Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND BANK EFFICIENCY IN EU COUNTRIES

Gergana Mihaylova-Borisova — 2024-12-17

The performance of the financial sector is of paramount importance in the development of an economy. The financial sector serves as the primary conduit between those who save and those who invest. By virtue of the information available regarding both groups of economic agents, this conduit facilitates the reduction of information asymmetries and enables more expedient investment targeting in specific sectors deemed crucial for economic growth. For decades, research has been conducted on the relationship between the financial sector and economic growth in individual countries or groups of countries with the aim of providing governments with recommendations on specific measures that will improve the welfare of economic agents and achieve higher economic growth. It also examines whether there is a link between economic growth and financial sector development, or vice versa, from economic growth to financial sector development. In light of the pivotal role of financial intermediaries in the economic advancement of nations, this study seeks to examine and evaluate the extent to which the financial sector in EU countries fosters economic growth, or vice versa. Furthermore, the study examines and assesses the extent to which the financial sector contributes to economic growth, in addition to the direction of the relationship between the two. The data set encompasses the period between 2010 and 2022. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a panel model is applied to the EU countries. Two indicators are employed to capture financial sector activity: namely, banking efficiency and market capitalisation. The non-parametric DEA method is employed for the purpose of more fully capturing and characterising the EU banking sector, with the objective of measuring banking efficiency. This study eschews the use of traditional indicators in favour of a more complex indicator, namely technical efficiency, which is measured by DEA. This approach allows for the conversion of inputs and outputs into a single measure of bank efficiency. In order to account for the growing role of capital markets in the decades following the global financial crisis of 2008, the estimated models include market capitalisation as an additional factor. The results of the balanced panel model estimation confirm that the EU countries are characterised by the "supply-side hypothesis", i.e., financial intermediaries are important for economic development, and the estimated relationships are positive. However, the models highlight the pivotal role of the banking sector in driving economic growth in the older EU countries, as market capitalisation has been demonstrated to have a limited impact on economic growth in these countries. This suggests that those responsible for economic policy should prioritise the improvement of the banking sector and encourage banks to play a more active role in intermediation, with the aim of achieving economic growth.

TRANSPORTATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE FOOD MARKETS (THE CASE OF GEORGIA)

Eter Kharaishvili — 2024-12-17

Introduction. The paper analyses the three pillars of transportation and evaluates the development models of the transportation system. It is evident that transportation plays a crucial role in the development of food markets. The level of transportation infrastructure has a direct impact on the improvement of food accessibility and the process of forming a sustainable food market. Furthermore, transportation can greatly contribute to inclusive economic growth, diversification of exports, introduction of innovations, reduction of costs, minimisation of food losses, and so forth. The allocation of resources towards the development of transportation infrastructure, particularly in relation to the export of Georgian agri-food products to international markets, is regarded as a crucial strategy for fostering sustainable food markets. Aim and tasks. The principal aim of this paper is to identify the challenges inherent in the transportation of foodstuffs and to determine the opportunities that will encourage the formation of sustainable food markets. To this end, an analysis of the transportation sector was undertaken. The "urgency-impact" matrix was employed to identify the challenges inherent to the field of food transportation, while the "priorities scheme" was utilised to ascertain the potential avenues for the sustainable development of transportation and food markets. Research results. The paper concludes that there is a positive correlation between the indicators of the development of transportation and sustainable food markets. Nevertheless, this is inadequate to affect economic growth. The overcoming of challenges in the research area will facilitate improvements in transportation and the diversification of food markets, particularly in Europe. Conclusion. The paper presents conclusions regarding the challenges inherent to the transportation of foodstuffs and proffers recommendations for the advancement of sustainable food markets through the surmounting of these challenges.

YOUTH PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA

Elvis Madondo — 2024-12-17

In South Africa, the field of youth entrepreneurship is confronted with considerable obstacles, many of which are rooted in the country's historical economic inequalities, which were further exacerbated by the apartheid era. This study aims to gain insight into the perceptions of youth regarding entrepreneurship by employing the Entrepreneurial Event Theory (EET) to analyse these perceptions through the lenses of desirability, feasibility, and propensity to act. EET was used to provide a structured understanding of how attitudes towards entrepreneurship, perceived capability and propensity to act influence entrepreneurial engagement. The thematic analysis of qualitative data from semi-structured interviews revealed that while South African youth have a strong desire to use entrepreneurship to address unemployment and economic inequality, their active engagement is limited. Participants expressed high aspirations for entrepreneurship due to its potential for financial independence and personal fulfilment. Nevertheless, this enthusiasm is tempered by perceived feasibility concerns, including challenges related to financial resources, regulatory complexities, and intense market competition. Moreover, the propensity to act varies; some young people demonstrate a proactive attitude, while others are hesitant due to perceived risks and systemic barriers. The study recommends integrating comprehensive entrepreneurship education across all educational levels, launching national and community-level campaigns to promote an entrepreneurial culture and showcase success stories, and advocating for policies to enhance access to funding. These measures aim to improve the overall feasibility and increase the propensity to act among South African youth, thereby fostering a more vibrant entrepreneurial landscape.

THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS AN ECONOMIC CATEGORY

Jens Weber — 2024-12-17

The paper examines the multifaceted concept of sustainable development in the context of economic theory and philosophy. In addition to the introduction and findings, the paper is divided into three main parts: historical background, the scientific view of sustainable development, and sustainable development and economic growth. It examines the historical development of sustainable development as an economic category, its theoretical underpinnings and the philosophical discourse that shapes its interpretation and implementation. The paper highlights the tensions and synergies between economic growth and environmental protection by analysing different economic models and sustainability paradigms. This paper presents a critical analysis of the historical background, scientific view of sustainable development and its relationship with economic growth. It offers a nuanced understanding of sustainable development, providing insights into its role in shaping future economic policies and practices. The paper is based on a comprehensive review of literature and theoretical perspectives, and the process of creating it included the study of scientific and professional literature, the extraction of key topics, their mutual comparison, and the use of scientific methods such as induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis. The research yielded five principal findings. (1) The majority of models of sustainable development place the environmental aspect at the forefront. The authors believe that the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development are equally important in the context of new global threats. It is therefore evident that a transitional concept is required. (2) Among leading economists, there is a considerable range of views on the relationship between economic balance, growth and cyclicality, and sustainable development. A historical analysis corroborates the veracity of the dialectical approach to balance and development, thereby refuting the orthodoxy. (3) The free market model is unable to self-regulate as a result of rapid population growth and the worsening of environmental problems. Despite the high transformation rate of the market as an institution, social justice and environmental protection institutions are formed at an exceptionally slow rate in the free market. This model results in social stratification and the destruction of ecosystems. (4) For the sustainable development of society in the context of globalisation, it is necessary to implement systematic and proportional economic development mechanisms. (5) The concept of sustainable development requires clarification in modern conditions.

AUDIO BRANDING GUIDANCE MODEL IN THE CASE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES

Justinas Kisieliauskas — 2024-12-17

This research explores the nexus of audio branding and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a substantial sector representing 90% of global businesses yet one that remains largely underrepresented in the context of audio branding. The primary research question is as follows: what are the possibilities of audio branding for small and medium-sized businesses, and how should such enterprises use it? The objective of this research is twofold: firstly, to highlight the potential of audio branding for SMEs; and secondly, to develop a comprehensive guidance model tailored to assist these enterprises in implementing effective audio branding strategies. The research approach is multi-faceted, encompassing a theoretical analysis of audio branding concepts, empirical research into current practices, and the creation of a practical, SME-specific guidance model. The study employs a range of methodologies, including the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, a comparative analysis of diverse concepts and approaches, qualitative case studies, and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of sonic branding. The research employs these methodologies with the objective of filling the existing gap between the field of audio branding and its application within SMEs. The objective is to provide SMEs with a valuable tool to leverage the benefits of audio branding, thus contributing to a more inclusive and diverse sonic branding landscape. The research findings indicate that the restricted deployment of audio branding among SMEs is predominantly attributable to resource limitations, scepticism and difficulties in quantifying the return on investment (ROI). To address these issues, the research proposes a comprehensive four-step audio branding guide. This unique guidance model is designed to help SMEs effectively integrate audio branding into their marketing and branding strategies, taking into account their specific contexts and challenges. By following this guidance model, SMEs can overcome the barriers to adopting audio branding and unlock its potential to enhance brand identity and customer engagement in a cost-effective and impactful way.

BEYOND NUMBERS: COVID’S IMPACT ON ROMANIAN FAMILIES’ BUDGETS – ADAPTATION, STRUGGLES, AND POLICY SOLUTIONS

Lucia Morosan-Danila — 2024-12-17

In the global health crisis unleashed by the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding its multiple impacts on family budgets is emerging as a critical area of research. This study examines the impact of the pandemic on Romanian households, shedding light on how families navigated the economic upheavals caused by this unprecedented situation. Using a comprehensive methodological framework that includes secondary data analysis and opinion surveys, the research closely examines changes in income, expenditure patterns and the resilience strategies adopted by families to withstand the economic strain caused by the pandemic. The research reveals a significant disruption in household incomes and a marked shift towards more conservative spending habits, with an increased focus on essential expenses. It also reveals that families are adopting various adaptation strategies, including budget optimisation and seeking government assistance, to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic. The results of the study are crucial for understanding the wider socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on family budgets and provide valuable insights for formulating targeted public policies to strengthen household resilience in the face of future crises. By examining the impact of the pandemic on family budgets in Romania, the study contributes to the academic discourse on crisis management and economic resilience. It highlights the need for comprehensive support mechanisms to protect vulnerable populations during global emergencies.

INTRA-REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION OF MUNICIPALITIES OF ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODESHIP IN TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN 2010 AND 2020

Paweł Dziekański — 2024-12-17

The region is a nexus of interaction between the social, economic, and environmental spheres. Demographic potential is a particularly salient factor, especially for peripheral regions (which is how the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship can be defined in terms of the EU). Transformations in demographic processes and structures exert influence over social, economic, and political aspects, as well as environmental changes. They necessitate the provision of additional transportation services, food, dwelling space, and clothing. The concentration of population and industry in a region has an impact on the environment, particularly with regard to the quality of life of residents and local ecosystems. The concept of independent regional development highlights the environmental factors that influence regional development. It addresses the developmental challenges faced by peripheral regions, incorporates environmental concerns into the development process, and integrates the environmental dimension with the economic and social aspects, particularly in the context of demographic shifts. The environment can be conceptualised as both a development factor and a component of endogenous potential, thereby providing a basis for delineating the process of action. The objective of this article is to evaluate the spatial differentiation of the natural environment of municipalities in relation to demographic changes, employing a synthetic measure. The analysis was conducted at the municipal level, encompassing 102 municipalities within the province of Świętokrzyskie. The data used in this study were sourced from the Central Statistical Office and relate to the years 2010 and 2020. The municipalities of the Świętokrzyskie province exhibit a distinctive character. The analysed areas frequently exhibit a negative migration balance, which has an adverse impact on the development process and the quality of the environment. From the perspective of the influence of demographic trends on economic processes, the ageing of the population represents a highly significant factor. Such shifts do not always have a negative impact on the economy, as they can stimulate demand for new products and services. The synthetic measure of demography exhibited a range of 0.30 to 0.67 in 2010 and 0.29 to 0.69 in 2020. With regard to the synthetic measure of natural environment and ecology in the municipalities of the Świętokrzyskie region, a variation was observed (0.25-0.52 in 2010, 0.30-0.60 in 2020). The natural environment is a key factor influencing the attractiveness and competitiveness of rural municipalities. The demographic potential of the natural environment is an important factor for development. Poland needs to strengthen synergies between green growth, environment and demographic aspects to address environmental and energy challenges and overcome resource shortages.

PRINCIPLES OF ANTI-CORRUPTION IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

Dmytro Baranenko — 2024-12-17

Corruption can be understood as a social phenomenon that emerges from a complex interplay of political, social, and economic factors, particularly in countries undergoing the process of state formation. Notwithstanding the existence of long-standing democratic traditions and a considerable history of anti-corruption measures, this negative phenomenon persists in European Union Member States. In developed countries, the conditions for countering corruption are more favourable; nevertheless, it remains a significant problem. In Ukraine, which is undergoing a process of democratisation of its governmental structure, corruption represents a significant challenge. Radical reforms of the administrative, socio-economic and legal systems are contributing to the emergence of new corruption threats that require active counteraction. The effective fight against corruption is one of the key factors in the development of public administration, ensuring economic stability and public confidence in state institutions. The analysis of economic and legal aspects of combating corruption in administrative law is of particular importance for understanding the ways to overcome this phenomenon and build effective prevention mechanisms. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal and economic mechanisms that can be employed to combat corruption in the context of administrative law. The research methodology employs a range of methods, including policy analysis, empirical methods and comparative methods. This article examines the principles of combating corruption in administrative law, with a particular focus on the economic and legal aspects. Corruption represents a significant challenge to the stable development of society and the economy. In the context of globalisation and current management reforms, the issue of combating corruption is particularly salient. The principal administrative and legal instruments for combating corruption are examined, together with their impact on the country's economic development.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DANGER OF GLORIFICATION OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE AND ITS PARTICIPANTS: SOCIAL-LEGAL, ECONOMIC AND CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Vladyslava Batyrgareieva — 2024-12-17

Glorification of the enemy during wartime is one of the most dangerous social phenomena threatening the existence of the state. It indicates a lack of national unity in defending the country's independence and creates favourable conditions for the enemy in the disputed territories, as well as a basis for collaboration and state treason. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the phenomenon of glorification of the Russian aggression against Ukraine and its participants, to examine its socio-legal, economic and criminological dimensions, and to develop an effective prevention model. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, whereby empirical data on this phenomenon is meticulously analysed using a variety of scientific tools, including systemic-structural, formal-logical, analytical, synthetic, comparative, statistical, and specific sociological methods. The analysis of glorification from a social-legal perspective reveals the absence of a methodology to quantify the value of losses related to statehood and national identity, which are direct consequences of glorification. From an economic standpoint, the assessment of the impact of glorification encompasses both direct and indirect costs, including judicial expenses and the maintenance of convicts, which are estimated to amount to approximately 1 million USD per year. The criminological evaluation examines the motivations of those who glorify criminal acts and the channels through which they disseminate harmful ideas. Social networks and messengers have been identified as the primary mediums through which such ideas are propagated, thereby posing a threat of widespread dissemination of hostile ideologies. The conclusion emphasises the necessity of concentrating countermeasures on the utilisation of information technologies and the reinforcement of information awareness and resilience within Ukrainian society and the state.

CONTRIBUTING ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES IN THE SECTOR OF LEGAL RESEARCH IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ECONOMIC INSTABILITY AND NATIONAL SELF-IDENTITY

Liubov Bila-Tiunova — 2024-12-17

The article's focus is on the examination of the extant administrative procedures that contribute to the field of legal scientific activity. It is proposed that the thesis on the necessity of taking into account the national self-identity of Ukrainian legal science in the implementation of European standards for the protection of subjects of scientific activity be accepted. It seems appropriate to enhance the administrative procedures pertaining to scientific activity by: 1) Adopting the Regulation on the peculiarities of obtaining a scientific degree in the field of law; 2) Approving the Order on Special Requirements for Candidates for Academic Title in the Field of Law; 3) Adopting the Concept of Grant Support for Legal Research. The methodology of the research is determined by the defined goal and tasks and encompasses a range of scientific knowledge methods, approaches, and actions aimed at acquiring new scientific insights into the determination of contributing administrative procedures of scientific activity. In the course of the study, a variety of methods were employed to gain insight into the nature of scientific knowledge, including the method of system analysis, the dialectical method, the formal-logical methods, the structural-functional and comparative-legal methods, as well as several empirical methods. These methods were used to determine the significance of the specifics of legal scientific activity for their procedural ordering. It is argued that a particular category of persons engaged in legal research activities can be considered to have a national identity in accordance with the current legislative framework and the realities of law enforcement. Concurrently, the author underscores that young scholars have only recently begun their careers as legal professionals and thus still reflect the archetypes of their mentors. It is observed that the period during which they have been positioned as subjects of scientific activity does not permit the conclusion that they are independent and quantitatively predominant. Furthermore, it is imperative that the state provides economic support, including grant funding, for legal research.

MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: EVOLUTION AND NEW CHALLENGES

Yuriy Bilenko — 2024-12-17

The objective of this article is to analyse the processes of macroeconomic stabilisation in Central and Eastern European countries over the past thirty years (1991-2021), from the inception of market reforms to the present day. At the same time, the author aims to identify patterns and trends in the macroeconomic policies of these countries, which were formed under the influence of radical structural changes, economic cycles and the global financial crisis of 2008. Methodology. In order to analyse the data, the correlation between variables was measured. The volatility of macroeconomic indicators was gauged using the standard deviation. Based on panel regressions with fixed effects, models were created to demonstrate the influence of macroeconomic stability on economic growth in 15 countries across Central and Eastern Europe over a 30-year period (1991-2021). Results. The analysis using panel regressions with fixed effects shows a significant impact of macroeconomic stability indicators on economic growth after the 2008 global financial crisis, compared to a very small impact during the 2000-2008 boom. The growth of indicators of the real effective exchange rate and total official reserves have a positive impact on economic growth during the boom, while the impact of these indicators decreases significantly in the post-crisis period, and the impact of the lending rate, the current account balance and the unemployment rate increases. It should be noted that the dominant positive factor influencing economic growth in all periods is the budget balance and the weak influence of the exchange rate. Practical implications. The author identifies certain combinations of macroeconomic indicators to create a successful macroeconomic policy for sustainable economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe. Value / Оriginality. The paper assesses and analyses the relationship between macroeconomic stability and economic growth in Central and Eastern European countries during both recession and boom periods, as well as in the post-crisis downturn after 2008, in order to achieve stable welfare, confidence in the future for the whole society and the success of long-term investment projects.

LEGAL MEANS OF ENSURING LIFE SAFETY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE ECONOMY

Dmytro Bondar — 2024-12-17

The scientific publication deals with legal means of ensuring life safety amidst digitalization, which will significantly optimize public administration processes. It is noted that legal means are a universal legal category and a basic element of the mechanism of legal regulation. The author classifies legal means of ensuring life safety, which are proposed to be divided into substantive and procedural, imperative and dispositive, permanent and temporary, and normative and individual. The importance of administrative law regulation of using information technologies in the field of life safety through administrative law means is emphasized. It will allow unifying the procedure for applying innovative digital tools and sharing the positive experience of their practical implementation throughout the state. It is formulated proposals for amending the current national administrative legislation in terms of using artificial intelligence tools and the potential of mobile applications for ensuring life safety.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY

Victoria Borisova — 2024-12-17

The objective of this article is to establish the theoretical and methodological foundations and develop the applied tools for environmental insurance. The research employs a range of methodologies, including dialectical cognition, system and structural analysis, synthesis, integrated approaches, regulatory support, and others. Problem statement. The objective of this study is to elucidate the role of environmental insurance in enhancing environmental safety in the event of accidental environmental pollution. In the case of global disasters, it is challenging to discern whether they have a purely natural or anthropogenic origin. The majority of contemporary disasters are a combination of natural and anthropogenic causes, with the resulting damage being significant and difficult to quantify. In light of these considerations, it becomes evident that environmental insurance assumes a pivotal role in periods of economic turbulence. Methodology. The research is based on the generalisation of the conceptual framework of environmental insurance, the justification of the causes and consequences of the need for environmental risk insurance, and the development of industrial and agricultural production. A regression analysis was conducted on 30 agricultural enterprises, with the parameters of the regression equation determined using a matrix of initial data for correlation and regression analysis of profitability. The results of the study show that accidental environmental pollution due to accidental circumstances causes significant damage. To reduce environmental risks, it is proposed to create a system of environmental insurance, the main prerequisite of which is the principle of cross-border functioning. Results. It has been demonstrated that environmental risk insurance represents a valuable instrument for guaranteeing environmental security. It is evident that in the event of unforeseen circumstances, the potential for significant accidental environmental pollution necessitates the implementation of environmental insurance to ensure the attainment of environmental safety standards for all participants. Practical implication. The findings of the study, including its recommendations, are of practical interest and may be recommended for implementation in the practice of insuring agricultural enterprises against environmental risks. Value / Оriginality. The fundamental premise of environmental insurance for agricultural enterprises is to enhance the existing framework and substantiate the operational mechanism for environmental insurance coverage of their land resources. The potential applications of environmental risk insurance in the context of industrial and agricultural production are explored. In order to assess environmental risks, it is proposed that the most serious threats should first be identified and ranked, and then the environmental risk should be assessed, taking into account factors such as economic damage and mortality. It is demonstrated that in order to effectively evaluate the feasibility of a regional environmental insurance system, it is essential to develop an organisational and economic framework for implementing such a system in the region.

LEGAL REGULATION OF ECONOMIC OFFENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN UKRAINE

Andrii Borovyk — 2024-12-17

The article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of economic offences in Ukraine in the context of European integration processes. In the context of globalisation and Ukraine's active integration into the European Union, the issues of ensuring economic security and combating economic crimes are of particular importance. Economic offences, such as money laundering, financial fraud, corruption and tax evasion, pose significant threats to the economic stability of the state, public trust and investment attractiveness. This paper analyses legislative initiatives and regulations governing the fight against economic crime and complying with the requirements of the European Union. The study examines the main areas of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to European standards in the field of financial monitoring, anti-money laundering, anti-corruption and antimonopoly regulation. In particular, it analyses the role of such important legislative acts as the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalisation (Laundering) of Criminal Proceeds, Terrorist Financing and Financing of Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", as well as the establishment of the Bureau of Economic Security and the role of new bodies such as the National Anti-Corruption Bureau (NABU) and the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption (NAPC), which oversee compliance with financial legislation and transparency of operations. The paper also highlights the key challenges and problems faced by Ukraine on its path to European integration, including insufficient institutional capacity, political influence on the judiciary and low levels of trust in anti-corruption structures. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made to strengthen institutional capacity, further improve the legislative framework and expand international co-operation to ensure the stability and economic security of the state. Thus, the paper contributes to the understanding of the current aspects of legal regulation of economic offences in Ukraine, substantiating the importance of effective implementation of European standards to reduce the level of economic crime and promote transparency of financial relations.

ENHANCING SOCIAL COHESION: A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH THE PARTICIPATORY MODEL

Anna Verbytska — 2024-12-17

The purpose of the article is to formulate a strategic framework that emphasises the interdependence between social cohesion and social entrepreneurship as a tool for reintegrating servicemen, veterans and their families based on an assessment of the level of social cohesion in the local hromada (territorial community) affected by the conflict and the identification of levers that will facilitate the development of social entrepreneurship initiatives driven by the level of social cohesion in the hromada. Methodology. The survey instrument was structured around five conceptual blocks, each probing distinct aspects of social cohesion: sense of belonging and hromada identity, shared challenges and collective problem-solving, interaction and communication patterns, common social and cultural practices, mutual assistance and support networks. The study sample included 150 residents of Chernihiv hromada. The study used a purposive sampling strategy to ensure representation of different segments of the Chernihiv hromada, with a particular focus on groups relevant to social cohesion and reintegration efforts. The survey results are broken down by components of social cohesion. A significant number of respondents rated their sense of belonging to the hromada as "very important", emphasising the strong collective identity based on the hromada's rich historical heritage. Heritage not only promotes social cohesion, but also creates opportunities for social entrepreneurship, and initiatives such as heritage tourism and traditional crafts bring economic benefits. Collective resilience, especially in the context of post-insurgency recovery, has become a powerful unifying force, reinforcing the social values of collective support. Respondents identified local economic development as a crucial factor, emphasising their commitment to supporting small businesses. The survey also showed that responsible governance plays a vital role in hromada engagement: 80% of participants recognised successful co-operation between citizens and local authorities. Civic engagement and hromada involvement were identified as key pillars of belonging to the hromada (67% of respondents value active participation in hromada affairs). The commitment to inclusive social integration of internally displaced persons and veterans further illustrates the hromada's commitment to social cohesion. Priorities include economic development, infrastructure restoration and security, reflecting the hromada's focus on recovery. Communication patterns indicate a satisfactory level of interaction between residents, and shared cultural practices and mutual support networks are considered vital to strengthening social cohesion. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used for further research and practical application to develop a strategy for the development of social entrepreneurship at all taxonomic levels. Value / Originality. The original approach to developing a strategic framework, which emphasises the interdependence between social cohesion and social entrepreneurship as a tool for reintegrating military personnel, veterans and their families, is based on the study of the components of social cohesion from the perspective of residents, and contributes to the conceptualisation of a social entrepreneurship development strategy.

CUSTOMS CONTROL OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Kyrylo Voronov — 2024-12-17

Relevance. The agricultural sector plays a pivotal role in Ukraine's economy, with a considerable degree of reliance on the effective execution of foreign economic activity (FEA). It remains a vital component of Ukraine's economy, ensuring the country's food security and contributing to stable exports, which represent a primary source of foreign currency earnings. The ongoing conflict has introduced a number of new challenges to customs control, including the disruption of logistics routes, an increased risk of smuggling, and the necessity for the implementation of accelerated customs procedures for critical goods. Concurrently, it becomes increasingly crucial to adhere to legislative norms and international standards in order to prevent violations and guarantee effective border control. In wartime conditions, the optimisation of customs procedures, such as the simplification and acceleration of the clearance of agricultural products, in conjunction with the strengthening of control over imports and exports to avoid unfair practices, becomes particularly relevant. Objective. The objective of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the economic and legal aspects of customs control in the FEA of Ukraine's agricultural sector. Methodology. The research methodology encompasses a range of techniques, including comparative analysis, policy analysis, and case analysis. Results. The study examines the economic and legal aspects of customs control in the FEA of the agricultural sector. It analyses the main legislative acts regulating the customs control of agricultural products in Ukraine, as well as international standards and rules affecting customs clearance procedures. Special attention is given to the challenges faced by agricultural enterprises in export-import operations during wartime, and proposals are made for improving customs regulation to increase the efficiency of the sector in the global economy.

FOOD SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR IN UKRAINE: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Olena Hafurova — 2024-12-17

The need to study the economic and legal issues of Ukraine's food security and ensure an adequate level of availability and sufficiency of food for the population at the present stage is caused by a number of factors. A prominent place among them is occupied by the challenges caused by the war that has been going on in Ukraine for many years. The food security situation in the country is rapidly deteriorating in the context of a full-scale war, and in some regions (especially those affected by military operations) it is catastrophic. At the same time, the pre-war food security legislation is not able to properly regulate existing relations. Similarly, research conducted in peacetime has largely lost its relevance. Thus, the topic of this article is relevant and the research is timely. Its purpose is to analyse the regulatory framework for food security, identify key shortcomings and formulate proposals for their elimination. The study is based on a set of methods of scientific knowledge, in particular: the philosophical dialectical method, the method of analysis, formal legal and formal logical methods. Results. The article establishes that in Ukraine the provision of such food security indicators as: daily energy value of the human diet; provision of the human diet with basic types of food; economic affordability of food is at a low level. It is proved that one of the reasons for this is the imperfection of regulatory support. The paper reveals the absence of such important features as ‘safety’ and ‘quality’ of food in the legislative definition of the concept of ‘food security’. Attention is focused on the risks of simplifying the rules for handling genetically modified organisms in the context of food production. Practical implications. The publication substantiates the need to develop and adopt a State programme for ensuring food security, which should be targeted and designed for a long-term period. This will, firstly, make it possible to clearly define the priority of food security in the social and economic policy of Ukraine; secondly, it will make it possible to clearly define the measures to ensure food security, the executors, the timing and other necessary criteria.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASEL CONVENTION IN UKRAINE: ECONOMIC AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS

Liudmyla Golovko — 2024-12-17

The establishment of international conventions in the domain of hazardous waste management is undoubtedly a valuable contribution, as it facilitates the formation of international standards in this field. The ratification of the Basel Convention by the majority of states is indicative of their interest in the unification of legislation in this area. However, in addition to the adoption of international conventions, their effective implementation is also a crucial aspect. The objective of this article is to conduct a comprehensive examination of the current status of the Basel Convention implementation in Ukraine, to identify the existing challenges, and to propose potential solutions. The statistical data on the management of hazardous waste were subjected to analysis. To gain a deeper insight into the situation, an analysis was conducted on the movement of hazardous waste between Ukraine and Slovakia. This revealed the extent of the issues that require attention in this area. Methodology. General theoretical methods were mainly used in writing the article. Analysis and synthesis, theoretical generalisation and systematic interpretation helped to assess the state of implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine. Results. The article considered both the content of the Basel Convention and the practice of its implementation in Ukraine. Practical implications. In light of doctrinal provisions and the norms of both international and national Ukrainian law, the authors have identified the principal range of issues pertaining to the implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine and have put forth potential solutions to these challenges. Value / Originality. It is determined that an important step to improve the implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine is to strengthen the cooperation of the responsible bodies in the field of hazardous waste management, to strengthen the responsibility of the institutions responsible for controlling the movement of hazardous waste, to improve the equipment for waste identification, to eliminate the monopolisation of the entities authorised to carry out activities involving hazardous waste.

WAR IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON THE STATE OF REGIONAL LABOUR MARKETS IN UKRAINE

Lidiia Horoshkovа — 2024-12-17

The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the war on regional labour markets. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the works of classical and modern economic science on the development of the labour market, employment and unemployment, including in the context of the crisis. The monographic method was used to highlight the views of scholars on the problem under study. In the course of the research, the authors used general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modelling, benchmarking studies, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes. Data from the State Statistics Service of the Regions of Ukraine for 2021-2023 were used for the assessment. Results. The article provides a comparative analysis of the situation on the labour market for people with higher education in two oblasts of Ukraine – Zaporizhzhia and Khmelnytskyi. The main characteristics studied were the number of vacancies, unemployed, their share in the overall structure of employment and unemployment in the region, and the level of remuneration. The paper establishes that the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has had a negative impact on the functioning of the labour market of Ukraine in general and its regional segments in particular. However, this impact was not catastrophic, as evidenced by the situation on the labour market in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, which is mostly occupied. In Khmelnytskyi Oblast, the war resulted in changes in the supply and demand for specialists with higher education, and a reduction in their salaries. This can be explained both by the displacement of relevant specialists and by businesses that contributed to the improvement of the employment situation in the region. The analysis has shown that there is potential to overcome labour market imbalances in the context of people with higher education. Practical significance. The findings have practical and political implications. The results of the analysis can be used to develop the main directions of the state regional policy to overcome the negative impact on the labour market of people with higher education in the conditions of war and taking into account the needs of post-war recovery of the country. Value / Originality. The distinctive feature of this study is its comparative analysis of the impact of the war on the labour market of individuals with higher education in regions that have experienced markedly disparate circumstances since the onset of the full-scale invasion. These include Zaporizhzhia Oblast, which is situated along the frontline and has been partially occupied, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast, which is situated at a considerable distance from the contact line. The analysis has shown that there is a potential to overcome labour market imbalances in the context of people with higher education both during the war and at the stage of post-war reconstruction.

SMART CITY 3.0 DIGITAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE GREEN DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Marina Gramchuk — 2024-12-17

The present study is relevant in the context of the formation of the digital management concept Smart City 3.0 in the context of sustainable green development goals. These goals are to be achieved by combining digitalisation technologies with the principles of environmental sustainability. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the formation of a digital concept of city management 3.0 in the context of sustainable development goals. Research objectives: 1) to study the concept of the digital concept of city management or Smart City and the conditions for its implementation; 2) to reveal the concept of Smart City 3.0 development in the context of foreign experience; 3) to reveal the essence and significance of the concept of environmental sustainability of smart Smart City 3.0 and the promotion of sustainable green development. The research methodology is a systematic, cross-cultural, interdisciplinary approach to understanding the complex impact of digital technologies on all aspects of sustainable development in digital green smart cities 3.0, in particular on the economic, social and environmental dimensions. It allows for the interaction between digital innovations and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be considered in a single structure. The Smart City 3.0 concept views the city as an integrated ecosystem. This approach ensures efficient infrastructure management and also helps to reduce environmental impact, improve the quality of life of citizens, and engage them in decision-making. The article examines the pivotal elements of the Smart City 3.0 concept, encompassing the deployment of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and automated systems to enhance the urban environment. It has been demonstrated that the implementation of these technologies can result in a notable reduction in energy consumption, the optimisation of traffic flows, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and an enhancement of the environmental sustainability of the city. The study analyses the global exemplars of digital urban management, identifies opportunities and challenges for the development of Ukrainian cities in the direction of smart and green management, and offers recommendations for their adaptation based on global experience.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EXPORT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF UKRAINE UNDER THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY TRANSFORMATION

Alla Dunska — 2024-12-17

The objective of this article is to evaluate the structural changes that have occurred in the export of mechanical engineering from Ukraine. These changes have been influenced by significant transformations in the country's foreign economic policy, which have been primarily caused by a shift in the country's foreign policy as a result of military aggression from Russia, which has been a leading foreign trade partner for a considerable period of time. Methodology. The study is based on the authors' previous works, which are devoted to the study of the features of the export-oriented development of the country and the industry. In particular, the studies examine the strengthening of the innovative component in the export potential and the formation of mechanisms and strategies for ensuring the development of exports on a high-tech basis. The methodological basis of this work was also formed by the scientific studies of leading Ukrainian and foreign researchers devoted to the development of the export of mechanical engineering, problems and prospects of the industry in the implementation of foreign economic activity. In order to calculate structural changes in exports, a generalised methodology has been developed based on the systematisation of scientific papers that outline different approaches to assessing structural changes and disproportions. The main content of the proposed methodology is to form a system of indicators that allow for a comprehensive assessment of structural changes in the exports of a particular industry. To calculate and test the methodology, open statistical data on exports of mechanical engineering products were used. Results. The research findings indicated that, despite the pivotal role of the mechanical engineering sector in the national economy, the sector's performance in Ukraine has exhibited a discernible negative trajectory in terms of overall production and sales volumes, export volumes, and the patterns of expansion observed in export operations. In Ukraine, the contribution of mechanical engineering to the national economy is 8%, whereas in industrialised countries, this figure ranges between 30 and 50%. The long-term orientation of mechanical engineering enterprises towards the conventional Russian market has not provided the impetus for the innovative development of such enterprises. Objective changes in Ukraine's foreign economic policy related to Russia's military invasion have created a field of uncertainty for mechanical engineering companies. The search for partners in new foreign markets was rather slow and not always effective. All this led to structural changes in the export of mechanical engineering products. Calculations have shown the existence of imbalances in the structure of exports of mechanical engineering products. In particular, for a long time there was a predominance of heavy engineering products. Conversely, the calculations demonstrated that products with competitive advantages in foreign markets account for a relatively minor proportion of exports. This provides a rationale for a shift in strategy with regard to the expansion of exports in the mechanical engineering sector, with a focus on the increased export of competitive high-tech products. Practical implications. A complex of indicators was employed to calculate the structural changes in the export of mechanical engineering. This enabled the identification of those priority groups of mechanical engineering products with the greatest export potential. Value / Originality. The developed methodological approach, which integrates a set of indicators for the analysis of structural changes in exports, provides a foundation for the formulation of management decisions and the development of export strategies for the advancement of mechanical engineering enterprises within the context of an export-oriented economic model.

EXPRESS METHOD FOR CALCULATING GROSS MARGIN IN E-COMMERCE: A PRACTICAL APPROACH

Viktoriia Zalizniuk — 2024-12-17

The purpose of this study is to present a streamlined approach to calculating the gross margin of online stores, with a particular focus on addressing the specific requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the e-commerce sector. This research presents a comparative analysis between the traditional method of gross margin calculation and an express approach that utilises the average order value (AOV) as a central metric. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the express method, particularly in the context of SMEs that may lack the resources required for more complex financial analyses. Methodology. A quantitative research design is employed, utilising data from three online retailers specialising in the sale of home textiles and linens produced by an in-house sewing studio. The shops in question operate on a number of e-commerce platforms, including Rozetka, Etsy, eBay, and Prom.ua. The study encompasses a period of eight months, during which sales data was collected and analysed in order to evaluate the efficacy of both manual and express methods of gross margin calculation. The express method incorporates statistical analysis, including z-scores and normal distribution, to provide a probabilistic framework for the assessment of the likelihood of achieving target gross margin ranges under different pricing scenarios. Results. The findings of the study indicate that the express method suggests a probability of achieving a gross margin within the 25-30% range, with a 38.11% likelihood. A case study utilising tulle curtains demonstrates the practical application of the aforementioned method. Following the implementation of a 20% discount, the gross margin experienced a notable decline, from 33.9% to 17.36%. Furthermore, the results of the z-score analysis indicate that the probability of exceeding a 30% gross margin is 27.43%, while the likelihood of the margin falling below 25% is 34.46%. This analysis underscores the inherent risks associated with offering discounts and illustrates the potential for significant fluctuations in profitability contingent upon price adjustments. Practical implications. The express method offers invaluable insights that can inform decision-making in a range of retail contexts. To illustrate, an online fashion retailer may utilise the method to evaluate the influence of price increases on gross margin during seasonal promotions. Similarly, a home goods store could employ the method to ascertain the impact of a flash sale discount on profitability, thereby facilitating the balancing of margins with sales volume. Value / Originality. The express method introduces a novel approach by integrating AOV and probabilistic analysis into gross margin calculation. This offers a dynamic framework that accounts for variability in discounts and sales, which is a significant advantage over traditional methods that rely on fixed margin targets or historical averages.

ENSURING FOOD SECURITY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Viacheslav Ivanchenkov — 2024-12-17

The article presents a comprehensive examination of the current state of food security in Ukraine in the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a particular focus on SDG 2, which aims to achieve "Zero Hunger" globally. The objective of this article is to evaluate the present situation of food security in Ukraine within the context of sustainable development in the agricultural and food industries. The research methodology entailed a comprehensive examination of pertinent literature on the subject matter, the identification of critical problematic aspects, and an evaluation of the prevailing state of food security in the country. This was achieved through the calculation and assessment of individual food security indicators, including regional food self-sufficiency indices, population consumption indices of the main food types, and global GFSI ratings. The comprehensive nature of the research lends considerable weight to the findings. An analysis of the global economic availability of food was conducted. The fluctuations in price indices for the principal categories of foodstuffs and the shifts in the global food affordability index were examined. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate Ukraine's global ranking in terms of food security and its intrinsic value. This is an evaluation of the present supply of essential food products to the population of Ukraine. The assessment is conducted on a regional basis, with a comprehensive analysis of each area. The results demonstrated a notable disparity in the capacity to ensure food security across Ukraine's regions. The article identifies the key problematic aspects of the current state of ensuring food security in Ukraine within the context of the elements of the trilemma of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental. The paper puts forth a conceptual framework for ensuring food security through sustainable development. The core elements of the proposed mechanism are defined as strategic state initiatives for transformative transformations towards further sustainable development of the national economy, social responsibility of agri-food businesses and food consumers, eco-innovations, and socially responsible investments. The potential impact of this mechanism is considerable, offering grounds for optimism regarding the future security and sustainability of the global economy.

ON THE ISSUE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN UKRAINE AND THE EU COUNTRIES

Oleksiy Kavylin — 2024-12-17

The purpose of the article is to study the mechanism and problems of interaction between public executive authorities and local self-government bodies in Ukraine and to determine the specifics of its implementation in the EU countries with a view to possible implementation of the European experience into the national legislation of Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on the analysis of the legal framework and theoretical provisions on defining the system and guarantees of state executive authorities and local self-government bodies in Ukraine, the principles of organisation and operation, legal status and responsibility of such bodies and officials. The system of local self-government bodies in Ukraine and the EU countries, as well as the specifics of the territorial structure of some of these countries (in particular, France and Germany) are studied. It is emphasised that local self-government in the State is a significant indicator of the level of centralisation or decentralisation of State power, the level of democracy, the content of the existing political regime, and the prevalence of democratic or autocratic tendencies. A high level of development of local self-government ensures the democratic nature of the political regime and is a manifestation of the democratic policy of the State. The article analyses the problems of legislative support for interaction between public authorities and local self-government bodies, distribution of powers between them, and identifies ways to improve them. Results. In the course of studying the mechanism and problems of interaction between state executive authorities and local self-government bodies in Ukraine and the EU countries and based on the analysis of the current regulatory framework, the author substantiates the need to reform the system and principles of cooperation between local state administrations and local self-government bodies in Ukraine. The author emphasises the need to bring domestic legislation in line with international standards. Based on foreign experience and analysis of Ukrainian legislation, the author concludes that the ways to overcome the problems of interaction between state executive authorities and local self-government bodies in Ukraine include: the need for a certain level of independence of local authorities in the ways they exercise their powers; and a clear delineation of the functions of local state administrations and local self-government bodies at the legislative level; legislative regulation of regular close cooperation between the government and local self-government bodies; introduction of effective mechanisms for coordinating decisions of central and local executive authorities; settlement of the problem of delegation of executive powers to local self-government bodies; creation of a mechanism for effective state control over the legality of the exercise of powers by local self-government bodies. Practical implications. The paper provides proposals for taking into account the experience of the EU countries regarding the interaction of local self-government bodies with public authorities. This is especially true with regard to maintaining a balance in terms of the optimal combination of functions, rights and obligations of such bodies, as well as the balance between state control over the activities of hromadas of villages, towns and cities (which exercise local self-government) and a certain level of independence of local authorities in the ways they exercise their powers. Value / Оriginality. The article provides proposals for amendments to the legislation of Ukraine in the field of local state administrations and local self-government. This applies, in particular, to the issue of harmonisation of the provisions of the following Laws of Ukraine: "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine" of 21.05.1997, No. 280/97-ВР and “On Local State Administrations” of 9 April 1999, No. 586-XIV.

UNDERSTANDING THE KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM: CORE AND FORMS

Iryna Kalenyuk — 2024-12-17

The subject of the article is the theoretical aspects of defining the concept of "knowledge ecosystem". The purpose of this article is to elucidate the fundamental characteristics, constituents, and manifestations of the knowledge ecosystem. The authors employ a system-structural analysis to examine the evolution of conceptualisations of the terms "ecosystem" and "knowledge ecosystem". The methodology of scientific abstraction and generalisation permitted an investigation into the evolution of the knowledge ecosystem, the definition of its essence and the formalisation of various configurations. The study concludes that there is a growing need to substantiate the concept of the "knowledge ecosystem" due to the increasing transformational role of knowledge in ensuring modern social development. Conversely, the advent of the latest digital technologies (which are themselves valuable knowledge and the result of the knowledge creation process) has led to a revolutionary spread, with all processes, the entire chain of knowledge creation, dissemination and use undergoing changes and transformation. It is proposed that an understanding of the knowledge ecosystem be conceptualised as a system of a consistent and dynamic process of creation, dissemination and use of knowledge at different levels, which is carried out on the basis of sustainable development, self-regulation, environmental friendliness, synergy, and so forth. The authors argue that the knowledge ecosystem should be perceived as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, with meanings that vary depending on the level, nature and type of knowledge, forms of manifestation and goal orientation. The paper presents a comprehensive vision of the knowledge ecosystem in the aggregate of all its manifestations: the knowledge ecosystem can be formed at the micro (e.g., corporate knowledge ecosystem, university knowledge ecosystem, etc.), macro- (national knowledge ecosystem) and global levels (global knowledge ecosystem); depending on different ways of organisation, a hierarchical, chain, network or platform knowledge ecosystem can be formed; different knowledge ecosystems can be formed depending on the actors (subjects) involved; for different purposes (ecosystems can be aimed at creating new knowledge, and the ultimate goal can be the creation of new value), etc. The key issue in the study and functioning of knowledge ecosystems is their efficiency and focus on the final result. The knowledge ecosystem is formed not only by the totality of all the main actors involved in the process of creating, disseminating and using knowledge, but also largely depends on the system of relations and connections, which in modern conditions are reaching a new level – the level of networks and platforms, creating a favourable environment. The main features of a knowledge ecosystem are: systemicity, environmental friendliness, renewability, sustainability, self-regulation, synergy and emergence. Prospects for studying the functioning of effective knowledge ecosystems prove the relevance of further development of this issue and leave considerable room for further analysis.

COST COUNTING: A STUDY ON DETERMINATION AND PREVENTION OF TRAFFIC CRIMES

Alina Kalinina — 2024-12-17

The subject of the research is the study of socio-economic losses from road traffic crimes on the basis of statistical data on mortality and injuries on the roads of the EU and Ukraine in order to assess the scale of negative consequences caused by road traffic accidents, identify their causes and outline the prospects for prevention. Methodology. The research methodology includes theoretical and empirical methods: dialectical, analytical, synthetic, statistical and sociological. The theoretical basis of the article is the specialised literature on law, economics and sociology. The empirical basis of the study was the materials of generalisation of the results of a survey of various categories of respondents in the total number of 8,305 people on the problem of road safety on Ukrainian roads. The purpose of the article is to determine the cost of road traffic crimes for the EU and Ukraine, and then to consider the determinants of this phenomenon and the possibilities of its prevention. Results. It is noted that the main causes of road accidents in Ukraine are still subjective determinants, namely the unsatisfactory level of legal culture and legal awareness of road users. A separate manifestation of this phenomenon is aggressive driving, which is expressed primarily in a more "material" way by driving faster than the legal speed limit, fast and frequent overtaking on the road, including without keeping a safe distance, driving in the opposite lane or running red lights, ignoring traffic signs – rather than obscene gestures, shouting, verbal abuse or honking at other road users or driving. Conclusion. The study of the socio-economic consequences of road accidents in the European Union and Ukraine has demonstrated that the lack of a universal methodology for assessing such consequences (based on the material category – the price of road accidents) results in significant discrepancies in the scope and "cost" of these accidents across different countries. International organisations have made efforts to "unify" such losses on the basis of specific criteria, with some positive outcomes. Therefore, despite the discrepancy in the internal evaluation of the consequences by states, their external assessment is reflected in the definition of such losses as a percentage of the gross domestic product, which underscores the direct correlation between the state's economic stability and road safety. The most commonly used criteria for road crash costs are the determination of material damage, which is manifested in damage to road infrastructure and personal property; the intangible value of the lost quality of life and lost years of life; costs of inpatient and outpatient treatment; costs of ambulance service and transportation of the injured; police and fire services; insurance company payments; legal costs; and so forth. The survey revealed that in order to prevent road accidents and traffic crimes, it is necessary to implement the following measures: increase liability for traffic offenders; criminalise more traffic offences; increase fines for traffic offenders; and adhere to the principle of inevitability of punishment.

ON THE PATH TO THE EU: STRENGTHENING ECONOMIC RESILIENCE OF UKRAINE’S JUSTICE AREA

Tetiana Kolomoiets — 2024-12-17

This study examines the process of integrating public administration entities within the Justice Area into the European Union's legal and administrative framework, with a particular focus on the economic dimensions of these transformations. It is widely acknowledged that the enhancement of administrative and legal regulation is of paramount importance for the attainment of EU membership, as it serves to promote both institutional efficiency and economic stability. The accelerated legislative adaptation amidst the ongoing war serves to illustrate Ukraine's resilience in aligning its governance structures with EU standards, with the objective of improving public administration efficiency, human rights protections and economic sustainability. The research identifies key reforms in the justice sector, including the digitalisation of legal aid, modernisation of the penitentiary system and streamlining of the notarial process. These reforms are not only advancements in the judicial system but also strategic steps to attract foreign investment by improving the rule of law and reducing corruption. The economic benefits of these reforms include increased investor confidence, more optimal resource allocation within the justice system, and cost reductions through digital transformations. The study's key findings highlight the role of public administration entities in fostering economic stability. For example, reforms in insolvency and restructuring, in accordance with EU Directive 2019/1023, serve to enhance the resilience and efficiency of the business climate. Furthermore, initiatives to modernise forensic services and digitise justice processes have the additional benefit of reducing systemic costs, thereby promoting transparency and economic competitiveness. The study reaches the conclusion that Ukraine's integration into the European Justice Area is as much an economic endeavour as it is a legal and administrative one. The reinforcement of public administration mechanisms in the justice sector serves to bolster macroeconomic stability, facilitate sustainable development and position Ukraine as a pivotal economic partner within the European legal and financial ecosystem. These endeavours illustrate a dedication to harmonising governance and economic frameworks with EU standards, thereby ensuring mutual benefits for both Ukraine and the EU.

FORECASTING THE RISKS OF UNCONTROLLED DEFORESTATION IN UKRAINE

Oleksandr Korystin — 2024-12-17

The forestry sector in Ukraine is currently confronted with a multitude of challenges, including the repercussions of climate change, ecological issues, economic challenges, and the consequences of military actions initiated by the Russian Federation, which have caused extensive damage to forests across the country. This highlights the necessity for research aimed at assessing threats and risks in the forestry sector, as well as evaluating the institutional capacity to ensure the sustainable development of the industry. The research was conducted in accordance with the mandate of the Temporary Investigative Commission of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which was established to examine instances of malfeasance and non-compliance with environmental safety standards in the domain of environmental protection. The methodology of this study is based on a risk-based approach that involves a systematic analysis of threats affecting the forest sector in Ukraine and an assessment of their impact on environmental safety. The principal instrument for data collection was an online survey of experts drawn from a range of sectors, including government agencies, local communities, research institutes, non-governmental organisations and businesses. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, including correlation and regression analysis, which enabled an assessment of the relationship between the level of threats and institutional capacity. The aim of this article is twofold: firstly, to identify the principal threats and risks facing Ukraine's forestry sector; and secondly, to evaluate the extent of the institutional capacity to mitigate these threats. The study identified 153 indicators that characterise threats and 102 indicators that describe the institutional capacity of the sector. Following preliminary analysis and data cleansing, a high-quality sample was constructed based on expert assessments, which helped to avoid logical errors and enhance the reliability of the results. The results of the study indicate that uncontrolled mass deforestation represents one of the most significant environmental threats, resulting in a reduction in the population of flora and fauna. The probability of this threat materialising was calculated to be 60.89%. The correlation and regression analysis showed that out of 102 indicators of institutional capacity, only 14 have a significant correlation with the threat of uncontrolled logging, and all 11 vulnerability indicators showed a statistically significant relationship with this threat. The key factors affecting the reduction of the risk associated with these threats are the level of bureaucratic obstacles in the performance of official duties by forestry employees and the level of bureaucracy in the provision of services to the public. The findings of the study indicate a relatively low level of institutional capacity within Ukraine's forestry sector. This suggests a need to improve management processes in order to reduce risks in this area. The recommendations developed based on the obtained data can be employed to devise strategic measures to guarantee environmental safety and the sustainable development of Ukraine's forestry sector.

CERTAIN ASPECTS OF TAX ACCOUNTING IN RECOGNISING THE VOIDANCE OF A CONTRACT: GROUNDS FOR JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICTS

Igor Krynytskyi — 2024-12-17

This article examines the subject of tax accounting within the context of contract invalidation, with a particular focus on the jurisdictional conflicts that arise between tax authorities and private entities. The study employs a legal analysis of court rulings and legislative provisions to investigate the public-law nature of these disputes. The purpose of the study is to clarify the role of tax authorities in challenging contracts that may be concluded without the intention of their execution, have no actual content or are aimed at obtaining illegal tax benefits, and to highlight the jurisdictional issues related to such cases. The methodology comprises a comprehensive examination of legal precedents and court rulings, thereby facilitating a thorough evaluation of the manner in which tax authorities' actions in these disputes are connected to public-law principles. The article presents a critique of the judicial misclassification of such disputes as private law matters. It asserts that these disputes should be understood within the framework of public law, given the involvement of state interests. The conclusion emphasises the necessity for a more sophisticated methodology to be employed in determining the appropriate jurisdiction in these cases. It advocates for the implementation of a legal framework that is sensitive to the public-law aspects of tax accounting disputes. The study concludes that this approach would ensure more effective protection of public interests and enhance the administration of justice in tax-related legal disputes.

A MECHANISM FOR PROMOTING BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT

Georgii Logvynskyi — 2024-12-17

The subject of this research is the mechanism for promoting business development in the modern business environment. The purpose of the study is to analyse and identify tools, actors and other elements that contribute to business development in the context of modern economic, technological and social challenges, in order to formulate recommendations for optimising business processes and increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. Methodology. In conducting this research, a variety of scientific cognition methods were employed, including system analysis, dialectical reasoning, formal logic, structural-functional analysis, and a number of empirical methods. Results. The theoretical foundations of business development were examined, with particular focus on the concept of "business" and models of its development. It was observed that the term "business" is open to interpretation in international legislation, with its meaning dependent on the context and particulars of the document in question. In general terms, business can be defined as any commercial activity with the objective of generating profit through the production of goods or the provision of services. It can be demonstrated that at the national level of legal regulation, the meaning of the term "business" has undergone significant changes in both substance and content from the Soviet era, through the transition to a market economy, to the present day, undergoing a substantial transformation. It is observed that in Ukraine, a practice has emerged whereby businesses are categorised according to their size, with the categories designated as "small", "medium" and "large" businesses. Concurrently, a unified set of quantitative indicators for these categories has yet to be established. It is established that the fundamentals of business development may include a content-structural approach in relation to: 1) creation; 2) market research; 3) management; 4) expansion, scaling; 5) enterprise development; 6) implementation of modern technologies to optimise business processes; 7) implementation of quality standards and certifications for products or services; 8) monitoring and improvement of processes to increase efficiency; 9) risk management, which includes identification of risks associated with changes in the business environment, development of strategies to minimise them and the company's readiness to adapt business models in response to external challenges. The concept and typological characteristics of the mechanism for promoting business development have been the subject of study. The author's understanding of the legal category "mechanisms for promoting business development" is proposed as a system of organisational-legal, financial, technological, investment, and other means of influence, the development and implementation of which aims to promote business development. The types of business support mechanisms, depending on the industry focus and the chosen direction of development, are classified as follows: 1) innovative mechanisms (in particular technology implementation); 2) financial mechanisms (in particular investment, credit, state support); 3) organisational mechanisms (in particular business process optimisation, management structure); 4) marketing mechanisms (in particular promotion strategies, consumer needs analysis). The author identifies the services that can be provided by business incubators to promote the development of startups and young enterprises in different ways, dividing them into two main groups: 1) administrative services (professional advice; trainings and seminars, event organisation; legal services; networking services; services to provide access to resources; marketing and promotion services; infrastructure-related services; financial support and management services; 2) technical services (services aimed at providing access to the latest technologies; IT support services; research and development support; product testing services; project management tools). A comparative analysis is conducted based on criteria such as programme duration, target audience, focus, purpose, support and resources, and funding, in order to characterise the differences between a business incubator and a business accelerator. The article presents a number of case studies which illustrate the efficacy of contemporary business development practices. These include the utilisation of modern business development assistance mechanisms, such as laboratories, accelerators, incubators, angel investors, investment funds and so forth.

FORENSIC TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING CORRUPTION CHALLENGES TO NATIONAL SECURITY THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

Oleksii Makarenkov — 2024-12-17

The article's subject is the application of forensic techniques for the identification of corruption challenges to national security through the utilisation of digital technologies. The research methodology employed a range of methods, including general philosophical, statistical, axiomatic, comparative, systemic, formal-dogmatic, hermeneutic, axiological, and other approaches. The purpose of this article is to present a forensic technique for identifying corruption challenges to national security through the use of digital technologies. It has been demonstrated that the teleological focus of forensic investigation, namely the acquisition of proper evidence, is explicitly delineated within the methodology employed in anti-corruption investigations. This methodology encompasses the documentation of testimonies from whistleblowers and other witnesses, statements from suspects and the accused to expose their accomplices, the facts of bribery transactions, agreements on bribes, the absence of lawful sources of enrichment, facts and methods of laundering illicit funds, and the locations where such funds and other corrupt resources are stored. It is imperative that all evidence, wherever feasible, substantiates the criminal intent pertaining to corruption. This encompasses a range of investigative techniques, including accounting, auditing, covert pre-trial measures, crowdsourcing platforms, whistleblowing, news reporting and dissemination platforms, blockchain technology for monitoring financial transactions, cloud-based digital infrastructure, technical-scientific expertise and other forensic methods enhanced by sophisticated computer equipment, electronic networks and communication tools. These are employed with the objective of identifying corruption risks for national security. It was emphasised that the complexity of the digital path of corrupt funds lies in the multitude of individuals involved in financial operations with these funds and the digital products used for such operations, the duration of corruption, the large volume of corrupt funds, and/or the laundering of illicit funds through cryptocurrency, corporate assets, foreign jurisdictions, offshore tax havens, and similar means. Blockchain technology can be employed to develop a system for monitoring the compliance of income and expenses of public officials, controlling financial transactions in the field of digital assets, tracking money laundering actions, funding of other criminal activities with these funds, and other transparency procedures. The electronic anti-corruption blockchain mechanism comprises a system of programs for the creation of databases and the exchange of information pertaining to the aforementioned areas of corruption risk, with a view to safeguarding the public interest. The relevant terminology and digital indicators of the material assets of potential subjects of corruption constitute the input data for this blockchain. It was posited that the confiscation of assets linked to corruption and related criminal activities, along with other resources, should be conducted through a series of simultaneous searches at the premises of all individuals with whom the corrupt individual is associated, whether through personal, professional, or business relationships. The prompt implementation of the algorithms is essential for the return of funds. The possibilities of eradicating corruption, which is exacerbated by the use of cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets in cyberspace, are enhanced by the outlined legal measures against the backdrop of growing investments in artificial intelligence. The use of digital tools in forensic methods of combating fraud and money laundering should be based on the relevant experience of highly developed countries.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SECTOR

Iryna Moskvichenko — 2024-12-17

Improving the quality management system in the transport and logistics sector is a critical element in ensuring efficient operations, reducing costs and improving customer service. Quality management in logistics covers all aspects of transportation, storage, handling and delivery of goods, which requires a systematic approach to achieve high standards of service. This topic is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of globalised markets, when competition between businesses depends on the ability to deliver goods to the end consumer quickly and efficiently. The study examines the main methods of improving the quality management system, including the implementation of international standards such as ISO 9001, the use of modern logistics technologies, process automation and the digitalisation of the transport system. One important aspect is the optimisation of supply chain management, which helps to reduce costs and increase productivity at all stages of logistics processes. The study also analyses the role of innovative solutions, such as the use of artificial intelligence and Internet technologies, in improving the efficiency of logistics operations. These technologies do not allow real-time tracking of processes, which impairs the increased transparency and accountability of transport operations. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of Lean and Six Sigma approaches, which can eliminate inefficiencies, reduce defects and improve the overall quality of transport and logistics operations. The novelty of this study lies in an integrated approach to improving the quality management system in the transport and logistics sector, taking into account modern technological trends such as digitalisation, automation and the use of innovative management tools. Unlike previous studies that have mostly focused on individual aspects of quality or technologies, this paper proposes the integration of new management methods that cover all key elements of transport and logistics processes. The results of the study demonstrate that improving the quality management system not only ensures the competitiveness of enterprises, but also provides better compliance with customer expectations, which is a key factor for success in today's market. The application of a systematic approach to quality management allows logistics and transport companies to achieve significant improvements in productivity, reliability and efficiency, which ultimately increases business profitability. The significance of the work lies in its contribution to the development of both the theory and practice of transport and logistics management. In the theoretical aspect, the study forms new approaches to optimising the quality of logistics processes by introducing modern management concepts and technological innovations that increase efficiency. In practical terms, this work will contribute to the creation of more sustainable, safe and environmentally responsible logistics systems that meet the modern requirements of the market and society. Thus, improving the quality management system in the transport and logistics sector is a strategic direction of development that ensures the long-term efficiency and sustainability of organisations in a competitive environment.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF REMUNERATION REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Iryna Nadtochii — 2024-12-17

At this time, a significant number of issues have emerged in the field of higher education in Ukraine, many of which are related to the remuneration of scientific and pedagogical workers. The chronic underfunding of institutions of higher education gives rise to the necessity to reduce expenditure by reducing labour costs, which are financed from a special fund. This is due to the significant proportion of labour costs in total costs. In fourteen randomly selected higher education institutions in 2023, labour costs constituted between 63.0% and 86.4% of total costs. Concurrently, the distinctive characteristics and importance of the work of scientific and pedagogical professionals provide justification for acknowledging its undervaluation. This, in turn, presents the challenge of enhancing the remuneration and motivation of teachers to enhance the efficacy of their work. This necessitates the establishment of a methodological foundation for the regulation of remuneration in higher education and the advancement of the extant organisational and economic mechanisms, which have largely evolved organically. The methodological foundations are based on the conceptual provisions, which represent a complex set of initial attitudes that reflect the main ideas and the general direction of actions for the formation of a holistic mechanism for the regulation of labour remuneration in higher education. Consequently, the mechanism must comprise a component that enables higher education institutions to adjust the size of their labour costs. The construction of a system of conceptual provisions enabled the formulation of the purpose, tasks, objects, functions, and principles of regulation of labour remuneration. The objects of regulation are defined as follows: firstly, social and labour relations are regarded as a general object; secondly, the payment of labour is identified as a direct object, with individual elements of this being subject to influence; and thirdly, employees of higher education institutions are designated as a final object. The results of the analysis of regulation tasks and wage functions led to the formation of wage regulation functions. In turn, these formed the basis for determining the principles of wage regulation, which serve to regulate the practical activity of wage regulation. In addition to the general principles of management (targetedness, planning, systematicity, control, etc.), specific principles of wage regulation are defined. In the system of methodological principles, the methods occupy a central position. These are further subdivided into methods of state, branch, and local regulation. The structural components of the methodological foundations of wage regulation are interconnected and form a complete system.

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC DAIRY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE: CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

Galina Prusova — 2024-12-17

The subject of the study is the current state of development of organic dairy production in Ukraine in the context of global and European trends. Methodology. In the preparation of the article, the following scientific research methods were employed: monographic method, scientific abstraction and generalisation, abstract and logical method, and methods of analysis and synthesis. The study's information base comprised economic indicators from the Eurostat database, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the FAO, data from industry associations representing dairy producers in Ukraine, and data from the authors' own scientific observations. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state and prospects for further development of organic dairy production in Ukraine, taking into account EU market trends. Research findings. Milk and dairy products are consumed by 80% of the world's population. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in demand for organic products produced using sustainable farming methods. The transition towards sustainability, which excludes the utilisation of chemical and synthetic substances, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and inhumane practices in the rearing of farm animals, is a pressing necessity within the contemporary agricultural context. The countries currently leading the production of organic dairy products are the USA, Germany, Japan and Australia. The principal consumers of organic dairy products are the USA, China and the countries that comprise the European Union. Dairy products represent a substantial proportion of the organic food market in Ukraine, accounting for over 46% of the total. This sector shows considerable potential for further growth. Concurrently, the actual proportion of organic milk in the domestic market does not exceed 19%. Furthermore, the low proportion of organic farms and the low milk yield from cows on organic farms also constitute a significant challenge. The most rapid expansion of organic milk production occurred in the country's western regions. The most promising potential markets for organic dairy products in Ukraine are the domestic market, the markets of Eastern Europe and North Africa. The domestic market is of pivotal importance to the growth of organic dairy production. In order to evaluate the potential of Ukrainian companies entering the global market for organic dairy products, an organisational model has been proposed. In order to reach these markets, manufacturers must focus on stimulating demand, strengthening value chains and increasing the level of sustainability of production.

THE INFLUENCE OF INNOVATICS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENCE ON THE FORMATION OF A KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY IN UKRAINE

Oleksandr Romanovskyi — 2024-12-17

The subject of this research is to present and describe the impact of the mechanisms of higher education and science innovatics on the formation of the knowledge society in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to analyse the pivotal role of higher education and science innovatics in the formation of a knowledge society in Ukraine, encompassing both the information and innovation societies. The research methodology employed in this study is based on an objective, standardised approach to the analysis of factual data on innovation activities in the field of higher education and science. This includes the development and implementation of innovation policy in higher education systems and in the world's leading universities, the latest published results of experiments, as well as materials from sources of scientific literature on innovation policy and innovation management in the field of building information and innovation societies interconnected with the knowledge society. Results. The authors formulate the necessary and sufficient conditions for rebuilding a knowledge society in Ukraine. The necessary conditions include the following: consolidation of all existing political forces in Ukraine, civil society and every individual around the idea of building a knowledge society in the country and overcoming significant corruption in all echelons of power; formation of public intolerance to manifestations of corruption and bribery by officials and all members of society. The accelerated post-war reconstruction and further development of Ukraine's industrial, production facilities, and economic infrastructure led to an expansion of the influence of the market economy on economic and social reforms. Furthermore, the advancement of science and education, along with the enhancement of the intellectual capacity of the Ukrainian population, has led to the creation and implementation of effective scientific and technical theoretical, methodological, and practical tools for the innovative development of higher education and science. Among the sufficient conditions are the following: a developed industrial and economic infrastructure, a developed intellectual civil society, a developed and flexible legal system, and a developed information and innovation base of society. The article also shows that in Ukrainian society, higher education and science are not only branches (spheres) of the national economy, but also human-oriented socio-economic processes that have social and economic components. It is therefore evident that the innovatics within higher education and science have a considerable influence on the country's socio-economic development. Conclusion. The article presents an overview of the areas in which innovative changes in higher education and science are taking place, influencing the formation of a knowledge society in Ukraine. These areas are of interest for further research and development in this sphere.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF LOCAL BUDGETS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF REFORMS AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES

Nataliia Syvulska — 2024-12-17

The economic development of the country and its regions, the level of well-being of the population, the quality of public services and the availability of public services directly depend on effective local self-government. The article assesses the financial sustainability of local budgets in Ukraine over the past twelve years, identifying the main trends, and examines the changes caused by the implementation of reforms in the country and other external challenges, including the armed aggression against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine further prospects for the development of Ukraine's regions and the formation of effective local self-government, taking into account the results of the analysis of the main indicators of financial sustainability of local budgets. To conduct the study of budgets, a comprehensive methodological approach was applied by calculating an integral indicator, which is the sum of aggregated standardised indicators for three groups of indicators: balance, financial autonomy and efficiency. The study has revealed that there is currently no unified approach to assessing the financial sustainability of local budgets, and scholars propose different methodological approaches with a diverse list of indicators. Based on the generalisation of methodological approaches, the authors propose a system of indicators for assessing the financial sustainability of local budgets in Ukraine. The paper assesses the financial sustainability of local budgets for the period of 2012-2023 with the calculation of an integral indicator and graphical presentation of the analysis results. The study has shown the effectiveness of the implemented reforms in Ukraine, as well as the ability of local authorities to quickly adapt to changes caused by negative external influences. In general, local budgets of Ukraine are characterised by positive trends in their development, with the main indicators of financial sustainability of local budgets being within or close to the recommended values. The dynamics of the integral indicator shows a steady upward trend, with its value increasing from 0.84 in 2012 to 3.12 in 2023, i.e., more than 3 times. The authors conclude that it is advisable to introduce continuous monitoring of the financial sustainability of local budgets according to a single accepted methodology, which will allow the authorities to timely identify changes and promptly make appropriate management decisions, taking into account existing risks, in order to solve problems and form a balanced development strategy.

CENTRALISATION OF POWERS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENTITIES UNDER MARTIAL LAW AS A GUARANTEE OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL STABILITY OF THE STATE FUNCTIONING

Roman Stefanchishen — 2024-12-17

The subject of the study is the impact of the concept of centralisation of powers among public administration bodies under martial law conditions as a prerequisite for ensuring national security in general and economic security in particular. Methodology. The research was conducted using general and specific scientific methods of cognition. The comparative method was used to identify changes in the status of the activities of public administration bodies under martial law. The quantitative and qualitative parameters characterising the peculiarities of the application of certain measures of the martial law regime were determined by means of analysis. The results of the study indicate that there is an immediate need for authorised entities in Ukraine to modify their activities in order to enhance and adapt the existing measures to the conditions of martial law. It has been determined that the powers of the President of Ukraine and military administrations in the field of economic security, which are applied during the legal regime of martial law, must be revised. Conclusion. The authors establish that under martial law, the President of Ukraine, the National Security and Defence Council and military administrations are vested with a wide range of powers, including those which directly affect economic relations at the State and municipal levels. The paper presents a proposal to amend the current legislation with a view to clarifying the powers of military administrations, which will ultimately facilitate their compliance with the fundamental principles of state regulation. The role of the National Security and Defence Council is defined as an institution that identifies national security risks (including financial and economic ones) and develops strategies to reduce their latency.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CO-OPERATION AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE ON UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC LEGISLATION

Yana Tytska — 2024-12-17

The article underscores the fact that pivotal elements of international legal collaboration in the context of scientific endeavours, pertinent research, and exploration have yet to attain a systematic framework. This is not only the case in the context of modern international public law, but also in relation to the implementation of relevant supranational requirements in Ukrainian legislation, which has arisen from international treaty interactions involving Ukraine. The author has demonstrated that, despite the existence of relevant analyses of supranational standards for scientific co-operation in the works of European and American researchers, particularly concerning treaties on scientific collaboration and their national implementation, these issues have not been extensively explored within the framework of Ukrainian legislation. Concurrently, it is imperative to undertake a thorough and comprehensive examination of the models and formats pertaining to the implementation of universal and European treaty models of supranational influence on scientific research and Ukrainian laws and regulations. The article introduces an economic dimension by analysing the potential impact of international scientific co-operation on the national economy, with a particular focus on the ways in which the effective integration of international standards can enhance Ukraine's economic competitiveness in global scientific and technological markets. The paper elucidates the pivotal role of scientific research as a catalyst for economic growth and innovation. It illustrates the economic importance of harmonising national legislation with international treaty models to optimise scientific funding, resource allocation and technological advancement. The article's primary focus is on the reflection of aspects of international scientific interaction in national legal regulations concerning scientific research. The objective is to identify the characteristics of the implementation of pertinent international standards into the national legal framework, including their evolution, systematic approach, and classification. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and paradoxes encountered by Ukraine in the process of integrating universal and European standards for scientific activity and co-operation into its national legal framework, with a view to establishing a sustainable process. It also examines the dynamics of the grounds and format for improving national legislation. In this study, the author employed a range of analytical techniques, including programmatic, predictive, formal-legal, hermeneutic, comparative, and systemic methods, to examine the relevant Ukrainian legislative acts. Furthermore, structural methods, a comprehensive methodology of analysis and synthesis, and approaches of scientific induction and deduction were employed. The author's findings indicate that Ukraine's current legislative framework governing science and scientific activities exhibits a lack of depth and inconsistency in its regulation of international scientific co-operation and international scientific and technical collaboration. Many gaps in the Law of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities" are partially filled by the norms of subordinate acts, primarily governmental ones. Nevertheless, Ukrainian legislation stipulates that international co-operation is to be regulated and guaranteed not directly with the entities engaged in scientific and scientific-technical activities, but rather with the relevant Ministry and the National Research Foundation of Ukraine. The author observed that this not only constrains the practical possibilities regarding academic freedom but also negates the normative foundation for international scientific collaboration coordinated by other central authorities in Ukraine, particularly in the security and defence sectors. In the current context, this appears to be a markedly adverse factor. Moreover, the absence of alignment with international norms and economic incentives may result in a reduction of Ukraine's capacity to attract foreign investments and participate in global scientific networks, which could ultimately impede economic development.

METHODOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTING A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE MOTIVATION TO WORK OF AN EMPLOYEE OF A PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Liudmyla Shatalova — 2024-12-17

In the realities of post-war recovery of Ukrainian society, the processing industry will be of particular importance, as the products of processing enterprises will be of paramount importance for the reconstruction of destroyed industrial and civil infrastructure, fixed and working capital of business entities, and the restoration of natural ecosystems. The main driving force in the development of the above-mentioned enterprises will be their personnel, which in the context of digitalisation is turning into a strategic factor of production. The above raises a number of issues, among which a special place is occupied by the problem of motivating employees to effectively use their competence potential in the context of digitalisation, and, in particular, its assessment. The article is aimed at substantiating and developing the theoretical and methodological foundations for assessing the level of motivation of the staff of processing industry enterprise to effectively use its competence potential in modern conditions. To achieve this goal, it is proposed to formalise the theoretical developments in the form of a structural model for assessing the level of motivation of the staff of processing industry enterprise to effectively use its competence potential, based on determining the potential ability of staff to fulfil its mission (in terms of three categories, in particular, management staff, professionals and specialists, workers) and determining the determinants of staff motivation. To interpret the results obtained, it is proposed to use a scale for assessing the impact of motivators on the level of staff motivation to effectively use the competence potential, which will ensure the transition from quantitative to qualitative assessment and will allow to assess the level of motivation of employees of processing industry enterprises to effectively use their capabilities for the benefit of the enterprise. In the course of the study, general scientific research methods were used. The methods of system analysis, generalisation, cross-comparison, induction and deduction were used to identify the object of research as a stage of building a structural model for assessing the level of motivation of the personnel of a processing industry enterprise to effectively use its competence potential. The method of expert assessments is proposed to be used in determining the potential capabilities of an employee for the effective use of competence potential and assessing the share of motivation factors. The economic and statistical methods are proposed to be used in the scoring of motivation factors at the final stage of building the presented model. The practical value of the results of the study is related to the possibility of their use in making managerial decisions on hiring and re-certification of employees, as well as the development of a motivational policy to stimulate the effective use of the competence potential of the personnel of processing industry enterprises in the context of digitalisation of the Ukrainian economy.

INTRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE (RENEWABLE) ENERGY IN UKRAINE AS A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN A SPECIAL PERIOD

Fedir Shulzhenko — 2024-12-17

Purpose of the article. This research article highlights the key areas of green energy implementation in Ukraine as a strategic response to current military and economic challenges. The main focus is on the analysis of the potential of renewable energy sources and their impact on energy security and sustainable development of the country. Object of the article. The article examines the processes of integration of renewable energy into the national energy system. The subject of the analysis is the introduction of "green" energy as a basis for ensuring Ukraine's energy independence. Methodology. The research methods include a systematic approach to analysing the potential of renewable energy sources, comparative legal analysis to assess regulatory initiatives, and modelling the economic impact of renewable energy integration. An important role is also played by statistical analysis and forecasting methods, which allow to assess future developments in the energy sector. Practical implications. Strengthening national security by reducing dependence on imported energy resources and increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's energy balance. Value / Originality. The study contributes to the understanding of the importance of green energy as a strategic response to the challenges of a special period. The paper offers specific recommendations on policies and mechanisms for implementing effective renewable energy solutions. Results. It is determined that the introduction of green energy should include strategic planning and the use of innovative technologies for efficient resource management. Significant investments are required from the state budget of Ukraine, local budgets and the private sector. At the same time, strategic resource management should take into account the interests of all parties, ensuring the stability and reliability of critical infrastructure.