodies and EU institutions, requires interaction with expert communities and international partners. The analysis presented in the article indicates that despite achievements in harmonising legislative norms and Ukraine's attempts to reform a significant part of the legal sector, there are still problems that require a wide range of opportunities and more decisive action on the part of both Ukraine and the EU. In general, the difficulties lie in the lack of a regulatory framework on the basis of which it is possible to effectively influence legislative changes, difficulties in legal support, corruption at all levels of government, and many other problems of an informational, economic and political nature. Such challenges are an obstacle to the further effectiveness of the integration process and have a negative impact not only on the country's reputation but also on the assistance provided by EU Member States. Successfully addressing these challenges is key to Ukraine's European integration, its development and a stable and competitive future as a powerful, free and economically developed country. Effective regulatory drafting will be a key factor in Ukraine's integration into the EU, contributing to the strengthening of the legal system and ensuring compliance with European standards in all areas of public life, in order to achieve the development and prosperity of the state.

OPTIMISATION OF LAND RESOURCE USE IN THE SUBURBAN AREA OF ODESA FOR RECREATIONAL NEEDS

2025-09-24T13:34:43+00:00

The article discusses topical issues of optimising the use of suburban areas in the context of developing tourism and recreational infrastructure, using the example of the Odessa region. It is emphasised that in the context of decentralisation, urbanisation pressure and the need to diversify the economy, suburban areas are becoming strategically important as potential centres of tourism and hospitality. The study is based on an analysis of natural resource potential, functional zoning of territories, existing buildings and engineering infrastructure. A methodological approach to assessing the suitability of land for the location of tourist and recreational facilities is proposed, taking into account landscape, environmental, legal and social factors. The results of spatial analysis revealed a significant reserve of degraded and underutilised areas that could be adapted for the creation of recreational facilities, glamping sites, cultural and educational clusters, and gastronomic clusters. Directions for integrating such territories into regional tourist routes and transport accessibility networks have been proposed. The priorities of sustainable planning in the formation of new tourism infrastructure are justified, in particular through mechanisms of public-private partnership, investment zoning and the involvement of local communities (hromadas). The scientific novelty lies in the formation of a multifactorial model of spatial transformation of suburban areas into functional centres of tourist activity, which takes into account the current challenges of urban development, environmental safety and the demands of the target audience. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of using the proposed approaches by local authorities, developers and investors to improve the efficiency of planning, attract capital and strengthen the competitive position of the region on the tourist map of Ukraine.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

2025-09-24T13:34:42+00:00

The scholarly publication examines administrative and legal regulation of the use of information technologies in the development of the national economy. It is noted that contemporary information technologies have the potential substantially improve the mechanism of public administration in economic relations, entrepreneurship, and the facilitation of international trade. Furthermore, innovative information technologies contribute to the creation of new digital tools for building modern business models and optimizing core business processes, including production, trade, and the provision of services. It is emphasized that artificial intelligence, as the most promising and versatile form of information technology, should play a central role in strengthening the mechanisms of the national economy. Effective administrative and legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence is essential for establishing clear restrictions regarding its permissible areas of application and methods of its use. Attention is drawn to the necessity of administrative and legal regulation concerning the use of robotics in the production of goods, trade, and service delivery to protect employees’ rights and freedoms and ensure social guarantees for qualified workers dismissed due to the implementation of innovative information technologies (as a result of workforce reductions during production and process optimization). The author concludes that it is necessary to develop and adopt a new Concept for the Development of the National Economy in the Information Society (Digitalization of Social Relations) for the period up to 2035, with clearly defined goals aimed at enhancing the mechanism of public administration in economic relations and the functioning of the national economy as a whole.