Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

EXPLORING THE FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN USING DIGITAL BANKING SERVICES (EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM GEORGIA)

2026-01-26T13:49:21+00:00

The article demonstrates that the rapid growth of digital banking services has significantly altered consumer behaviour, making empirical research into the factors influencing digital banking adoption essential. Digital banking technologies are also developing rapidly in Georgia. Therefore, studying the behaviour of Georgian consumers in relation to digital banking services is highly relevant. This research aims to investigate Georgian consumers' attitudes towards using digital technologies. The focus of the research is the Georgian banking sector. The theoretical basis of this paper is the theory of consumer behaviour, which describes the influence of cognitive and emotional factors of digital banking users on their satisfaction. Following a thorough analysis of extant literature on the subject, the following variables were selected for inclusion in the research study: awareness of digital banking, social media marketing activities provided by banking institutions, consumer trust, consumer intention, use of digital banking services by consumers, and consumer satisfaction. The present study employs the online survey method. Primary data were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire, which was completed by 433 respondents selected at random. The data were analysed using regression analyses. The findings substantiated the model's reliability and validity. This study found a positive relationship between consumer intention to use digital banking and awareness (β = 0.367, p < 0.01), social media marketing activities (β = 0.384, p < 0.01), and trust (β = 0.432, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a positive attitude has also been established between consumer intention and use of digital banking (β = 0.621, p < 0.01); also, use of digital banking services and consumer satisfaction (β = 0.609, p < 0.01). This original study makes a significant contribution to the extant literature in the field of banking marketing. The present study offers practical insights, thus supporting the design of targeted marketing strategies to promote digital banking adoption in the Georgian banking sector.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN UKRAINE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

2026-01-26T13:49:21+00:00

This article examines the economic and legal principles that ensure the financial sustainability of local self-government bodies in Ukraine, particularly in the context of decentralisation reforms and mounting budgetary challenges. Financial sustainability is defined as a multifaceted concept reflecting a municipality's capacity to generate stable revenues, balance expenditure, manage debt responsibly, and provide essential public services amid macroeconomic instability and limited resources. The study aims to analyse the theoretical and regulatory approaches to the financial sustainability of local self-government, identify the main issues in its legal and economic framework, and set out ways to strengthen institutional capacity. The legislative framework governing local finance, intergovernmental transfers and budget decentralisation is given particular attention, as is the role of administrative and financial mechanisms in fostering the development of territorial communities (hromadas). It is emphasised that constrained fiscal autonomy, excessive reliance on central government transfers, and circumscribed opportunities for municipal borrowing compromise the financial sustainability of local authorities. Concurrently, evidence from EU countries demonstrates that transparent budget rules, diversification of income sources, and prudent debt management considerably enhance municipal financial resilience. The research findings reveal that the current Ukrainian model demonstrates structural weaknesses, including an undeveloped local tax base, limited investment capacity, inconsistent legal regulation of municipal borrowing, and insufficient coherence between economic and legal instruments of financial management. The study shows that addressing these issues requires comprehensive reforms to expand the fiscal autonomy of hromadas, make intergovernmental transfers more predictable, strengthen budget discipline and reinforce the rule of law in financial decision-making. The practical significance of the research lies in establishing a methodological basis for creating a balanced system of economic instruments and legal provisions to ensure the financial stability of municipalities. The findings emphasise that the financial sustainability of local self-government bodies should be considered not only in economic terms, but also as a legal guarantee of effective self-governance and democratic development.

IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TOURISM FOR THE EUROPEAN HEALTH TOURISM DESTINATIONS. GERMANY – GOOD PRACTICE

2026-01-26T13:49:21+00:00

This article builds on existing knowledge of the European medical tourism industry and its impact on European health tourism destinations. It explores how medical tourism can be developed for customers and the European tourism industry. Firstly, the authors aim to present the important role of medical tourism for Europe as a continent with a tradition of longevity. Secondly, they aim to showcase Germany as a leading world-renowned tourism destination with an excellent international reputation in the field of medical tourism. Germany is renowned for its high healthcare standards, specialised medical professionals, and cutting-edge medical technology. Thirdly, the rising trend of patients travelling to Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic countries, for affordable treatments and procedures is further propelling the market, coupled with increased accessibility due to improved transport links and visa policies. Countries such as Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Lithuania are emerging as popular destinations thanks to their specialisation in various medical procedures and competitive pricing. The authors' suggestions will enable countries looking to develop medical tourism or seeking new opportunities to offer year-round tourism to develop as sustainable health tourism destinations, such as Bulgaria. These countries will be able to receive know-how from the best European practices. Developing medical tourism enables destinations to retain medical specialists without changing the industry. The aforementioned tourist product is designed to promote the destination, with the intention of showcasing the quality of the medicine, the clinical and hospital infrastructure, and the medical competence of the doctors and medical specialists who provide care to patients. The phenomenon of medical tourism has been shown to exert a multifaceted influence on both social and economic domains, in addition to its impact on the image of the nation.

WHAT FACTORS DRIVE THE SUCCESS IN LITHUANIAN REAL ESTATE CROWDFUNDING?

2026-01-26T13:49:20+00:00

The volatility of financial markets, the tightening of financing conditions during the global financial crisis, and the rapid growth of fintech technologies have led to the emergence of a new and innovative financial instrument: real estate crowdfunding. The rapid global spread and growing popularity of real estate crowdfunding among investors and project owners have generated interest in research in this area, especially regarding the success factors of such projects. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous studies have analysed the factors determining the success of real estate crowdfunding projects in Lithuania, thereby emphasising the relevance of this research. The objective of this research endeavour is twofold: firstly, to identify the factors that may influence the success of real estate crowdfunding projects, and secondly, to empirically investigate the effects of these factors in the context of Lithuania's real estate crowdfunding market. To achieve this objective, data from 812 real estate crowdfunding projects on Lithuania's largest real estate crowdfunding platform were utilised. The success of real estate projects was assessed using two variables: the time from project funding in days and the number of investors per project. In addition to these two variables, five project-related factors that may influence the success of such projects were considered. The OLS regression was employed to investigate these effects, and it was revealed that for both indicators of project success, the amount raised, LTV ratio, and project duration had statistically significant effects. It was found that the annual interest rate was a statistically insignificant determinant of real estate project success for both project success indicators. The findings of this research are of paramount importance for project owners seeking to expeditiously and efficaciously raise funding, as well as for crowdfunding platforms in the selection of prospective projects for lucrative financing and the attraction of additional investors.

TOWARDS STRONGER ACCOUNTABILITY: GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS IN WESTERN BALKAN NGOS

2026-01-26T13:49:20+00:00

This study explores how the key governance dimensions of transparency, legitimacy and effectiveness influence the level and quality of accountability within non-governmental organisations (NGOs) operating across the Western Balkans. The research focuses on the internal governance mechanisms that determine how NGOs maintain ethical conduct, operational credibility and public trust in a region characterised by institutional transitions and donor dependency. By examining how these dimensions interact, the study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the governance structures that strengthen accountability and contribute to more responsible organisational performance. This study aims to identify the governance factor with the greatest impact on accountability and to explain the interrelationships among the three factors. To this end, a structured analytical framework combining quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. A variety of statistical techniques were employed in the analysis, including descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, linear and logistic regression, mediation and cluster analyses. This comprehensive methodological approach enabled an in-depth examination of the direct and indirect effects between governance dimensions and accountability, ensuring empirical robustness and analytical clarity. The results confirm that legitimacy and effectiveness are the most influential determinants of accountability, while transparency has a significant, albeit mostly indirect, impact. Regression analyses indicate that higher levels of organisational effectiveness and legitimacy are strongly associated with greater accountability. Transparency enhances these dimensions and indirectly reinforces accountability. Further mediation analysis demonstrates that transparency influences accountability positively through its impact on legitimacy and effectiveness. Cluster analysis revealed different patterns of governance maturity, showing that NGOs with stronger internal governance systems consistently achieve higher accountability outcomes. In conclusion, accountability in NGOs is a multidimensional and dynamic concept influenced by interconnected governance mechanisms. Strengthening legitimacy through ethical practices, improving effectiveness through measurable results and embedding transparency as an integral management principle are all key to sustaining credibility and public trust. These findings provide valuable insights for NGO leaders, policymakers and donors who wish to improve the quality of governance and ensure that non-profit organisations in the Western Balkans are more transparent, legitimate and effective.

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF HONORARY CONSULS IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY

2026-01-26T13:49:20+00:00

Despite the ongoing debate within the scientific community and the absence of consensus on their role and status, the proliferation of honorary consulates remains unabated. In fact, there has been a consistent and gradual increase in the establishment of these consulates over the past several decades. The institution of honorary consulate has been consistently regarded as a valuable asset within the architecture of foreign relations, despite not receiving the same degree of institutional recognition as the career consulate. To the present day, certain states continue to exhibit reluctance towards the establishment of this type of consulates, citing concerns related to, for instance, the loyalty to the country that appointed the honorary consuls. Moreover, although certain scientific articles emphasise their role and significance, quantitative research employing statistical and econometric methods to evaluate the impact of economic diplomacy on trade or investments frequently excludes honorary consulates from their models. Such research focuses on actors such as diplomatic missions. It is evident that there is a correlation between honorary consulates and economic and commercial activities; however, the question remains as to what extent this correlation is indeed a cause of tangible impact. The present article thus examines the evolving role of honorary consuls, with particular attention to their contribution to trade facilitation, the attraction of investments, and the promotion of national companies. These activities are encompassed within the spectrum of economic diplomacy. The present study adopts a literature review as its methodological approach, reviewing the extant literature on the topic of honorary consulates. The primary objective is to undertake a thorough examination of the extant literature pertinent to the subject, with a view to elucidating the contribution of these actors to the practice of economic diplomacy. The findings indicate that the establishment of honorary consulates is of particular benefit to small states, as it facilitates the enhancement of bilateral relations. Despite ongoing debates and reluctance to establish honorary consulates, this paper argues that the institution remains a relevant instrument of diplomacy, particularly for states with limited resources. Given the limited academic engagement with this topic, this review maps the existing research and provides a foundation for further empirical and theoretical studies into the evolving role of honorary consulates in contemporary international economic relations.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND POLICE ACTIONS AGAINST PROTESTERS DURING THE PANDEMIC – THE CASE STUDY OF GREECE

2026-01-26T13:49:20+00:00

The global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was announced by the World Health Organization in 2020, leading to a radical change in reality. Previous forms of social participation were significantly curtailed, and the quotidian routine was no longer able to function in its previous form. The mounting fear for health and life, rising mortality rates, and social chaos became the catalyst for countries to introduce compulsory isolation measures. This action generated strong and often extreme reactions from the population, particularly as the restrictions began to infringe upon fundamental rights, such as the right to freedom of association. This paper primarily aims to examine the actions of law enforcement agencies against protesters in Greece during the pandemic. Media reports and internal Greek regulations relating to the COVID-19 pandemic will serve as the reference point. This article aims to answer the question of whether the police response to protests during the pandemic was proportionate to the actions of demonstrators. A qualitative content analysis methodology was employed to provide a comprehensive interpretation of existing sources and draw key conclusions. This approach was adopted to analyse communications and announcements regarding the behaviour of protesters and law enforcement agencies during the study period.

MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES TO PREDICTIVE MODELING OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

2026-01-26T13:49:19+00:00

The subject of this research is the forecasting of the population dynamics of sheep and goats in Ukraine under wartime, economic, and climatic challenges that directly affect livestock farming and national food security. The present study is of particular pertinence, given the pivotal role that small ruminants play in ensuring the supply of meat, dairy products and wool. A decline in animal numbers may result in shortages of livestock products, deterioration of the socio-economic situation in rural areas, and a reduction in Ukraine's export capacity. The purpose of the paper is twofold: firstly, to develop short- and medium-term forecasting models for sheep and goat populations by combining classical statistical techniques with modern machine learning approaches; and secondly, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these models across different forecasting horizons. The methodological framework utilised is founded upon statistical data of an official nature, as recorded by the Main Department of Statistics in the Odesa region for the period 2007–2025. Four approaches were employed: the SARIMAX statistical model; the additive Prophet model; and LSTM neural networks, which were implemented using PyTorch and Keras. Forecast performance was evaluated using the RMSE, MAE, MAPE and MASE metrics, enabling a comprehensive comparison of the models. The results confirm that the sheep and goat population in Ukraine has been in persistent decline, with sharper falls observed since the start of the full-scale war. The Keras-based LSTM model proved to be the most accurate for short-term forecasts (12 months), while the PyTorch-based LSTM model demonstrated the greatest stability for medium-term predictions (24 months). The SARIMAX and Prophet models achieved moderate accuracy but struggled to reproduce peaks and troughs in the time series. The study's scientific novelty lies in its integration of statistical and neural network forecasting approaches, while explicitly accounting for wartime disruptions and crisis-related factors. This makes the research one of the first attempts to adapt hybrid forecasting models to the Ukrainian livestock sector in wartime. The practical value lies in the ability to use the developed models at both the micro and macro levels. Individual farms can use them to optimise production and resource planning, while policymakers can use the forecasts to design effective state support programmes, strengthen food security strategies and ensure the sustainable recovery of the agricultural sector.

FINANCING AND FACILITATING TERRORISM AS A CAUSE OF ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE STATE

2026-01-26T13:49:19+00:00

The purpose of the paper is to examine the financing and other facilitation of terrorism as a cause of economic, political and social problems in the state and the problems of countering them. Results. The research is based on an analysis of the regulatory framework for defining terrorism and liability for financing terrorism and other forms of facilitating such socially dangerous illegal activities in Ukraine and in accordance with the provisions of international law. The concept and characteristics of terrorism and its financing are described. The problems of countering terrorist financing and the peculiarities of defining the concept of 'terrorism' are examined, as are the signs of terrorist financing. In particular, one of the main objective signs of this criminal offence, the subject matter, is analysed in detail. The argument is put forward that the subject matter of the offence in question should be material assets, including both movable and immovable property (such as cash, cryptocurrency and property rights), while actions of a property nature should be considered to constitute an accessory to the relevant terrorist offence. The problems of financial monitoring as one of the areas of countering terrorist financing are being studied. Value/Originality. Financing terrorism is one of the terrorist offences for which liability is provided for by Ukrainian law. A detailed description of the characteristics of this illegal activity can help to increase the effectiveness of countering it and terrorism in general. The article proves that awareness and accurate identification of the subject of terrorist financing are key prerequisites for effectively countering this threat. Law enforcement agencies and financial institutions can only create effective mechanisms for detecting, monitoring and blocking suspicious flows if they have clear information about the specific resources used to support terrorist networks.

THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN DETERMINING MILITARY EXPENDITURE: EVIDENCE FROM EASTERN EUROPE

2026-01-26T13:49:19+00:00

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the impact of institutional factors on the level of military expenditure of post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe. The dramatic shift in the European security architecture has compelled these nations to substantially increase their defence budgets. Whilst the extant academic literature thoroughly covers traditional determinants such as external threats and economic development, the specific role of the institutional environment is often addressed in simplistic terms. The present study aims to investigate the causal relationship between institutional determinants and the share of national income allocated to defence, thus filling a significant gap in the existing literature. Methodology. The analysis is based on a quantitative assessment of a panel dataset covering 19 post-socialist countries from 2002 to 2023. To account for unobserved country-specific characteristics and common time shocks, a two-way fixed effects model was employed. To ensure valid and robust statistical inference, the estimations utilise Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. The results of the study showed that different aspects of the institutional environment have opposing effects on defence spending. The study demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between controlling corruption and military expenditure. This finding lends weight to the hypothesis that less corrupt states have stronger fiscal capabilities, enabling them to mobilise resources effectively and fund core state functions, including national security. Conversely, the study identified a statistically significant negative correlation between the strength of the rule of law and defence spending. This finding supports the hypothesis that robust legal institutions with inherent checks and balances, as well as greater public oversight, act as a restraint on executive power. This limits the growth of defence budgets in favour of other public priorities. Furthermore, the model confirmed that countries with larger populations tend to allocate a smaller proportion of their GDP to defence. Practical implications. The findings suggest that, since different institutional changes produce opposing outcomes, policymakers should adopt a more considered approach. For example, policies aimed at reducing corruption may increase a state’s fiscal capacity to fund defence, whereas strengthening the rule of law may introduce accountability mechanisms that limit such spending. Value / Originality. The research aims to provide a detailed analysis of the institutional determinants of defence expenditure, offering robust empirical evidence of the dual and contradictory roles played by different institutions in this area.

DIRECTIONS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2026-01-26T13:49:18+00:00

This article was prepared as part of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine's scholarship programme. It focuses on the study of the transformation of management systems for economic security in the agricultural sector in the context of sustainable development. The study is relevant due to modern challenges, particularly geopolitical threats and economic instability, as well as the need to integrate innovations and risk management in Ukrainian agriculture. It has been determined that sustainable development in the agricultural sector is only possible through the implementation of adaptive management systems that consider financial, technological, social and risk aspects of economic security. This study aims to develop and substantiate a conceptual model for transforming the management system for economic security in the agrarian sector. This model takes into account the principles of sustainable development and provides dynamic monitoring, effective risk management, financial stability, and the industry's innovative development. Such a model should focus on increasing the agrarian sector's flexibility, efficiency and stability in the face of internal and external challenges. This study employed a thorough methodological approach that included a theoretical analysis of scientific sources, the construction of a structural-logical model, the development of a system of indicators to assess management effectiveness, a comparative analysis of the best global practices and expert consultations, as well as a SWOT analysis. The study focuses on the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of forming, developing and improving the economic security management system for the agricultural sector. This system includes the mechanisms, approaches, tools and methods that increase the efficiency of risk management and the financial stability and innovative activities of agricultural enterprises. The study's novelty lies in its comprehensive, integrated approach to transforming the economic security management system in the agricultural sector, taking into account the peculiarities of Ukraine's modern economic, geopolitical and social environment. For the first time, a two-level management model has been proposed which includes subsystems for identifying dangerous situations and implementing strategies to eliminate threats. This ensures a systematic and targeted response to various challenges. A more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the state of economic security and the effectiveness of its management is now possible thanks to an expanded system of complex indicators. For the first time, the integration of innovative technologies and human resources into the security management system is recognised as a key factor in increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the features of the market and geopolitical environment, which are inherently unstable, have been taken into account. This necessitates the need for flexible adaptive mechanisms for risk management and financial stability. The proposed model incorporates not only the stability of financial indicators, but also the assessment of the effectiveness of technological innovations and social factors. This provides a more comprehensive and adaptive approach to risk management. The implementation of a monitoring system and flexible strategic management enables the agricultural sector to respond in a timely manner to internal and external challenges, increase competitiveness and ensure the country's food security.

THE ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF CIVIL JUSTICE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL LAW, CIVIL PROCESS, AND MARKET EFFICIENCY

2026-01-26T13:49:18+00:00

The efficacy of civil justice is predicated on its role as the cornerstone of a market economy, yet it must be noted that it does not proffer a tangible mechanism for the protection of violated rights. Furthermore, it fosters the stability of economic circulation and establishes the prerequisites for predictable entrepreneurial activity. The accessibility and effectiveness of justice have been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the ability of businesses and citizens to realise their economic interests, attract capital, conclude contracts and develop innovations. Conversely, the inefficiency of the judicial system, the delay in proceedings, the inconsistency of decisions, and high procedural costs generate economic risks, market costs and increased economic growth, which leads to a decrease in investment attractiveness, an increase in conditions for entrepreneurship and an increase in the level of shadow economy. In contemporary conditions, especially for countries undergoing structural reforms or in the process of recovery, enhancing the efficiency of civil justice has become a strategic component of economic policy. This comprehensive study of the economic function of civil justice is necessary for the decision-making process aimed at modernising the judicial system, strengthening public trust and ensuring sustainable market development. The research methodology under scrutiny comprises a range of methods, including the comparative law method, the method of economic and legal analysis, the method of analysis, the empirical method and the inductive-deductive method. The article is devoted to the study of the economic function of civil justice and the analysis of the relationship between civil law, civil process and the efficiency of the market economy. The importance of a high-quality system for resolving private law disputes as an institutional basis for the development of entrepreneurship, the attraction of investments, the stability of the financial sector and the reduction of transaction costs is demonstrated. The findings of this study substantiate the hypothesis that predictability and solvency of court decisions, proper protection of property rights and effective fulfilment of obligations ensure the formation of confidence in economic growth. In this paper, it is proposed that civil justice should be considered a key element of market infrastructure, insofar as it determines the balance between private autonomy and state regulation.

FEATURES OF ENSURING THE STABILITY OF PUBLIC FINANCES DURING THE WAR

2026-03-13T09:17:20+00:00

The purpose of the article is to identify, systematise and typologise the tools and macroeconomic challenges to the sustainability of public finances in the context of the current struggle for Ukraine's independence (the Russian-Ukrainian war) and the European integration orientation of the ontogenesis of the system for managing them. Methodology. The methodology is based on a multi-approach that combines empirical data on the structural and qualitative parameters of the functioning of the public finance system, econometric modelling of its parameters, and a "heat matrix" for visualising and developing practical recommendations for ensuring the sustainability of public finances during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Results. Empirical research has shown that defence spending has the greatest impact on the structure of state budget expenditure, with each increase of 1 billion UAH leading to an increase in total expenditure of 1.32 billion UAH (β₃ = 1,3178, p = 0,005). A comprehensive correlation analysis of macrofinancial indicators confirmed the high dependence of tax revenues on the macroeconomic context (r ≈ 0.99) and an inverse correlation between defence spending and the budget balance (r ≈ -0.61), which demonstrates the mechanism of deficit formation in conditions of armed conflict. Based on forecast models, it has been established that the budget deficit could be reduced from 20.4% of GDP in 2024 to 4.5% in 2027, provided that international financial support for Ukraine's sovereignty and its European integration aspirations remains united. Practical significance of the study. The developed integrated model for assessing the sustainability of public finances provides public authorities with scientifically sound recommendations on optimising the allocation of fiscal resources and attracting domestic and external sources of financing in extreme conditions marked by armed conflict. The set of macro-financial indicators and approaches to monitoring fiscal risks proposed in the study serves as a practical tool for the rapid assessment of critical changes in public finances and the timely adjustment of budgetary and tax policies, taking into account the triggers identified in sectoral documents that determine the architecture of the public finance management system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the construction of a comprehensive model for assessing the sustainability of public finances, adapted to the extreme conditions of armed conflict, which synthesises econometric modelling with multifaceted correlation analysis. A key innovation is the establishment of the fact that fiscal sustainability depends not only on orthodox debt and deficit indicators, but also on systemic interaction, expressed through the transmission mechanism of the tax base, the volume of external financing and the structure of budget expenditures. This corresponds to the conditions of the new normal in public finance and is in line with Ukrainian academic discourse on assessing the sustainability of public finances, taking into account the needs of early post-war recovery.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL FOR APPLYING EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

2026-03-18T12:04:48+00:00

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into legal practice raises fundamental questions about its compatibility with criminal justice, a field that has traditionally been based on human judgment and discretion. This relevance becomes particularly acute with regard to evaluative concepts, which are indispensable for context-sensitive decision-making but at the same time create risks of inconsistency and unpredictability. Against this backdrop, this article aims to assess whether artificial intelligence can function as an auxiliary tool for the application of evaluative concepts in criminal proceedings and whether such use is legally and economically justified. The object of the study is the application of evaluative concepts in criminal justice, and the subject is the economic and legal consequences of applying artificial intelligence to evaluative concepts. The study is based on doctrinal legal analysis, comparative legal reasoning, and the methodology of law and economics as a theoretical and methodological basis. By synthesising legal theory and economic analysis, the article considers artificial intelligence as a normative problem and as a tool for optimising economic efficiency. The article demonstrates that artificial intelligence can enhance analytical capabilities in criminal proceedings by systematising large volumes of case law, identifying patterns in the application of evaluative concepts, and highlighting deviations from established trends in decision-making. As a result, artificial intelligence can contribute to greater consistency and predictability in judicial practice. At the same time, the study reveals structural limitations of algorithmic approaches, in particular reduced sensitivity to unique contextual factors, difficulties in providing normative justification, and the risk of reinforcing existing interpretative patterns. From an economic perspective, the analysis shows that artificial intelligence has the potential to reduce transaction costs, optimise the allocation of judicial resources and speed up procedural decision-making, provided that its use remains auxiliary rather than substitutive. The practical value of the study lies in substantiating a balanced model for integrating artificial intelligence into criminal justice, in which algorithmic tools serve as analytical aids, while final decisions remain under human control, ensuring both efficiency and compliance with fundamental legal guarantees.

FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECTHR DECISION EXECUTION SYSTEM: BRITISH EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:20+00:00

The subject of the study is the financial architecture of executing judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as a component of the rule-of-law system and fiscal governance. The paper examines how budget planning, payment procedures, institutional responsibility, and the financing of general measures interact in ensuring timely payment of just satisfaction and effective prevention of repetitive violations. Special attention is paid to the comparative value of the United Kingdom’s execution model for Ukraine, given Ukraine’s centralised payment track, treasury constraints, and wartime fiscal pressure. Methodology. The research is based on a combination of comparative-legal, systemic, and institutional approaches. It integrates analysis of Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers’ supervision framework with an assessment of the UK’s domestic execution and accountability arrangements (government reporting, parliamentary scrutiny, and public finance management rules) and Ukraine’s statutory execution model and budget-program architecture. This methodological design enables the identification of institutional and financial “break points” that affect payment timeliness and the capacity of general measures execution. The aim of the work is to substantiate the concept of financial architecture for the execution of ECtHR judgments and to define realistic directions for improving the Ukrainian model based on the UK experience, taking into account Ukraine’s budget system, treasury procedures, and institutional capacity. The results of the study show that execution of ECtHR judgments should be treated not only as a legal obligation but also as a fiscal-management cycle that links (1) predictable budgeting and forecasting, (2) operational payment capacity, (3) accountability and reporting, and (4) stable financing of general measures as the main tool for reducing repetitiveness. The UK model tends toward departmental ownership of execution combined with central coordination and parliamentary scrutiny, which strengthens incentives to internalise the cost of non-compliance and to embed general measures into sectoral spending programs. By contrast, Ukraine’s centralised payment mechanism ensures solvency but weakens the linkage between the violating authority and fiscal consequences, while general measures are often fragmented across sector budgets without a unified planning-and-financing track. The paper proposes a prevention-capable reform package for Ukraine based on a mixed architecture: a consolidated budget framework for payments (program or fund) complemented by mandatory co-financing rules for general measures within the budgets of responsible authorities; a treasury timeline standard (SLA) for payments; regular parliamentary reporting and performance audit; a digital execution register aligned with the supervision cycle; and KPI-based management focused on payment timeliness, closure rates, repetitiveness dynamics, and the measurable cost of non-compliance. Conclusion. A sustainable execution system requires shifting from a predominantly payment-centred approach toward an integrated financial architecture that finances prevention through general measures and aligns money, responsibility, and supervision in one accountable cycle. For Ukraine, the most feasible path is not copying UK institutional forms but reproducing their functional logic: guaranteed payment capacity combined with budget-backed responsibility for structural remedies, strengthened oversight, and performance-oriented transparency that reduces repetitive violations and long-term fiscal risk.

INNOVATIVE LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES UNDER GLOBAL MARKET CHALLENGES: EFFECTS, RISKS, AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTOR

2026-03-13T09:17:19+00:00

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical and applied principles of forming innovative strategies of logistics and supply chains in the maritime transport sector in the context of global market challenges. The article considers innovations as a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of maritime transport, as well as a source of new risks that require systematic strategic management. It is proven that in the context of geopolitical instability, climate change, fragmentation of world trade and military operations in Ukraine, innovative logistics strategies are of critical importance not only for the efficiency of the maritime transport sector, but also for the stability of the national economy and its integration into global value chains. Methodology. The study used a set of general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis – to reveal the essence of innovative logistics and supply chain management strategies; induction and deduction – to identify patterns in the formation of competitiveness of the maritime transport sector; monographic method – to systematize modern scientific approaches and concepts. SWOT analysis was used to assess the opportunities and limitations of the development of maritime transport clusters, and its transformation into a matrix of strategic actions taking into account military risks in Ukraine was carried out. The purpose of the article is to substantiate theoretical and practical approaches to the formation of innovative logistics and supply chain strategies in the maritime transport sector in the face of global challenges and increased risks. Results. The article establishes that the competitiveness of the maritime transport sector in modern conditions is formed at the intersection of digital innovations, supply chain sustainability, environmental responsibility and institutional capacity. It is substantiated that the implementation of Logistics 4.0 technologies, smart ports, digital cargo flow management platforms and big data analytics is a necessary condition for the adaptation of maritime logistics to global uncertainty. It is proven that maritime transport clusters are an effective tool for increasing competitiveness and minimizing risks through coordination of participants, resource synergy and collective risk management. The proposed matrix of strategic actions demonstrates the possibility of transforming external threats, in particular military ones, into manageable parameters of strategic development. Particular attention is paid to the Ukrainian context, where military actions, shipping restrictions and infrastructure losses significantly reduce the country's logistics potential. It is proven that the development of maritime transport clusters, combined with route diversification, European integration and the use of "green" and digital financing, can become the basis for increasing the resilience and post-war recovery of the maritime transport sector of Ukraine.

INNOVATION ECONOMY MANAGEMENT: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:19+00:00

The subject of the study is the governance architecture for managing an innovative economy in the European Union and the practical design of an implementation model for Ukraine under conditions of recovery and European integration. The paper examines how institutional design, regulatory frameworks, financial instruments, and coordination mechanisms interact in shaping innovation outcomes, and why innovation policy should be treated as a managed public-policy cycle rather than a set of isolated initiatives. Special attention is paid to the role of public administration and civil servants as carriers of delivery capacity, to analytics as decision infrastructure in the policy cycle, and to the embeddedness of innovation governance in international relations through standards, programme participation, and technology cooperation. The paper also addresses diplomacy and mediation as governance practices for aligning interests within complex innovation ecosystems and for maintaining legitimacy under heightened integrity requirements. Methodology. The research is based on a combination of systemic, comparative, and institutional approaches. It integrates analysis of leading innovation-policy models (national innovation systems, Triple Helix, mission-oriented policy, and open innovation) with an examination of EU multi-level governance logic and its delivery instruments, including programme cycles, portfolio financing, innovation procurement, competition and state-aid discipline, and evidence-based monitoring. This methodological design enables identification of institutional interface risks that typically arise between strategy and implementation, as well as assessment of Ukraine’s baseline constraints linked to fragmentation of competences, capacity limitations, wartime pressures, and regional heterogeneity. The aim of the work is to substantiate a coherent model of innovation governance for Ukraine that is compatible with European approaches and capable of operating under recovery-scale funding, while ensuring controllability, transparency, competition for resources, partnership, and accountability for results. The results of the study show that EU innovation governance functions as a portfolio-based management system in which priorities are operationalized through repeatable programmes, predictable funding windows, standardized procedures, and measurable performance signals. The effectiveness of this model is driven by delivery capacity within public administration, disciplined instrument design across the full innovation lifecycle, and analytics-based monitoring that supports policy correction. For Ukraine, the key challenge is the gap between strategic planning and administrable delivery, reinforced by overlaps of mandates and unowned zones at lifecycle transition points. The paper proposes a Target Operating Model built on functional separation between a policy owner responsible for portfolio coherence and specialized delivery agencies responsible for execution; a standing inter-ministerial synchronization mechanism to align innovation tools with procurement, skills, competition constraints, digital transformation, and recovery investments; and a regional contour grounded in smart specialization logic to generate pipelines and provide adoption environments. The proposed roadmap emphasizes innovation procurement as a demand-side scaling lever, standardized stage-gate progression for financing instruments, professionalization of civil-service competencies, data-driven management routines, and a compact KPI framework linking inputs, outputs, and outcomes with public reporting and effectiveness audit. Conclusion. Sustainable innovation governance requires shifting from declarative strategies and fragmented initiatives toward an integrated operating model that aligns institutional responsibility, procedures, data, and performance accountability in one coherent cycle. For Ukraine, the most feasible path is not replicating EU institutional forms, but reproducing their functional logic: predictable programme cycles, administrable instruments across the innovation chain, procurement-enabled demand creation, disciplined integrity safeguards, and analytics-based monitoring that enables continuous adjustment and strengthens trust in resource allocation during recovery and integration.

CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN UKRAINE: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

2026-03-13T09:17:19+00:00

The subject of the study is the constitutional guarantees of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine viewed through an economic and legal lens, with a focus on how normative standards, institutions, procedures, and public finance jointly determine the real level of rights protection under ordinary conditions, martial law, and recovery. The paper examines why constitutional guarantees should be treated as an operating governance system that shapes predictability of state behaviour, integrity of regulatory decision-making, investment and labour incentives, and the sustainability of social protection, rather than as a declarative catalogue of rights. Special attention is paid to the role of constitutional review and judicial control in constraining administrative discretion, to due process as an economic safeguard against arbitrariness, and to budget and tax governance as a resource infrastructure enabling positive obligations. The paper also addresses the impact of European human-rights standards, including the Convention system and ECtHR case-law, on proportionality, non-discrimination, protection of property, and effective remedies, particularly in crisis regulation and in contexts where temporary measures tend to become permanent. Methodology. The research is based on a combination of formal-legal, systemic, comparative-legal, and institutional approaches. It integrates doctrinal analysis of constitutional provisions and related legislation with an examination of European standards (rule of law, proportionality, fair balance, and non-discrimination) and a review of judicial practice relevant to economic rights, property interference, and access to justice. Policy analysis is applied to clarify how constitutional requirements are translated into administrative procedures, regulatory instruments, and budget programs, and to identify interface risks that typically arise between constitutional standards and implementation capacity during resource scarcity and wartime governance. The aim of the work is to substantiate an analytically coherent model of constitutional guarantees for Ukraine that explains their economic significance, identifies vulnerabilities in the strategy–delivery chain of rights protection, and formulates practical proposals for strengthening controllability, transparency, and accountability of state interference while preserving the enforceability of social rights under fiscal constraints. The results of the study show that that the effectiveness of constitutional guarantees depends less on the density of constitutional declarations and more on the coherence of four interconnected layers: normative limits on interference, institutional checks (constitutional jurisdiction, ordinary courts, ombudsman and integrity bodies), procedural discipline (reasoned decisions, the right to be heard, access to information, and reviewability), and financial governance (budget transparency, prioritization rules, and enforceable compensation mechanisms). The paper demonstrates that due process reduces transaction costs and arbitrariness risks in economically significant decisions, while judicial control operationalizes proportionality and fair-balance tests in concrete disputes. For Ukraine, the critical governance risk is the normalization of emergency practices: under martial law, expanded regulatory tools and accelerated decision-making can weaken legal certainty unless supported by time-bounded measures, public criteria, periodic review, and effective remedies. The study proposes a strengthening roadmap centred on standardizing decision-making procedures for high-impact administrative acts, embedding proportionality and evidence standards in regulatory templates, reinforcing access to justice and enforcement capacity, institutionalizing budget openness for rights-related programs, and ensuring practicable compensation for unlawful interference and emergency-related property measures. Conclusion. Sustainable constitutional guarantees require shifting from formal recognition of rights toward a managed, auditable governance cycle in which legal standards, institutions, procedures, and public finance operate as a single system of constraints and remedies. For Ukraine, the most feasible path is not expanding declarations, but reproducing functional safeguards: predictable and reviewable procedures, integrity-by-design controls, stable proportionality tests in adjudication, and budget transparency that makes social rights administrable during war and recovery, thereby strengthening trust and reducing economic uncertainty associated with state intervention.

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES FOR YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN VOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LATVIA AND LITHUANIA

2026-03-13T09:17:18+00:00

This study aims to investigate young people's attitudes towards volunteering, examining the reasons that discourage them from volunteering, and the benefits they perceive or receive from engaging in such activities. The problematic question: what are the key reasons, benefits, and challenges for young people to engage in volunteering? The study uses a quantitative research approach, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from respondents in Lithuania and Latvia. The survey focuses on young people aged 18-29, often considered a key group for promoting civic engagement and social responsibility. 250 respondents from Lithuania and 252 from Latvia participated in this survey. The analysis revealed that young people perceive various benefits of voluntary activities. The most prominent benefit is the professional advantage that youth gain through volunteering. Young people in our study are more likely to engage in volunteering if it offers financial rewards, professional skills development or visible impact. Professional benefits are a higher priority for Lithuanian young people than for Latvian young people. About half of the respondents had volunteered in the past. However, only a small proportion currently volunteer. The results show that young people in Lithuania and Latvia are less likely to volunteer. Youth volunteering is mostly limited to one-off initiatives rather than ongoing commitments. The main challenges to volunteering are lack of time, limited information and lack of financial incentives. These challenges are particularly pronounced among Lithuanian respondents. This study is a new contribution that provides a comparative cross-border analysis of young people's participation in volunteering. While existing studies focus on youth volunteering, this study provides important insights into young people's attitudes towards volunteering, revealing the barriers and incentives that influence their participation. The findings contribute to the academic discourse on civic engagement, social responsibility and youth development, while informing volunteering initiatives. By understanding the specific reasons why young people are reluctant to volunteer, stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to attract volunteers, address barriers to participation and strengthen incentives. To increase participation in volunteering, strategies such as paid volunteering opportunities, integration into academic curricula and targeted information campaigns should be explored. In addition, fostering a culture of civic participation through education and policy initiatives can encourage a long-term commitment to volunteering.

JUDICIAL PROTECTION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DISPUTES AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC SECURITY

2026-03-13T09:17:18+00:00

The article examines judicial protection in disputes regarding public procurement as a tool for ensuring the economic security of the state. It is substantiated that public procurement, being one of the largest channels for distributing budget funds, belongs to the areas of increased corruption risks, and therefore requires effective control and appeal mechanisms. It is shown that the national model of protecting the rights of procurement participants combines extrajudicial (administrative) appeal in the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine and judicial control as the final guarantee of legality. The quasi-judicial nature of the procedures for considering complaints by the appeal body and their practical effectiveness due to integration with the electronic system "Prozorro" are highlighted, in particular through the automatic suspension of procurement actions during the consideration of the complaint. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the limited integration of judicial control with the electronic procurement infrastructure, which complicates the execution of decisions to secure the claim and sometimes leads to the formal nature of judicial protection. A comparative analysis of appeal mechanisms in Ukraine and EU countries (in particular, on the example of Poland) was conducted, which confirmed the compliance of the Ukrainian model with European approaches according to the general architecture of “quasi-judicial body – court”, but at the same time revealed a significantly higher intensity of appeals to the appeal body in Ukraine and differences in the rates of satisfaction of complaints. It was concluded that judicial protection in the field of public procurement performs a preventive and restorative function: it deters abuse, creates legal certainty, supports competition and business confidence, and also promotes the rational use of public finances. It is proposed to direct further improvement of the system to increasing the efficiency of the execution of court decisions and strengthening the procedural and technical interaction of courts with the electronic procurement system.

STRATEGIC DIGITAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT AS A DRIVER OF ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE IN TURBULENT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS

2026-03-13T09:17:18+00:00

The purpose of this study is to substantiate strategic digital marketing management as a key driver of enterprise competitiveness and performance in turbulent economic environments. The paper aims to demonstrate that digital marketing should be interpreted not as a set of isolated promotional tools, but as an integrated managerial system that ensures enterprise adaptability, resilience, and sustainable financial growth. The research is based on an anonymized case study of a Ukrainian small-to-medium enterprise (Company A) operating under conditions of economic instability and ongoing digital transformation. The methodology combines qualitative analysis of organizational and managerial processes with quantitative economic evaluation. Financial efficiency is assessed using investment-based indicators, including total investment costs, additional profit, cumulative economic effect, return on investment (ROI), and payback period. A comparative scenario approach is applied to contrast baseline enterprise development with the scenario of strategic digital marketing implementation. The results show that the initial level of digital marketing maturity at Company A is characterized by fragmented use of digital tools and the absence of an integrated digital strategy, which limits market visibility, customer engagement, and performance. The implementation of a comprehensive digital marketing framework, including the introduction of a digital marketing manager position, development of a corporate website and structured social media presence, CRM system implementation, and deployment of SEO and online advertising, leads to a significant improvement in financial and competitive indicators. The calculated ROI reaches 56%, while the cumulative economic effect becomes positive in 2027, indicating a medium-term payback period. These findings confirm that strategic digital marketing management functions as an investment project with delayed but stable economic returns. The study concludes that strategic digital marketing management significantly enhances enterprise competitiveness, strengthens customer engagement, improves the efficiency of marketing expenditures, and increases financial sustainability in turbulent economic environments. Digital marketing should therefore be considered a core strategic mechanism of enterprise management rather than a tactical communication instrument. The results provide both theoretical and practical justification for integrating digital marketing into the overall strategic management system of enterprises.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP AND FAMILY POLICY: BALANCE OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INTERESTS

2026-03-13T09:17:18+00:00

In times of war and socio-economic instability, effective social partnerships and family policies become particularly important. The loss of human potential, significant demographic challenges, and the need to integrate internally displaced persons all require comprehensive, private- and public-interest-based solutions. Social partnership is a vital mechanism for coordinating the efforts of the state, businesses and civil society in supporting families, who are fundamental to national stability. The economic aspect of social partnership is manifested through the financing of family support programmes, the attraction of international resources, and the optimisation of budget funds. Conversely, legal regulation is instrumental in ensuring transparency, accountability, and compliance with European standards, which is a prerequisite for the successful European integration of Ukraine. In view of the above, the relevance of the study lies in the strategic importance of combining economic and legal approaches to preserve demographic potential and ensure sustainable development of the country. The objective of the present study is to provide substantiated insights into the economic and legal dimensions of social partnership and family policy, with a particular focus on establishing an effective balance between private and public interests. This is intended to enhance demographic potential and promote sustainable economic development. The research methodology employed encompasses a range of approaches, including systemic, comparative legal, economic, statistical and economic modelling methods. The study concluded that a combination of economic and legal approaches in the field of social partnership and family policy is crucial for preserving demographic potential and ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine. The Strategy for Ensuring the Right of Every Child to Grow Up in a Family Environment (2024–2028) and the new Law of Ukraine "On Public-Private Partnership" (2025) indicate the formation of a modern state policy focused on the partnership of the state, business and civil society. The scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers confirm that public-private partnerships are an effective mechanism for attracting investment and balancing private and public interests in the social sphere. This is particularly evident in terms of supporting families and developing infrastructure. International experience shows that the effectiveness of such models hinges on transparent legal regulation, the fair distribution of risks, and economic incentives for all participants. Ukrainian scientists emphasise the need to balance economic efficiency with social justice, particularly in the context of demographic challenges, migration processes, and supporting internally displaced persons. In a European context, social partnership and public-private mechanisms are considered essential for a country's post-war recovery, poverty reduction and integration into a single socio-economic space. The findings substantiate the hypothesis that the strategic amalgamation of economic and legal principles in this domain serves as a foundation for enhancing social stability, elevating the quality of life for the population, and operationalising Ukraine's European trajectory.

STATE AND LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: CHALLENGES OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD

2026-03-13T09:17:17+00:00

The article provides a thorough analysis of the economic transformation of the state and law during a period of transition. It reveals the transitional period to be a regular stage of societal development combining political, legal and economic changes. The article emphasises that, for Ukraine and other post-socialist states, transition is multidimensional, involving a shift from a centralised planned economy to a market economy, from an authoritarian model to a democratic system, and from an industrial society to an information society. In the politico-legal dimension, the study examines the adaptation of institutions to the conditions of martial law, restrictions on constitutional rights, and the need to ensure a balance between security and democracy. In the economic dimension, the dynamics of wartime transformation are outlined, including a sharp decline in GDP in 2022, stabilisation measures by the government and the National Bank, the introduction of a simplified tax regime, and support for business under wartime conditions. The article concludes that the success of economic transformation directly depends on the effectiveness of the legal system and state institutions. The Ukrainian experience offers a distinctive illustration of a tripartite combination of the struggle for statehood, modernisation of the legal system, and economic renewal, thus constituting a valuable exemplar for the international community. The subject of the research is the processes of economic transformation of the state and law under conditions of transition, in particular the interrelationship between politico-legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine during 2022-2025, determined by the war, post-war reconstruction, and integration into the European Union. The research methodology employed is founded upon the utilisation of both general scientific and special legal methods. The dialectical method was employed to elucidate the essence of transitional processes in the state and law, and to identify their interrelation with economic transformations. The comparative-legal method was utilised to analyse the experience of post-socialist and European states that underwent a similar transitional path. The systemic-structural method made it possible to examine the state, law and economy as interconnected elements of a single social mechanism, in which changes in one sphere predetermine transformations in the others. The article aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of state and legal transformation during periods of transition. It seeks to identify the interrelationship between political and legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine between 2022 and 2025. Finally, it aims to determine strategic guidelines for post-war reconstruction and European integration. Research results. The study establishes that Ukraine's transitional period is multidimensional, characterised by simultaneous changes in the political, legal and economic spheres. It shows that the legal system has become more adaptable under wartime conditions. The research confirms that the success of economic transformation hinges on the effectiveness of state institutions and the rule of law, as well as the capacity to strike a balance between security requirements during wartime and democratic principles. Conclusions. The study makes it possible to draw several key general conclusions. Ukraine’s transitional period remains inherently multidimensional: economic transformations are closely intertwined with political, legal, and institutional reforms. The legal system has demonstrated a notable capacity for adaptation; even under conditions of martial law, state institutions continued to function, while legislation was adopted to protect human rights, counter collaborationism, strengthen anti-corruption measures, and advance judicial reform. The economy experienced a profound crisis; however, sustained international support combined with domestic reform efforts enabled a degree of stabilisation and gradual recovery. Progress in European integration, including the implementation of visa-free regimes and alignment with EU membership criteria, has further highlighted the strong interdependence between economic policy and legal transformation. Finally, the social dimension of the transition—encompassing demographic losses, the return of displaced persons, and the reintegration of veterans—has generated new demands on state policy. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring long-term sustainable development and social stability. Ukraine's experience of 2022–2025 demonstrates that, even in extraordinary circumstances, it is feasible to implement reforms, amalgamate wartime mobilisation with democratic transformations, and establish the foundations for future economic and legal advancement. Consequently, the period of transition for Ukraine represents not only a challenge, but also a significant opportunity. The convergence of economic transformation and legal modernisation is laying the foundation for the establishment of a sustainable European state, grounded in the principles of the rule of law, democracy, and a competitive market economy.

ADJUSTMENT OF THE ECONOMIC NATURE OF LEGAL DISPUTES SINCE 2022

2026-03-13T09:17:17+00:00

This article examines the structure, dynamics, and legal nature of court cases involving the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in 2023–2024, based on official statistical and analytical data. The study identifies core categories of disputes in which the Ministry appears as a defendant, plaintiff, or participant in enforcement-related and regulatory proceedings. Particular attention is given to the growing number of social and labour disputes, disputes linked to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, and cases involving nationalization, asset confiscation, and forced alienation of property. The article also analyses trends in administrative cases related to social guarantees for servicemen, veterans, and internally displaced persons, including disputes on housing benefits, compensation, indexing of pensions, and payments due to disability or death in service. A significant portion of the disputes concerns the activities of state enforcement officers, private bailiffs, and notaries. The analysis demonstrates that complaints against decisions, actions, and omissions of enforcement officials remain the most frequent category, reflecting the ongoing challenges of effective execution of court decisions. Another important area includes cases on recognition of legal acts as unlawful, termination of citizenship, activities of legal entities, liquidation of pro-Russian organizations, and disputes over state registration of civil status acts. Several categories of cases are directly linked to war-related legal transformations, particularly concerning mobilization, payment of financial assistance, and the social protection of military personnel. The results reveal systemic trends that characterize the role of the Ministry of Justice in Ukraine’s administrative and judicial landscape. The article highlights the need to improve legal regulation in the areas of enforcement, social protection, wartime compensation mechanisms, and guardianship and custody activities. The findings contribute to understanding the evolving legal environment under wartime conditions and point to areas where further regulatory and institutional reforms are required.

LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STATE ELECTRONIC RESOURCES FOR REGISTRATION OF REAL ESTATE OBJECTS

2026-03-13T09:17:17+00:00

The article clarifies the state and prospects for the functioning of state electronic resources for registration of real estate objects. The article identifies the legal principles of the procedure for state registration of real estate rights, defines the general principles of the administrative procedure for state registration of real estate rights, analyzes the technological processes of forming state electronic resources for registration of real estate objects, and defines the prospects for improving the administration and financing of the State Register of Rights. As a result of the study, it was found that the following ways are proposed to improve the administration and financing of the State Register of Rights: implementation of electronic services, optimization of procedures, modernization of information systems, attraction of private investments for the creation and maintenance of databases and diversification of funding sources, in particular by increasing the efficiency of fund management and expanding paid services, as well as expanding cooperation with international organizations. It has been established that the key areas for improving the administration of the State Register of Rights include: further implementation and development of electronic services – transferring most services to electronic format to ensure convenience for citizens and businesses, as well as reducing corruption risks; optimization of procedures – reducing document processing times and improving the quality of service by simplifying administrative procedures related to the registration of rights; modernization of information systems – updating software and technical base to ensure reliability, security and speed of the register; staff training – conducting training and advanced training of employees responsible for maintaining the register to ensure a high level of professionalism. It has been proven that the key areas for improving the financing of the State Register of Rights are: diversification of funding sources – reducing dependence on the state budget by attracting funds from other sources; attracting private investment (introducing the principles of public-private partnership, in which the software of the register and its updates are provided by a private partner, and the maintenance of databases and their protection is carried out by the state); paid services – optimization of service fees, expansion of the list of paid services provided by the registry in order to obtain additional funding; cooperation with international organizations – expansion of cooperation with international financial institutions and organizations to obtain technical and financial assistance.

EUROPEAN STANDARDS OF FAIR COMPETITION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:16+00:00

The subject of the present study is the incorporation of European standards of fair competition into Ukraine's public administration through administrative procedures that govern access to public resources. The research focuses on the applied interaction between fair competition and good governance as procedural benchmarks for legality, predictability, and equal contestability in public decision-making. It pays particular attention to public procurement reform via Prozorro and to broader resource-allocation regimes under conditions of martial law and European integration. Methodology. The methodological framework underpinning this study combines comparative legal analysis and systemic institutional analysis, complemented by case-oriented examination of data-enabled governance instruments in Ukraine, including Prozorro and electronic auction mechanisms, as well as the EU-derived logic of narrow and reasoned exceptions, transparency, and reviewability. The objective of the present study is to conceptualise European standards of fair competition as an element of good governance in Ukraine's public administration. In addition, the study will assess how procedural safeguards and digital transparency mechanisms shape equal access to public resources across procurement and related allocation regimes under conditions of European integration and martial law. The study's findings indicate that competition within the public sector is predominantly influenced by procedural design. Mechanisms such as transparency, non-discrimination, proportionality, adequate reasoning, the right to be heard, conflict-of-interest controls, and effective remedies function as safeguards, constraining selective advantages and systematically embedding equal access. Although digitalisation strengthens these safeguards by making decision criteria and patterns observable on a large scale, it does not guarantee fair competition where procedures still permit discriminatory specifications, fragmentation, formalistic exclusions or the abuse of exceptions. Evidence from wartime procurement dynamics confirms that competitive outcomes are sensitive to the scope of non-competitive regimes and the controllability of derogations. Conclusion. European standards of fair competition in Ukraine should be regarded as a governance architecture that integrates good administration, digital transparency, and competitive neutrality into a unified procedural discipline for the allocation of public resources across procurement, state support measures, and public asset management.

THE TRIPLE HELIX MODEL OF INNOVATION: THE ROLES OF POLITICAL STABILITY, UNIVERSITIES AND CLUSTERS IN DEVELOPING A SMART ECONOMY

2026-03-13T09:17:16+00:00

The necessity to strengthen institutions within the knowledge triad (Triple Helix) and to intensify their interactions is a pressing issue in contemporary scientific research. The purpose of this article is to examine the mutual influence of institutions such as political and operational stability, university-generated knowledge, and the development of science and technology clusters in fostering the smart economy within the Triple Helix model of innovation. Accordingly, the primary objectives of the study are as follows: firstly, to analyse scholarly sources and factual data in order to define the theoretical framework of the research; and secondly, to use as a sample the countries that host the world's top 100 science and technology clusters (STCs), conducting an empirical investigation to identify the key factors influencing the development of science and technology clusters and to quantify their impact. The research methodology is grounded in a systemic approach that combines general scientific and specific research methods. The qualitative component of the study is dependent on the analysis of scientific literature and factual data on the topic. The quantitative component is based on the standardisation of statistical data, graphical analysis, correlation-regression analysis, and econometric modelling. The information base for the quantitative analysis consists of the Global Innovation Index (GII) pillars and indicators, examined for the countries that host the world's top 100 STCs. This enables a focus on economies that are already demonstrating success in developing a smart economy. The analysis confirms the relevance of the Triple Helix model, in which each actor plays a significant role both for the functioning of the model itself and for shaping the dynamics and character of societal development. The interpretation of the results confirms the systemic importance of factors such as institutional stability and the presence of highly ranked universities for the development of science and technology clusters and the smart economy. The positional map developed in the study enables the visualisation of the positions of key innovation-leading countries, and the design of a priority roadmap based on the identified asymmetries. The empirical model confirms the statistical significance of levers such as political and operational stability and the level of cluster development. Moreover, the impact of political and operational stability is somewhat stronger than that of the university ranking indicator (QS university ranking, top 3). The consolidation of these positions facilitates the establishment of robust cluster ecosystems, and their synergistic integration becomes an effective catalyst for accelerated science-and-technology and economic development at the national level. General recommendations for countries seeking to develop a smart economy include achieving institutional predictability and stable business regulation, building a robust intellectual property protection system, ensuring transparent public–private research and development (R&D), fostering the entrepreneurial functions of universities, managing professional clusters, and strategically focusing on creating powerful cluster ecosystems capable of shaping national development.

BILATERAL TRADE PATTERNS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION-UKRAINE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR

2026-03-13T09:17:16+00:00

The present study aims to quantify the agricultural trade patterns in the agri-food sector between the European Union and Ukraine. To this end, the following indices will be measured: the Trade Intensity Index, the Export Similarity Index, the Grubel-Lloyd Index, the Weighted Grubel-Lloyd Index, the Cosine Similarity Index, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, and the Export Diversification Index. An analysis was conducted of EU agri-food exports to Ukraine and EU agri-food imports from Ukraine by product group during the period 2020-2024. A comparative analysis was then made of their agri-food export structure, the results of which revealed a pattern of moderate similarity alongside significant differences. An analysis of the structure of bilateral agri-food trade reveals that, while the trade relationship between the EU and Ukraine has deepened in terms of volume and institutional linkage, structural convergence in agricultural exports remains limited. The EU and Ukraine continue to specialise in distinct agri-food segments. Ukraine's exports are dominated by arable crops and plant-based products, whereas the EU's exports to Ukraine exhibit greater diversification across product groups, with a strong emphasis on processed and value-added goods. This phenomenon can be interpreted as indicative of a complementary relationship between the EU and Ukraine, as opposed to a competitive one, wherein trade patterns are driven by disparities in production structures. Ukraine remains a significant agri-food partner for the EU, while the EU continues to be Ukraine's dominant trading counterpart. Ukraine's agricultural exports are more intensive towards the EU. This high level of trade intensity is indicative of the geographical proximity, preferential access granted by the DCFTA, and complementary resources of both partners. The study recommends a number of actions for the promotion of structural upgrading, including alignment with EU standards, investment in processing capacity, and innovation in agricultural value chains. These actions could foster greater diversification and increase the share of intra-industry trade.

MARKERS OF COLONIAL DISCOURSE IN THE BUSINESS COMMUNICATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF ZAPORIZHZHIA OBLAST

2026-03-13T09:17:15+00:00

The present study investigates the colonial and occupational discourse embedded in the business communication of the Russian Federation within the temporarily occupied territories (TOT) of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. The research draws upon postcolonial theory, critical discourse analysis and contemporary studies on neo-imperialism to explore how linguistic, visual and institutional-economic markers function to legitimise the occupation and integrate the seized territories into the Russian political and economic framework. The analysis is based on empirical materials drawn from the propaganda media ecosystem of the Autonomous Nonprofit Organisation (ANO) Za!Media, including Za!Inform, Za!TV, and Zaporozhskij Vestnik, which operate as central instruments of ideological control and economic propaganda. The findings reveal that Russian business communication in the TOT reproduces a classical colonial logic in which economic exploitation is masked by the rhetoric of "care", "development", and "reunification." The imposition of Russian currency, legislation, and administrative control can be regarded as a systemic attempt to erase Ukrainian sovereignty and reconstitute the local economy as a dependent appendage of the metropole. The study identifies four core groups of colonial markers: linguistic (narratives of unity, stability, and prosperity under Russian rule); visual (militarised symbols and the branding prefix Za!); event-based (public rituals, patriotic campaigns, and state-organised PR events); and institutional-economic (forced re-registration of businesses, nationalisation of assets, and creation of special economic zones). Collectively, these mechanisms construct an illusion of "integration" that conceals the coercive and extractive nature of occupation. The research interprets Russian economic communication as a performative act of imperial governance, as seen through the lens of postcolonial theory. The appropriation of Ukrainian industrial and natural resources, including grain and minerals, is linguistically legitimised through bureaucratic euphemisms such as "inventorying real estate" and "abandoned property". Advertising and public relations (PR) activities have become instruments of ideological persuasion, promoting loyalty to the occupying regime. The systematic suppression of Ukrainian linguistic and symbolic identifiers, in conjunction with the absence of independent commercial advertising, has emerged as a pivotal discursive marker of colonial domination. The study concludes that the business and media communication practices of the Russian occupation administration form an integrated neo-colonial strategy aimed at permanent economic and cultural subjugation. Russia’s occupation discourse transforms business communication into a tool of symbolic annexation by combining coercive control, ideological assimilation, and pseudo-economic development. These findings highlight the importance of analysing communicative practices as key evidence of economic aggression and colonial intent in modern hybrid warfare.

THE IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ON IMPROVING A COUNTRY'S COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALISATION

2026-03-13T09:17:15+00:00

The article examines the impact of the digital economy on the formation of competitive advantages of states in a globalised environment and identifies key factors that ensure economic growth in the context of digital transformation. The present study conducts an analysis of contemporary scientific approaches to the interpretation of the digital economy, its structure and components, including digital infrastructure, digital platforms, and digital competencies. This study places particular emphasis on the research conducted by prominent international organisations, namely the OECD, World Bank, UNCTAD and WEF. The outcomes of these research endeavours have substantiated a direct and positive correlation between a nation's digital maturity level, its labour productivity dynamics and its competitiveness in global markets. The key areas of influence of the digital economy on macroeconomic development are revealed: increasing productivity and innovation, expanding opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses, developing digital government services, transforming the labour market, and strengthening the role of intellectual capital. The evidence presented indicates that digitalisation fosters the active inclusion of countries in international value chains, accelerates the diffusion of technologies, increases the attractiveness of economies for investors, and stimulates the development of innovative entrepreneurship. The primary challenges associated with digital transformation have been delineated, namely digital inequality, cyber risks, staff shortages, and the mounting necessity for digital skills within the population. It has been established that successful states overcome these limitations by implementing comprehensive digital strategies, modernising education, investing in infrastructure and forming innovative ecosystems. Particular attention is paid to Ukraine's opportunities within the context of the global digital economy. Thanks to its developed IT sector, the high level of digital competence among young people, active state digital reforms, and European integration processes, it has been determined that the country has significant potential for digital development. According to forecasts, systematic digitalisation could ensure GDP growth of 10–12%, increase IT service exports to 15 billion USD by 2030, deliver annual productivity growth of 1.5–2%, and expand the presence of SMEs in international markets by 20–25%. These results emphasise that the digital economy is becoming a fundamental element of modern competitiveness and a strategic tool for long-term development in the global economy. The article may be of use to researchers and specialists in the fields of economic policy, public administration, digital transformation, and innovative development.

MODERN TRENDS IN TAX REGULATION WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF THE FINANCIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:15+00:00

The purpose of the article is twofold: firstly, to investigate the modern trends of tax regulation in Ukraine under the conditions of martial law and economic instability; and secondly, to identify the main directions for improving tax policy in the context of implementing the National Revenue Strategy for 2024–2030. Methodology. The study employs a systemic and comprehensive approach, utilising analytical, comparative, historical, statistical, and graphical methods, thereby facilitating a nuanced evaluation of Ukraine's tax system during the 2022–2024 period. The information base comprises legislative and regulatory acts, official statistics from the State Tax Service and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, and analytical reports from international financial organisations. Results. The findings of the research indicate that under the provisions of martial law, Ukraine's tax system has been endowed with new functions pertaining to the mobilisation of financial resources for defence and the maintenance of economic resilience. The prevailing trends encompass the implementation of wartime tax benefits, the digitalisation of tax administration, the gradual restoration of pre-war tax conditions, and the intensification of efforts to combat the shadow economy. Practical implications. The findings of this study can be applied to improve Ukraine's tax policy, develop recommendations for harmonising tax legislation with European standards, and enhance the efficiency of financial regulation during the post-war recovery period. Value / Originality. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the systematisation of modern approaches to tax regulation under crisis conditions and the identification of priority areas for its development in accordance with the European integration course of state financial policy.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM RESILIENCE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND POST-WAR RECOVERY OF UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:15+00:00

The research focuses on the role and potential of artificial intelligence in strengthening the state's economic security, enhancing the national economy's resilience, and optimising crisis management processes in the context of Ukraine's war and post-war recovery. This paper considers artificial intelligence to be a strategic resource that ensures the adaptability and self-regulation of economic systems. It also forms the basis for transitioning to a neo-industrial model of development where knowledge, innovation and human capital are the primary growth factors. The theoretical basis is provided by the work of contemporary researchers in digital transformation, economic security and innovative development, as well as by official analytical materials from the OECD, World Bank and European Commission. The objective of the research is to provide a robust foundation for integrating intellectual technologies into Ukraine's economic security system, and to ascertain their potential to enhance the resilience of economic processes and the efficacy of management decisions. Research methodology. In order to achieve the set aim, a range of approaches were used, including systemic, structural-functional, and comparative methods. These methods enabled the revelation of the relationship between digital transformation, innovation activity, and the formation of a new economic management architecture. A range of methodological approaches, including logical, analytical, and synthetic methods, as well as inductive-deductive analysis, were employed to identify patterns in the development of the digital economy and to assess the impact of artificial intelligence on financial stability and risk management. The findings demonstrate that artificial intelligence is a pivotal instrument in the modernisation of Ukraine's economic system, as it facilitates the automation of management processes, enhances the transparency of financial transactions, and ensures a swift response to crisis situations. A structural and functional model of an AI-based risk management system has been developed, covering the production, financial, commercial, and reputational risks of an enterprise. Concurrently, impediments to large-scale digitalisation have been identified, including infrastructure fragmentation, personnel shortages, inadequate funding, and a paucity of regulatory frameworks in the domain of AI. The conclusions emphasise that the integration of artificial intelligence into state and corporate policy is a prerequisite for building a resilient, innovative, and secure economy. Prospects for further research include the formulation of a national AI development strategy, the development of models for assessing its impact on economic security, and the definition of ways to establish Ukraine's digital sovereignty.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF INTRODUCING VIRTUAL ASSETS INTO CIVIL CIRCULATION IN THE CONCEPT OF REFORMING CIVIL LEGISLATION IN UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:14+00:00

The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of economic and legal principles for introducing virtual assets into civil circulation, as part of the reform of civil legislation in Ukraine. Methodology. General and special methods of cognition were employed throughout the study. The dialectical method was employed to differentiate the nature and varieties of virtual and digital assets in terms of their economic and legal basis. The analysis identified the characteristic features of virtual assets, digital things, and other digital objects in view of current and prospective Ukrainian civil legislation and scientific research of a legal and economic nature. The synthesis created the prerequisites for generalizing the characteristic features of digital objects in their diversity, taking into account the classical approach to determining the nature of civil rights and an innovative approach to their determination. The formal-legal method provided an opportunity to correctly interpret the content of international and Ukrainian current and prospective legislation and judicial practice, which determine the legal regime of digital objects. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic and legal principles of introducing virtual assets into civil circulation in the concept of reforming civil legislation in Ukraine. The findings of the study demonstrated that, within the context of the information era, society was confronted with the challenge of formulating a response to numerous challenges of diverse origins. Among these challenges, the introduction of digital objects into civil circulation emerged as a primary concern. The present study established the foundations for the delineation of prospective enhancements to civil legislation with regard to the legal regulation of social relations concerning digital objects of various etymologies. Conclusion. It is argued that virtual assets in modern society effectively reproduce the achievements of the information gap of its existence, a proposition that is fully consistent with the formational approach to the characterisation of the development of humanity. It has been demonstrated that the influence of information, and its digital form of presentation, exerts a significant impact on macroeconomic indicators of societal and state development. The following global trends in the digitalisation of economies and society have been noted: the development of entrepreneurial innovations; increased production productivity; intensification of the labour market; activation of globalisation processes; global and regional economic growth; improvement of various aspects of societal, business and state life processes; and the creation of an optimal space for satisfying private interests and forming a public-private partnership compromise mechanism. Analysing the digitalisation of all spheres of social life as a process of introducing information and telecommunications products into the economy has revealed the formation of a set of measures by the state and society in response to the needs of the information age in the development of civilisation. Alongside organisational, socio-economic, technological, material and technical, financial and resource measures, it has been established that legal instruments are of the greatest importance in this context. Among these legal instruments, the mechanisms for determining the legal regime of digital objects are of primary importance. It is noted that the introduction of digital (virtual) assets into the legal field is primarily socio-economically justified and is driven by the need to establish public order and law in the area of implementing the content of social relations, in which various digital products act as objects. The legal nature of these digital objects is determined by comparing them with the categories of "digital good", "digital thing" and "digital environment". The standardisation of the specified terms in the current and prospective civil legislation of Ukraine is analysed, which made it possible to note the problems of legal regulation of private relations, the objects of which are digital goods. The approach of decomposing the legal nature of a digital good in the context of its perception as program code—that is, in a purely technical (logical-mathematical) sense with a digital basis—or as a property or non-property good (e.g., cryptocurrency, NFTs, digitised drawings on websites, digital signatures, etc.) that satisfies the relevant consumer interests, is significant for private law science. The discussion on determining the place of digital objects among other goods within the scope of civil law is supported, taking into account the established classification of such goods as tangible or intangible, property or non-property, and real or obligatory. Proposals are made to supplement the existing draft of the updated Civil Code of Ukraine with relevant provisions.

THE STATE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONS WITHIN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL DETERMINANTS

2026-03-13T09:17:14+00:00

The subject of the present study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and methodological foundations for the creation and functioning of the State Bureau of Investigation within the public administration structure in economic and legal terms. Methodology. The study employed both general and specific methods of cognition. The present study employs the dialectical method to assess the essence of the State Bureau of Investigation within the structure of public administration in the legal and economic spheres, with a particular focus on comparisons with the experience of other countries. The analysis provided an opportunity to study the static data on the work of the State Bureau of Investigation in 2022 and 2024. This made it possible to identify characteristic economic features in the implementation of this state body's functions, as well as the impact of its activities on socio-economic, political and legal processes in the country over time. The synthesis established the basis for generalising the distinguishing features of the State Bureau of Investigation in terms of the organisational and legal requirements for its establishment, and the categorisation of criminal offences within its remit. The formal-legal method enabled the correct interpretation of normative-legal acts determining the State Bureau of Investigation's general and special legal status within the public administration structure, as well as the specifics of its powers within the security and defence sector. The purpose of the present article is to determine the prerequisites for the creation and functioning of the State Bureau of Investigation within the structure of public administration in economic and legal terms. The results of the study demonstrated that the prerequisites for the establishment and operation of the State Bureau of Investigation within the framework of public administration are economic and legal factors. These factors are, in general terms, functionally dependent on categories such as economic security, macroeconomic indicators of the life of the state and society, national security, and the most prevalent criminal offences. Proposals were made regarding the introduction of public control institutions within the remit of this state authority, and its position within the public administration structure was determined. Conclusion. Trends have been identified in the growing influence of this state authority on socio-economic processes. This influence can be seen in all types of offences under its jurisdiction, as well as in events that have the greatest impact on public life and the economic development of the country. The economic factors that led to the establishment and operation of the State Bureau of Investigation as a special powers state authority form the general and specific prerequisites for its activities. The economic consequences of this body's activities have both direct and indirect links to a number of sectors of society and the state, including innovative construction activities, corporate instruments for economic development, public-private partnerships, etc. It is evident that a considered opinion has been formulated regarding the dual nature of the competence of this state body within the broader context of the security and defence sector. This competence is manifested in two distinct capacities: firstly, in ensuring national security within the context of peaceful societal and state circumstances, and secondly, in ensuring the defence of the state, particularly during the legal regime of martial law. It has been proven that the establishment of the State Bureau of Investigation in the Ukrainian legal sphere is contingent upon the constitutional provision that entails the transfer of a number of competencies from the prosecutor's office to an autonomous pre-trial investigation entity that is endowed with the requisite capabilities. The scientific position on the rationalisation of the structure and powers of this state body, especially discretionary powers, has been endorsed by law enforcement agencies that ensure the investigation of relevant categories of criminal cases with the achievement of set tasks. It was asserted that the legal status of the prosecutor could be determined by drawing upon the positive experiences of certain countries, as well as by granting officials of the State Bureau of Investigation a range of exceptional powers in the conduct of investigative actions that can be carried out without the consent of the prosecutor or investigating judge. A comparison of the preconditions for the establishment of the SBI and the FBI reveals that, in the former case, there was a response from society and the state to internal threats, while in the latter case, there was a response to external threats. A comparison of the preconditions for the creation and powers of the SBI and the National Bureau of Investigation of Slovenia reveals several notable features. Firstly, there is the need to ensure national security within the scope of the functions of a law enforcement agency with qualifying powers. Secondly, there are qualified criminal offences in the scope of activities. Thirdly, there is the need to supplement the functions of traditional law enforcement agencies and transfer them to a separate body with exclusive powers.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR ENSURING ACCESSIBILITY TO FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

2026-03-13T09:17:14+00:00

The article examines the international legal framework for ensuring the accessibility of financial technologies and financial services for persons with disabilities as a component of the implementation of the principles of equality, non-discrimination and financial inclusion. The theoretical and methodological basis of the analysis is human rights and the "accessibility by design" approach. The latter is predicated on the premise that accessibility should not be considered an additional service option, but rather a mandatory standard for designing digital and organisational processes in the financial sector. This text focuses on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), with particular emphasis on the obligations of states to ensure accessibility (including digital), to implement universal design, and to provide "reasonable accommodation" as an individual means of removing barriers. It has been demonstrated that international standards are complemented by a "consumer" dimension through the UN Guiding Principles on Consumer Protection (UNGCP, 2015), which integrate policies of financial inclusion, financial education and effective protection/redress, with a focus on vulnerable consumers, in particular people with disabilities, in the digital environment. The role of Council of Europe standards in prohibiting discrimination and providing effective remedies is outlined, with the aim of reinforcing accessibility requirements as an element of good governance and proportionate regulation. In the applied aspect, typical accessibility barriers in fintech services (identification and authentication, interfaces, accessibility of contracts and disclosure, support channels and dispute resolution) are systematized and it is demonstrated that such barriers often have a "technical" form of indirect discrimination. The conclusion drawn is that there is a necessity to combine international human rights standards with consumer and supervisory mechanisms, and that this should be achieved by the introduction of measurable requirements for the accessibility of digital financial services, mandatory alternative channels for critical user scenarios, accessible information formats and effective complaint procedures. Proposals for implementing standards in national regulation are outlined, including the enshrinement of the principle of "accessibility by design", institutional accessibility audit, staff training, standards for accessible procurement of IT solutions, and monitoring indicators for regulators. Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is rooted in formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, encompassing a systematic analysis of international acts and doctrinal approaches, complemented by a functional approach to assessing accessibility through the lens of critical user scenarios in the domain of financial services. The anticipated scientific outcome is to elucidate the content of international accessibility standards in the fintech sphere and to ascertain the directions of their practical application as conditions for ensuring real equality, financial inclusion and effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the digital financial environment. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the international legal principles that ensure the accessibility of financial technologies and financial services for persons with disabilities. In addition, it determines their normative content and practical implications for state policy and financial regulation. In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, the following tasks have been established: The following four points will be discussed in this text: 1) an analysis of the basic standards of the UN and the Council of Europe on equality, non-discrimination, accessibility, universal design and reasonable accommodation in the context of digital financial services; 2) an outline of typical "barrier points" in fintech services (identification/authentication, interfaces, accessibility of contracts and information disclosure, support and complaint channels); 3) a substantiation of the "accessibility by design" approach as a legally significant standard; 4) the formulation of recommendations for the implementation of international standards into national regulation, including supervisory mechanisms, requirements for financial service providers and guarantees of effective consumer protection. Conclusions. In general, UN and Council of Europe standards establish a clear "matrix" for assessing the accessibility of financial technologies: 1) non-discrimination (prohibition of direct/indirect discrimination; prohibition of refusal to provide reasonable accommodation as a form of discrimination); 2) accessibility as a prerequisite for the realisation of rights (especially in the ICT environment); 3) universal design + individual adaptation as complementary mechanisms; 4) protection of consumers of financial services (transparency, fair practices, inclusiveness, effective legal remedies); 5) digital rights and data protection as a "legal shell" for secure and non-discriminatory digitalisation of finance. In order to ensure the accessibility of fintech services, regulatory mechanisms should be considered as a three-pronged construct, comprising compliance (internal policies and quality control of accessibility according to standards such as WCAG and ISO organisational practices), supervision (external verification, regulations and preventive interventions by the regulator) and liability (sanctions and effective legal remedies, including complaints, compensation and anti-discrimination mechanisms). The Ukrainian regulatory framework already contains key "pillars" for such a model. These include a positive obligation to remove barriers and ensure accessibility of services and information for persons with disabilities, consumer guarantees regarding accessible information, as well as supervisory and sanctioning powers of the NBU in the field of payment services and consumer protection. The logical progression of this system is inextricably linked to the delineation of "accessibility by design" stipulations within secondary legislation, the implementation of periodic supervisory evaluations of client pathways, and the assurance that no component of security becomes an impediment without an alternative that is compatible with human rights and dignity. In order to achieve genuine financial inclusion for persons with disabilities, it is essential that the system be regarded as "complete". This necessitates the consolidation of accessibility by design in sectoral legislation, standards for accessible interfaces and contracts, alternative identification procedures, mandatory staff training, procurement standards for state IT solutions, as well as supervision and accountability based on measurable indicators. In the context of European integration, it is rational to implement these changes through harmonisation with EU approaches (EAA) and simultaneously through the UNGCP as a framework for financial protection of vulnerable consumers in the digital economy.

LOCAL DEMOCRACY AND LOCAL POLITICAL MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTUAL INTERDEPENDENCE

2026-03-13T09:17:13+00:00

The study focuses on local democracy and the associated management of local politics. The article aims to demonstrate the interdependence of these two concepts. The study employed a neo-institutional approach. The authors argue that local democracy provides a systemic, multidimensional environment in which local political management can acquire resources, legitimacy and institutional opportunities. Local democracy improves the quality of local governance, facilitates the formation of professional political elites and shapes effective management mechanisms within territorial communities. Local democracy is described as a value-institutional dimension that focuses on community participation, the legitimacy of power and the transparency and accountability of decision-making processes. In contrast, local political management is characterised as an organisational and managerial dimension that focuses on adopting and implementing decisions at a local level. It has been proven that local democracy establishes the rules within which local political management operates and implements decisions. The authors argue that local democracy is a prerequisite for the legitimacy of political management, and that political management is a mechanism for implementing local democracy. They conclude that local democracy cannot be implemented without the necessary management technologies, procedures, and competencies—in other words, political management. The dialectical relationship between local democracy and political management has been established. Local democracy shapes the environment in which political management operates, and political management either strengthens or weakens democracy. The authors observed that local democracy and political management institutions can either reinforce or undermine each other. They derived a conceptual formula that conveys the essence of this relationship: firstly, local democracy provides the institutional, value-based and procedural foundation of local governance; secondly, local political management, based on local democracy, ensures the development, adoption and implementation of political decisions; thirdly, together, they form a coherent system of democratic community governance, in which democracy defines the framework and management ensures its effective implementation. The authors argue that the interdependence of local democracy and local political management is evidenced by the fact that democratic procedures, instruments and institutions create opportunities for effective political management, and that high-quality political management, in turn, ensures the viability and effectiveness of democratic practices. This approach allows both phenomena to be studied not in isolation, but as mutually reinforcing elements of the contemporary model of local governance. Although the Russian-Ukrainian war has clearly altered the landscape, the conceptual logic of the 'local democracy–local political management' coordinate system remains intact.

THE LAW OF UKRAINE “ON LOBBYING”: NOVELTIES AND CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS ENTITIES

2026-03-17T08:07:38+00:00

The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to highlight the novelties for entrepreneurs related to the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Lobbying"; and secondly, to define some problematic issues related to its enforcement. Methodology. The systemic method provides an opportunity to analyse lobbying as a phenomenon that depends on a number of factors. The utilisation of the historical method facilitates the delineation of the evolution of lobbying and its subsequent institutionalisation within the Ukrainian context. The method of terminological analysis enabled a review of the main concepts associated with this phenomenon (subject/object of lobbying, commercial interest, subject matter of lobbying). The hermeneutic method was utilised to analyse the primary provisions and innovations of the recently adopted Law of Ukraine "On Lobbying", while the logical method facilitated the identification of its deficiencies. The utilisation of a summarisation method was instrumental in facilitating the formulation of conclusions, in accordance with the research objective. The results obtained from the study indicated that there have been ongoing efforts to regulate lobbying activities in Ukraine for a considerable period, albeit with limited success. However, this issue had to be resolved, given that legislative regulation of lobbying processes was also provided for in a number of Ukrainian and international legal documents. Consequently, the Law of Ukraine "On Lobbying", enacted in early 2025, established a legal framework for this activity in Ukraine, aligning it with global standards. Practical implications. The main provisions of the newly adopted law were analysed, namely the scope of lobbying activities, the list of persons who cannot be the subject of lobbying, the rights and obligations of lobbying entities, and the acquisition, termination and renewal of lobbying entity status. Emphasis is placed on the new transparency system in the field of lobbying, which is a key requirement for carrying out these activities. Thus, lobbyists must enter the necessary registration and reporting information into the Transparency Register, while the NACP must submit information regarding the termination or renewal of a lobbying entity’s status. Value / Originality. The primary deficiencies of the Law with regard to the subject matter of the Article were delineated, the resolution of which will facilitate its effective implementation and transparent activities of lobbyists in Ukraine.

EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCES IN A SERVANT-LED ORGANISATION: TREAT OTHERS AS YOU WISH TO BE TREATED

2026-03-13T09:17:13+00:00

Numerous organisations attribute their accomplishments to the practice of servant leadership. However, only a few studies have focused on understanding the experience of employees working in an organisation committed to servant leadership. Furthermore, none of these studies have explored employees' experience with their daily guiding principles. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the nature of work in an organisation devoted to servant leadership, thereby guided by this philosophy. This is a qualitative study that employs a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted within a U.S.-based architecture and engineering services firm operating in the business-to-business market, which has maintained a longstanding dedication to servant leadership. The data collection process involves the conduction of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with both managerial and non-managerial staff members, with the option of follow-up interviews. Two main themes emerged: “Treat others how you wish to be treated” and doing the right thing. The findings contribute to both the theoretical foundation and practical application of servant leadership. The findings indicate that the practice of servant leadership, grounded in Christian values, served as the foundation for the organisation's guiding principles. These principles are rooted in the ethical framework of the Golden Rule, emphasising the value of acting in accordance with moral principles. The overarching philosophy that guides the organisation is predicated on the notion that it imbues employees with a sense of purpose in their professional endeavours, thereby endowing them with the requisite confidence and fortitude to adopt a servant leadership stance. The study also carries practical value, as the findings highlight collaboration within the organisation, centred on mutual support, moral values, openness, and accountability.

BICAMERALISM AS A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN UKRAINE

2026-03-13T09:17:13+00:00

The development of parliamentarism in Ukraine is particularly important for restoring the constitutional balance of power between the different branches of government and returning leadership of the main areas of state building to the Supreme Council of Ukraine. These areas include responding to the challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war, performing the functions of law-making and forming the government, and developing public policy, modernisation and economic growth. In the context of the de facto restoration of the super-presidential model, which was precipitated by Russia's full-scale invasion, the search for an optimal model of parliamentary system is becoming increasingly relevant. The objective of the present study is to ascertain the potential directions for the transformation of parliamentarism in Ukraine. The notion of bicameralism is posited as a means of augmenting the role of parliament. The research aims to determine the following indicators based on an expert survey: 1) the level of support for bicameralism among experts; 2) the assessment of key parameters of the institutional model of the upper chamber; 3) restrictions on political parties' participation in forming the upper chamber; 4) requirements for members of the upper chamber to be politically neutral; 5) the potential economic impact of bicameralism (in terms of ensuring budgetary balance between the centre and communities). In January-February 2026, the authors conducted a research study entitled "Bicameralism as a tool for political stabilisation and representation in Ukraine". The research was overseen by an expert panel comprising over fifty specialists, including representatives from the fields of political science and constitutional law, as well as deputies of city and regional councils, volunteers from public organisations, and veterans of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It is evident that the activities of parliament require appropriate transformations. The institutional reconstruction of the interaction between parliament and the president will determine the prospects for the economy and politics of the post-war country. The findings of the research, when considered as a whole, demonstrate an almost equal distribution of experts in their attitude to the prospects of involving a bicameral parliament: the data indicates that 51.7% of respondents expressed support for this proposition, while 48.3% did not express support. Experts have noted the relevance of bicameralism for contemporary Ukrainian policy, and the need for a reasoned public debate and proper regulatory and legal justification for potential reform. The majority of experts (72.4%) advocate for the delineation of the upper chamber's role in economic policy, emphasising the enhancement of budgetary policy and the assurance of a more equitable distribution of financial resources between the central government and local communities. The issue of the nomination process for candidates to the upper chamber proved controversial. It is evident that there is a discernible demand for the upper chamber of parliament to be depoliticised. The majority of experts (58.6%) advocate for substantial limitations or complete elimination of political parties from the process of establishing the upper chamber. Furthermore, these experts express support for the implementation of the principle of political neutrality for members of the upper chamber throughout their term of office.

THE ROLE OF TEAMWORK AS A MANAGERIAL COMPETENCE TO ENHANCE MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS AMONG LARGE AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

2026-03-13T09:17:12+00:00

In the contemporary business environment, characterised by intense competition and innovation, the ability of managers to formulate effective organisational strategies, enhance operational efficiency, and ensure market adaptability, is of paramount importance. Among these competencies, teamwork as a managerial skill is increasingly recognised as a key determinant of managerial effectiveness. The present study examines the impact of teamwork as a managerial competence on managerial effectiveness. The study focuses on three core dimensions: efficient team building, creating a supportive team environment, and managing team dynamics effectively. The research employs a quantitative approach, using linear regression analysis to assess the relationship between teamwork competence and managerial effectiveness. The study utilised a sample of 410 managers from 205 large and medium-sized enterprises, with data collected through the administration of structured questionnaires. The findings of the study confirm the three dimensions of teamwork competence to significantly contribute to managerial effectiveness. The strongest predictor of managerial effectiveness is managing team dynamics, followed by creating a supportive environment and efficient team building. The results of the study align with extant literature, thereby reinforcing the concept that teamwork is not only a critical managerial competence, but also a key driver of organisational success. The study emphasises the necessity for educational institutions and corporate training programmes to incorporate teamwork-focused managerial training to enhance organisational effectiveness. The cultivation of robust teamwork competencies within organisations has been demonstrated to engender enhanced decision-making processes, augmented collaboration, and an overall augmentation in performance. This, in turn, has been shown to precipitate sustainable business growth.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL PRODUCTION, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE ECONOMY

2026-03-13T09:17:12+00:00

The purpose of scientific research is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between technical progress and technological improvement, and the acceleration of the digitalisation of entrepreneurship. It also involves searching for reserves for the digitalisation of business projects that affect production efficiency and the effectiveness of the country's economy. The object of scientific research is the field of knowledge and technology, existing patents and utility models, and scientific and technical articles, analysed in the context of groups of countries by income level. This analysis includes an evaluation of rating indicators and the GII, as well as the expansion of digital opportunities for entrepreneurship, based on existing human capital. The implementation of inventions, utility models and ideas produced by this capital is one of the key drivers of innovative and digital economic development. Methodology. Using dialectical and systemic methods, the impact of technical and technological progress on the movement of the production function curve in digital enterprises was investigated. This revealed a promising reserve of existing innovation with positive dynamics, highlighting the need for a strategic approach to the digitalisation of entrepreneurship. The concretisation method was employed to develop the author's proposals for innovation and the digitalisation of the country's economy. Rsults. The factors that determine the quality and efficiency of a digital enterprise are presented, including harmonisation of costs associated with developing innovative products and digital services, network effects, the growing importance of big data and analytics, resource availability, digital infrastructure, consumption dynamics and working with clients. Analysed statistical data showed that, for post-industrial countries with an innovative approach and a digital strategy, "healthy" competition stimulates digital development as businesses strive to provide higher-quality innovative products and digital services. The findings of the research conducted allowed the assertion to be made that digital entrepreneurship is both the result and the source of continuous scientific and technical achievements, inventions and ideas. Furthermore, the digital changes taking place in its work are based on new technologies that are constantly produced by the scientific world. Practical implications. The dissemination of practical advice has been undertaken, with the objective of maintaining positive dynamics in terms of accelerating innovation and digitalisation of national economies at both the macro and micro levels. Measures to promote the digitisation of traditional entrepreneurship are outlined, including the establishment of scientific, production, research and experimental digital ecosystems based on the country's leading industry-focused universities, and the development and implementation of youth scientific support programmes lasting three, five and seven years, under the names "Youth in Research", "Innovations and Young Researchers", and "Youth. Inventions. Progress". Hold events in leading scientific and technical laboratories under the names "Week of Innovations and Inventions", "Week of Science and Technology" and "Week of the Researcher, Innovator and Inventor". Every science needs individual researchers, inventors and innovators. In the innovation-digital process, the innovator who produces the invention is therefore a valuable "player" and a key link. Value/Originality. After conducting a thorough analysis of the Global Innovation Index ratings by country group and income level, the authors found that China leads the group of countries with above-average incomes in terms of the number of patents and utility models. The leaders of the "Labour and Technology Results" index in terms of knowledge creation remain the three high-income countries of Sweden, Switzerland and the USA. Analysis of the available data revealed that the level of development of intangible assets can accelerate the formation and development of digital entrepreneurship and facilitate business mobility. Technical and technological progress is proposed to be understood through the prism of the formation of Industry 5.0, which is a consistent process of improving and perfecting production and industrial business processes with the aim of producing new products and services while focusing on the quality of existing goods and services. It has been determined that changes in technology and technologies are indicative of transformations occurring in terms of digitalisation in production business processes. Alternatively, enterprises have the capacity to develop and utilise new or improved innovative products and digital services. The overall socio-economic effect of digital entrepreneurship is predicated on the interrelation of technical and technological changes, capital utilisation, and enhanced productivity per employee. It is hypothesised that, in terms of the genesis of Industry 5.0, this will signify the evolution of digital business, enhanced remuneration for proficient workers who possess digital competencies, and an enhancement in the quality and standard of living of the population.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION AS A PREREQUISITE FOR INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY

2026-03-13T09:17:12+00:00

The subject of the present study is the digital transformation of higher education as an institutional prerequisite for innovative activity and technological development of the economy. The work considers the digitalisation of universities as a mechanism for accelerating the reproduction of human capital, enhancing the quality of competence training, and reducing time lags between the generation of knowledge and its practical application in business and the public sector. The theoretical basis of the study is formed by modern approaches to the knowledge economy and innovation ecosystems, within which universities are treated as key elements of technological modernisation through education, science, knowledge transfer, and interaction with industry. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to provide a robust theoretical and empirical basis for understanding the impact of digital transformation on innovation processes and technological upgrading in the economy; and secondly, to identify the key channels of such impact in the context of the growing role of digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and educational analytics. The research methodology is based on systemic, institutional and structural-functional approaches. These are supplemented by a comparative analysis of university digitalisation practices and a logical generalisation of the mechanisms of competence formation. Analytical and synthetic methods were employed to develop an integrated conceptual framework combining the infrastructural, organisational, pedagogical and managerial elements of digital transformation in higher education. The results obtained prove that comprehensive digital transformation has the greatest effect on innovative activity. This occurs when the architecture of the learning platform, digital resources and laboratory facilities are modernised simultaneously; when the digital competencies of personnel are enhanced; when personalisation and learning analytics mechanisms are introduced; and when sustainable models of co-operation between universities and industry are formed. The conclusions show that digital educational platforms and intellectual learning support tools speed up programme updates, reduce the cost of accessing knowledge and expand opportunities for continuous learning. This is important for the rapid diffusion of technologies and adapting to the labour market. The study's practical value lies in its potential to inform the development of digital university strategies aimed at increasing innovation potential, technological competitiveness and economic sustainability.

THE ECONOMIC-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

2026-03-13T09:17:11+00:00

In the contemporary era of global scientific and technological development and the formation of a new world legal order, the concept of human ecology economics was introduced into scientific circulation, and a novel ecological and economic approach was developed in the theory of economic science. This approach enables the reduction of the risks of depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation due to unbalanced economic development. The ecological and economic approach is predicated on the widespread utilisation of an economic and legal mechanism that facilitates the reconciliation of environmental and economic interests of society with maximum respect for human rights in the formulation of economic policy. In the further development of a new branch of economic science, namely human ecology economics, it is essential to take the latest developments in the field of human rights into consideration, with particular emphasis on those pertaining to the generations of these rights. The article is dedicated to theoretical and legal approaches to understanding the generations of human rights in the era of globalization, at the crossroads of the world order and the emergence of existential challenges for modern civilisation. The new order should be formed based on the principle of respect for human rights as a fundamental value. However, contemporary economic policy and scientific and technological progress have the potential to compromise the right to human dignity, exacerbate disparities in access to fundamental resources, notably drinking water, and contribute to the infringement of other economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights. The new world order must be founded on the basis of respect for human rights and necessitates a radical transformation of the economy. The implementation of novel approaches to economic development, a component of which is the economy of human ecology, will facilitate reform. It has been demonstrated that the sustainable development model has a contribution to the development of a new type of economy. This necessitates novel approaches to environmental human rights, which, in light of scientific and technological progress, should be regarded as ecological-economic rights. The impact of economic development on human rights is analysed, and it is concluded that such development exacerbates risks, including resource depletion, violations of human rights to equality and non-discrimination, etc. Concurrently, it is emphasised that risks can be circumvented through the implementation of an ecological economy as a prerequisite for sustainable development. The text places particular emphasis on the economic aspect of environmental human rights. The ecosystemic approach to the classification of human rights is a concept that is currently being explored. It has been argued that it has significant potential; however, the rights of nature differ from human rights. These categories cannot be equated. Therefore, it is only appropriate to speak about the greening of human rights as part of the global process of greening world development. This new discourse requires a change in approach to understanding the category of "generations of human rights". Attempts to argue for the inclusion of somatic, digital and environmental rights in the fourth and fifth generations of human rights are being examined, respectively. The approach under discussion is rendered moot by the fact that it harbours risks of disrupting the established architecture of human rights. Drawing upon the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, this study underscores the emergence of digital and somatic rights as novel facets of the human right to life, the right to respect for private and family life, the right to freedom of expression, and the right to information confidentiality.