Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

THE FEASIBILITY OF THE BASIC INCOME GRANT TO CUSHION THE EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG LOCAL COMMUNITY MEMBERS IN THE CITY OF TSHWANE METRO

Kaizer Raseane Makole — 2025-04-30

The COVID-19 pandemic further compounded the issue of unemployment, a consequence of depressed economic activity resulting from the implementation of lockdown measures by the South African government. Consequently, the country has been unable to achieve economic recovery through job creation. The present study adopted the Keynesian Theory to demonstrate how a redistributive model of creating economic stimuli can lead to an economic growth trajectory. This is achieved by encouraging people to earn an income that can facilitate their active participation in economic activities. This is in contrast to the neo-liberal macro-economic pathway of cutting expenditure but relying on the trickle-down effect of employers creating jobs, a strategy which has proven to be unsuccessful. The present study examined the feasibility of the Basic Income Grant (BIG) as an effective intervention tool against unemployment in Region 1 of Tshwane Metro in the Republic of South Africa. A qualitative and exploratory research design was adopted, incorporating a case study and focus group interviews with unemployed youth, adults, and graduates as data collection techniques. The findings of this study demonstrate that a Basic Income Grant can provide financial assistance to cushion against unemployment. Moreover, the study established that an absence of skills acquisition impeded the participants' capacity for self-sufficiency. It is incumbent upon the South African government to facilitate the development of its citizens' mindset by providing a foundation of knowledge in entrepreneurship and cultivating a culture of saving and investment. This could encourage those who benefit from the Basic Income Grant to utilise the disbursement mechanism to establish small businesses and subsequently employ other members of the community.

HOW IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CHANGING HR? ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR THE NEW ENVIRONMENT

Dmytro Antoniuk — 2025-04-30

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into human resource management (HRM) is a pivotal factor in the transformation of conventional HR practices. The increasing complexity of HR processes, in conjunction with the mounting necessity for personalisation, efficiency and adaptability, underscores the importance of leveraging AI-based solutions within contemporary organisations. The objective of this research is to explore the role of AI in HRM, analyse its impact on adaptive management approaches, and identify key factors that impact the successful implementation of AI in HR processes. The study uses a mixed approach, combining literature review, empirical data collection based on interviews with companies of different sizes, and correlation analysis. The analysis focuses on the adaptability of AI-based HR systems, their impact on employee engagement, productivity and decision-making processes. Special attention is paid to ethical issues such as algorithmic bias and transparency, as well as organisational barriers that may prevent the implementation of AI. The findings of the research demonstrate that the implementation of AI technology has the potential to enhance the efficiency of HR management practices. This enhancement is achieved through the optimisation of recruitment processes, the creation of personalised learning pathways, the facilitation of real-time performance evaluation, and the cultivation of a culture that fosters proactive career development. Adaptive AI-powered HR systems enable organisations to respond expeditiously to market changes, optimise talent management, and minimise operational risks. The study demonstrates that, while SMEs exhibit greater flexibility in implementing AI solutions, large corporations encounter structural and managerial challenges that necessitate strategic adjustments to facilitate effective integration of AI. The practical significance of the study lies in its recommendations for organisations seeking to implement adaptive AI-based HR models. It provides insights on how to optimise the use of AI for talent management, improve HR efficiency and address ethical considerations.

NFT UNDER CONDITIONS OF CRITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE DIGITAL ASSET MARKET

Svitlana Volosovych — 2025-04-30

The integration of information technologies into all spheres of human activity, the proliferation of online communities, and the expansion of the virtual world have precipitated a transformation in consumer needs and an influence on their preferences. This paradigm shift has established the foundations for the emergence and development of digital assets, one notable example being the non-fungible token (NFT). The present article aims to examine the prospects for the development of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the context of global transformations in the digital asset market. A graphical method was employed in the study to identify global trends in the development of the NFT market. The use of a systematic approach allowed the identification of differences between NFT 1.0 and NFT 2.0. A comparative analysis was conducted to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the functioning of NFTs, as well as the threats and opportunities for the future existence of NFTs. A descriptive literature review allowed the development of optimistic, neutral and pessimistic scenarios for the development of the non-fungible token market. Product, functional and technological approaches to understanding non-fungible tokens were identified. The article examines NFTs in two forms: as digital assets and as digital certificates. The traditional and non-traditional reasons for using NFTs have been clarified. A comparative characterisation of NFT 1.0 and NFT 2.0 was made based on characteristics, ownership, participants, personalisation and areas of use. The article presents an analysis of the NFT market with a focus on its structural changes. The current state of the non-fungible token market is characterised by a shift from speculation to increased utility of NFTs in various sectors. The strengths and weaknesses of the functioning of non-fungible tokens were identified, as well as the threats and opportunities for their development in the context of global transformations. The study allowed the formulation of scenarios for the development of non-fungible tokens in the midst of critical transformations in the digital asset market. Under the optimistic scenario, market capitalisation, trading volumes, the number of users, the share of non-traditional NFT segments, the use of artificial intelligence in the creation of NFTs, the technical modernisation of NFTs and the legal regulation of all related relationships will increase. The neutral scenario will be characterised by volatility in market capitalisation, trading volumes and the number of market participants. In this scenario, regulation will focus on combating fraud and terrorist financing in the NFT market. In a pessimistic scenario, all key market indicators will decline, resulting in losses from non-fungible token transactions. In some jurisdictions, certain types of NFT transactions will be banned. The conclusions emphasise that with the expansion of the virtual world, NFTs are acquiring the characteristics of a digital product with high potential for use in various fields. The development of the NFT market is characterised by a combination of conflicting trends. On the one hand, there has been an increase in NFT capitalisation in early 2025, along with the growth of holders, buyers, and sellers in 2024. Conversely, there has been a decline in NFT trading volumes. These trends may provide the basis for the implementation of an optimistic scenario for the future development of the non-fungible token market.

INVESTIGATING MULTICOLLINEARITY BETWEEN COUNTRY’S LEVEL OF DIGITAL COMPETITIVENESS AND INFLUENCING VARIABLES

Kateryna Kraus — 2025-04-30

The purpose of scientific research is to identify and argue the connection between the level of digital competitiveness of countries and variable factors, and to propose solutions for its improvement. The object of the research is the level of digital competitiveness of countries in 2023 and the variables that affect it (GDP per capita, population in the country, Digital Quality of Life Index). The subject of the study is the digital capabilities and innovative solutions of countries to strengthen their competitive position in the world in the context of globalisation. Methodology. The study is based on the method of multicollinearity according to the Farrar-Glauber algorithm, which makes it possible to understand the dependence of the level of digital competitiveness on three variable factors (GDP per capita, the number of people in the country and the Digital Quality of Life Index). The method of generalisation made it possible, on the basis of a multicollinear study, to provide recommendations for strengthening the country's digital competitiveness in the international arena, taking into account the potential of human resources, the degree of technological progress and the level of economic development. Results. The research revealed an insignificant relationship between the level of a country's digital competitiveness and GDP per capita. However, it was found that the more economically strong the state, the faster and larger the implementation of digital technologies. It has been posited that there exists a negligible relationship between a nation's digital competitiveness and its population size. Nevertheless, it is evident that as a nation's population increases, there is a concomitant rise in the number of individuals engaged in the production and implementation of innovative solutions and digital technologies. The multicollinearity study demonstrated that there is no multicollinear relationship between the level of the country's digital competitiveness and variable factors. However, it was determined that a country can acquire competitive advantages under the condition of contributing to the increase of the economic well-being of the nation and its accessibility to digital goods and services. Practical implications. The value of the publication is determined by the breadth of the author's recommendations for enhancing the Digital Quality of Life Index of the population, which, in the long term, will ensure the country's competitive position in the digital era and contribute to sustainable economic development. Value/Originality. The contribution of the article to the scientific value consists in the study of multicollinearity using the Farrar-Glauber algorithm to assess the impact on the level of digital competitiveness of such variable factors as GDP per capita (a macroeconomic indicator that indicates the well-being of the nation), the number of inhabitants of the country (an indicator that determines the intellectual potential of the country) and the Digital Quality of Life Index (characterises the accessibility and penetration of digital technologies in the life of society).

TRANSFORMATION OF NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING ON THE PATH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

Nataliia Pozniakovska — 2025-04-30

The relevance of the study is driven by society's management demands for financial and non-financial information regarding the activities of its entities, thereby highlighting the importance of modern informational and accounting support for civil society. Research on governance success indicators in European countries has demonstrated the necessity to develop effective mechanisms and tools for government and business influence on achieving sustainable development goals. The study delineates the significance, role, evolution, and development of sustainability reporting at macro-, meso-, and micro-levels, transitioning from past non-financial information to sustainability reporting in the interest of society. The present study examines the history of non-financial reporting implementation worldwide, analysing survey results from large and medium-sized businesses regarding the adoption of sustainability frameworks. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards and recommendations, which are oriented towards global stakeholders, are recognised as the most widely used worldwide. The IFRS Sustainability Standards have established a process based on integrative thinking, leading to the formation of integrated reporting, which includes sustainability information. There has been a significant increase in the proportion of companies using stock exchange sustainability standards or recommendations. In addition, the study provides a comprehensive review of recent changes to the Exposure Draft Management Commentary, focusing on management's disclosure of factors affecting a company's financial condition and future prospects. The global shift towards mandatory sustainability reporting, as evidenced by the introduction of European Directives (NFRD, CSRD), aims to establish disclosure of responsible business practices. This study examines the challenges and prospects of sustainability reporting in Ukraine. Large companies in Ukraine prepare non-financial annual reports based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards or in accordance with the United Nations Global Compact (UN SDGs). It is obligatory for Ukrainian medium and large companies to submit a Management Report, which includes financial and non-financial information characterising the company's condition and development prospects, while disclosing key risks and uncertainties. However, medium-sized enterprises frequently fail to provide non-financial information, and the quality of information presented in domestic management reports remains substandard. The present study analyses the challenges and prospects of adopting sustainability frameworks by Ukrainian small enterprises. The proposal calls for the narrative reporting format to be recognised as a distinct reporting type, characterised by its accessibility and comprehensibility to a wide audience of financial report users. In the context of a contemporary information society, there is an increasing expectation that narrative reporting will be accorded a higher priority than financial reporting. The underlying reason for this is that the former is more suited to meeting the needs of society as a whole, in terms of both format and purpose. In the contemporary phase of societal evolution, the transparency of non-financial reporting and the comprehensive array of standards for its preparation are optimally aligned with the interests of primary stakeholders.

ECONOMIC DRIVERS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT ON VIETNAM'S ASEAN EXPORTS

Thi Anh Tuyet Le — 2025-04-30

The present study investigates the determinants of Vietnam's export performance to ASEAN countries, with a specific focus on the roles of economic factors and trade-related infrastructure. As the phenomenon of regional economic integration intensifies within the context of frameworks such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the comprehension of the dynamics that influence bilateral and multilateral trade flows becomes progressively imperative, particularly in the case of developing economies such as Vietnam. In this context, the primary objective of the study is to empirically examine the impact of macroeconomic variables and infrastructure conditions on Vietnam's export flows to its ASEAN partners over time. In order to achieve this objective, the study employs a panel dataset covering the period from 2006 to 2021, encompassing trade data between Vietnam and nine ASEAN countries. The methodological framework is built upon the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) model, which is well-suited to address key econometric issues commonly found in panel data, such as heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. This approach is intended to ensure the robustness and reliability of the estimated coefficients. The empirical results obtained have yielded several noteworthy findings. Firstly, it was established that both Vietnam's GDP (β = 9.21e-06, p < 0.001) and the GDP of ASEAN countries (β = 2.95e-06, p < 0.001) have a statistically significant and positive impact on Vietnam's exports. This finding serves to reinforce the notion that economic growth plays a pivotal role in the stimulation of regional trade. Secondly, in contrast to prevailing expectations, Vietnam's Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI), which serves as a proxy for trade-related infrastructure, exhibits a negative and statistically significant effect on exports (β = -12351.15, p < 0.05). This result suggests the existence of inefficiencies or mismatches in Vietnam's shipping infrastructure that may hinder export competitiveness. Furthermore, conventional trade policy variables such as tariff rates and border effects have been found to exert negligible influence on Vietnam's export flows within the ASEAN region. This phenomenon may be indicative of the diminished significance of tariffs in the context of ongoing regional liberalisation, thereby suggesting that non-tariff barriers or structural impediments may assume a more substantial role. The findings emphasise the necessity of promoting sustained economic growth and enhancing the quality and efficiency of trade infrastructure in order to improve Vietnam's export performance. The present study makes a contribution to the broader literature on international trade by providing fresh empirical insights into the complex interactions between economic and infrastructural determinants of export activity in Southeast Asia.

PECULIARITIES OF FORMING AN ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN TRANSFORMATIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE

Maryna Dielini — 2025-05-20

The contemporary technological, innovative, political, economic and social development of the world has exerted a dual impact on the operations of enterprises, giving rise to both beneficial and detrimental consequences, whilst concomitantly engendering novel threats and risks. Risks are an integral part of the activities of enterprises and involve deviations from planned indicators. The consequences and types of risk are contingent on the surrounding and internal environment, and may vary depending on the scope of activities of enterprises and the country (region) of residence. The objective of this research is to analyse and study the prerequisites and features of the formation of the enterprise risk management system under the conditions of modern transformations in the EU countries and Ukraine. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, generalisation, graphic, dynamics analysis, content analysis, etc. The results of the study indicate that a theoretical analysis has demonstrated the acute necessity of transforming traditional risk management from a reactive to a proactive enterprise risk management (ERM). It is recommended that this ERM should become an integrated element in the company's management system, and that it should be systemic, cyclical and holistic in nature. ERM is evolving into a system that facilitates a strategic approach to risk management at all levels of enterprise management. At present, the enterprise has numerous opportunities to enhance the efficacy of risk management. However, it should be noted that these same opportunities also engender novel threats and risks. The development of information technologies has given rise to a number of potential risks for enterprises. Chief among these are the threats posed by cyber-attacks, the leakage of information, and the transfer of important data to cyberspace. In this regard, it is imperative for management to comprehend the urgency and necessity of implementing an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) system within their enterprise. A close examination of search queries has revealed a notable interest among business representatives in issues pertaining to risk. However, it is important to note the differences between Poland, Germany, France and Ukraine. Entrepreneurs from EU countries have been observed to engage in extensive research on risk and associated search queries. Consequently, it is imperative to adopt a more profound approach in examining this matter and to establish a comprehensive risk management system on a larger scale. It is imperative to utilise diverse avenues to enhance one's qualifications in this domain, fostering collaboration with a range of stakeholders, including communities, which can serve as a valuable source for effective risk management.

EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE

Viktoriia Zalizniuk — 2025-05-20

The article explores the key opportunities and risks faced by Ukraine on its path toward European integration under the current conditions of Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine. The status of a candidate for EU membership engenders a plethora of opportunities and advantages for the country, particularly by enhancing the prospects established in the Association Agreement and other sectoral agreements between Ukraine and the EU. The present study analyses the structure and dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade with European countries, focusing on the demand within the EU for Ukrainian agri-food products, which currently represent the leading category of Ukraine's exports to Europe. The study examines the complex conditions under which Ukraine's agricultural potential is developing and identifies the main external and internal risks affecting the further expansion of foreign trade in agricultural and food products with EU Member States. Moreover, it underscores the challenges associated with trade liberalisation within the EU framework, in addition to the pace and nature of Ukraine's economic integration with European markets. The role of institutional development and public administration in the context of Ukraine's European integration is a subject to which particular attention is devoted. The analysis explores how reforms in the rule of law, anti-corruption initiatives, and the modernisation of public institutions impact Ukraine's prospects for integration into the European market. The article also addresses the key challenges confronting the country's administrative structures, such as ensuring economic resilience, maintaining a stable regulatory environment, and enhancing the efficiency of state governance. The mechanisms by which to attract foreign investment and to improve Ukraine's credibility among European partners are examined, with particular emphasis on the significance of institutional co-operation between Ukraine and the EU. This encompasses aspects such as legal harmonisation, the implementation of European governance practices, and the effective operation of the labour market. Moreover, the article considers the specific challenges of implementing the European integration agenda during wartime in Ukraine. The primary risks identified in this context encompass the duration and conduct of the full-scale war, disruptions in trade and logistics with the EU, active opposition by the Russian Federation to Ukraine's European aspirations, and the absence of full consensus among EU member states regarding Ukraine's accession. Other risks include the gradual decline in EU interest in supporting Ukraine's integration, the slowdown of critical reforms (particularly in the areas of the judiciary, law enforcement, anti-corruption, and public administration), the shortage of qualified specialists in European integration, and the limited involvement of local governments. The article concludes that the restoration of peace and stability is imperative for the continued development of economic relations between Ukraine and the EU.

LEGAL STATUS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISORY BODIES IN PREVENTING OFFENSES IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Volodymyr Buha — 2025-05-20

The purpose of the present article is to analyse the legal status and cost-effectiveness of supervisory bodies in preventing violations in the construction sector. Methodology. The present study employed a range of general scientific methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction and modelling) as well as a number of special methods (a logico-legal method and an axiomatic method). The employment of these methods enabled the disclosure of the legal status of supervisory bodies in the prevention of offences in the field of construction. Results. The development of the country's economy is closely connected with the following main sectors: industry, agriculture, transport and communications, construction, education, and other spheres. It is imperative to acknowledge the inherent interconnectedness that characterises all components of the economy. The dynamic interplay amongst these elements serves as the crux that determines the strategic direction of both individual sectors and the economy in its entirety. The coordination of activities across different sectors, and the degree to which these sectors influence one another, directly impact the overall efficiency of economic growth. The construction industry, specifically, assumes a pivotal function, with a concentration on new construction, reconstruction, and the augmentation of production capacity in associated sectors. Conversely, such industry is contingent on the products and services of other sectors of the economy. In the contemporary context of Ukraine's economic development, a particular emphasis is placed on strategic planning. This facilitates the formulation of effective plans and the adaptation of tasks in response to changes and features in the processes of development and co-operation across various economic sectors. In the aftermath of the imposition of martial law in Ukraine, a moratorium on inspections has been declared. Accordingly, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 303 dated March 13, 2022, entitled "On Termination of Measures of State Supervision (Control) under Martial Law", has effectively suspended all scheduled and unscheduled measures of state supervision (control) and state market supervision for the duration of martial law, as initially established by the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Introduction of Martial Law in Ukraine" No. 64 dated February 24, 2022. The moratorium is applicable to a range of measures, including those pertaining to state architectural and construction control. This enables unscrupulous developers to undertake construction works that do not comply with the legislative and state building regulations, or to carry out such works without the requisite documentation. Nevertheless, as outlined in paragraph 2 of the Resolution, the implementation of unscheduled measures of state supervision (control) on the basis of decisions made by central executive bodies, which are intended to ensure the formation of state policy in the relevant areas, is permitted under conditions of martial law, provided that there is a threat that has a negative impact on the rights, legitimate interests, life and health of an individual, the protection of the natural environment and the security of the state, as well as the observation of international obligations of Ukraine. In the above circumstances, the state architectural and construction control body may apply to the central body responsible for formulating state policy in the field of construction and urban development (currently the Ministry of Community, Territories and Infrastructure Development of Ukraine) for permission to carry out an inspection. Practical implications. In accordance with the legal status of supervisory bodies in preventing offences in the field of construction, such activity is defined as an administrative and preventive procedure. Furthermore, it can be both disputed (i.e., conflict) and undisputed (i.e., non-conflict). Additionally, it can be regarded as administrative and organisational, as well as interventional (initiated by a public entity). At present, a trend is being observed in the country that is both understandable and justifiable. This trend involves the delegation of powers in relation to state architectural and construction control to local self-government bodies. The cost-effectiveness of supervisory bodies in preventing violations in construction is a crucial factor for the stability and development of the construction market. The implementation of rigorous supervision protocols has been demonstrated to result in a substantial reduction in violations, thereby mitigating substantial economic expenditures. This, in turn, fosters the creation of a secure environment conducive to the advancement of construction, which is recognised as the cornerstone for achieving sustainable economic growth within the nation. The legal status and effectiveness of supervisory bodies in preventing violations in the construction sector are important aspects for ensuring safety, quality and compliance with standards in this sphere. The significance of effective oversight by state entities in the construction sector is profound, given its direct impact on the social and economic well-being of the nation, the quality of life of its citizens, and environmental safety.

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES OF STATES IN THE SPHERE OF ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY

Minas Arakelian — 2025-05-20

The subject of the present study is the conceptual, theoretical and methodological research of international co-operation of law enforcement bodies of states in the sphere of ensuring economic security, primarily at the international level and on the regional European level. Methodology. The paper employs a range of general scientific and special legal methods. In this particular context, the method of analysis and synthesis is of critical importance in order to evaluate the methods and parameters of co-operation between police bodies. The historical method was utilised to trace the emergence and development of the legal and institutional foundations and principles of international co-operation of law enforcement bodies in ensuring economic security of states. The comparative method proved to be of great significance in the course of research into the activities of international law enforcement co-operation bodies and domestic bodies of states. The objective of this article is to formulate a cohesive methodology for comprehending the collaborative efforts of law enforcement entities in safeguarding the economic interests of nations. The findings of the study demonstrate that the comprehensive enhancement of law enforcement co-operation among states to ensure economic security is firmly grounded in international treaty law and is effectively institutionalised. Concurrently, the advent of contemporary challenges is concomitant with the rise of criminal networks that exercise control through the utilisation of advanced technologies. This situation necessitates a concerted international response, whereby developed states are obligated to provide assistance to their developing counterparts. Conclusion. The article concludes that the extant legal and institutional frameworks of international co-operation of law enforcement bodies in ensuring economic security of states can be further developed through enhanced co-operation in information sharing, exchange of best practices and training of legal professionals. Furthermore, academic co-operation is of paramount importance for the continued development of new approaches towards the co-operation of law enforcement agencies in ensuring the economic security of states.

FACETS OF PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Olena Kovalenko — 2025-05-20

It is evident that one of the key areas of focus for the national economy is the constitutional consolidation, guarantee and protection of a wide range of economic rights and freedoms of the individual. The empirical experience of the realisation of constitutional economic rights and freedoms highlights trends and contradictions in this area, which requires a special study. A thorough examination of the implementation and judicial protection of constitutional economic rights and freedoms has enabled the identification of certain issues and the formulation of proposals for the enhancement of legislation in this domain of social relations. In Ukraine, despite a substantial corpus of scientific studies in the field of human rights, there is virtually no comprehensive scientific research on economic rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Nor is there a universally recognised list of these rights, nor a consensus on the sectoral nature of economic rights and freedoms. Thus, the relevance of the study of theoretical and practical issues of protection of fundamental economic rights and freedoms is due, firstly, to the globalisation of human rights doctrine in the modern world; secondly, to the need to create a holistic view of the forms of protection of fundamental economic rights and freedoms; thirdly, to the need to improve the current legislation and to the need to create effective mechanisms for the realisation and protection of economic rights and freedoms in Ukraine. The subject of the research is the constitutional provisions establishing economic human rights, the legal basis for their judicial protection; the regularities of the functioning of the judicial protection mechanism; scientific works that study theoretical and practical issues related to judicial protection of economic rights, as well as judicial practice. The methodological basis of the study is constituted by general theoretical and special methods of scientific cognition, principles and approaches to defining the concept of economic rights and freedoms of man and citizen, their essence, content and forms of protection. In particular, the method of dialectical logic was used to reveal the mechanism of their realisation of economic rights and freedoms. The sociological method was utilised to analyse internal and external factors, as well as social processes, which resulted in the recognition and consolidation of economic rights and freedoms of the individual. These rights and freedoms were considered to be an independent group of rights and freedoms. The current state of their implementation was also analysed. The formal logical method was employed to define the basic concepts of legal structures for the consolidation of economic rights and freedoms of the individual. The systemic and functional method was used to classify forms of protection of economic rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen, and to identify their features. The methodological basis also incorporates such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, generalization, modelling, and others. The application of these and other methods of scientific knowledge guaranteed the objectivity and reliability of the study of forms of protection of economic rights and freedoms, and the achievement of the goals and objectives set for the dissertation. The critical and analytical comprehension of issues pertaining to the protection of economic rights and freedoms enables the drawing of scientific and theoretical conclusions. This, in turn, highlights the positions of judicial practice and renders the discussion of problems in the protection of economic human rights more constructive and, as a consequence, more effective. Results. Economic rights, understood as a set of human and civil rights, are pivotal in realising the human potential in the sphere of economic relations. They enable individuals to claim material support from society, as represented by the State, and to utilise the fruits of human activity in various domains to create conditions conducive to a life that is worthy of the human being. The study posits that the realisation of the rule of law and the rule of law in the State is contingent not solely on the adoption of high-quality regulations and the assurance of their implementation. Rather, it asserts the necessity of an effective mechanism to protect the rights of individuals and legal entities. The protection of economic rights and freedoms is a matter of particular interest to scholars and law enforcement officials, due to its specifics at both the national and supranational levels.

THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC IN MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS REGARDING THE PLANNING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HROMADA TERRITORIES

Valentyna Boklah — 2025-05-20

Research subject. The role and place of the public in making management decisions on hromada development planning, which is extremely important for ensuring effective, transparent and democratic governance at the local level. The study is based on the issue of involving citizens in the planning of spatial development of the hromada territory and their significant impact on the development and adoption of strategic plans for the development of the hromada territory, given that this process is often accompanied by a number of difficulties and barriers that can complicate effective co-operation, while at the same time such interaction between local authorities and the public has a number of advantages. Methodology. The scientific and theoretical foundations of public involvement in making managerial decisions on planning the development of hromada territories are investigated. As a result of the study, using general scientific methods, the author examines the regulatory framework governing the place of the public in the process of making managerial decisions, in particular, in planning the spatial development of the hromada territory. In the system of local development management, the planning function is singled out as the main one in public administration, which involves setting priorities, allocating resources, defining specific tasks and determining ways to achieve results at the initial stage of the system development. Research objective. Scientific and theoretical substantiation of public involvement in making managerial decisions on hromada development planning. To determine the place of strategic planning for the development of hromada territories as a component of strategic management of socio-economic development of the region and the main function of the management activities of local self-government bodies. To explain the importance of a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of the territory as the main document reflecting the territorial development of the hromada, as well as the importance of public involvement in its preparation. To identify the forms of public participation in spatial development planning, as well as the importance of taking into account the advantages and problems of such participation. Conclusion. The article examines the role and place of the public in strategic planning of hromada development and its participation in management decision-making, which is necessary for the development of an effective and transparent local self-government system. It is determined that the public has a significant influence on the development and adoption of strategic plans for the development of the hromada, but this process is often accompanied by a number of difficulties and barriers that can complicate effective co-operation. Ways to overcome challenges and find compromise solutions require a comprehensive approach, including improved communication, increased trust, optimisation of citizen engagement mechanisms, and removal of administrative, financial and legal barriers. Among the functions of local governance is planning, which involves setting priorities, allocating resources, defining specific tasks and identifying ways to achieve results at the initial stage of the system's development. Strategic planning for hromada development is highlighted, which results in the definition of long-term goals and objectives for hromada development, in particular in the areas of economy, social sphere, environment and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to public involvement in planning the spatial development of the hromada's territory, which not only improves the quality of decisions made but also ensures broad support among the hromada's residents. The main forms of public involvement in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for hromada spatial development are identified: public hearings and consultations, publication of drafts, questionnaires and surveys, creation of focus groups, use of mobile platforms and applications. The advantages and challenges of this process are identified. The advantages include: increased transparency and trust in the authorities; improved social unity and hromada cohesion; improved monitoring and control over the implementation of plans; innovative solutions and creativity, etc. At the same time, there may be a number of problems with public participation in the process of hromada development planning: low activity and interest of citizens; difficulty in coordinating and managing the process; communication and understanding problems; low quality of proposals (proposals that do not take into account technical and economic realities).

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL LAW DURING FINANCIAL CRISES AND RESTORATION OF ECONOMIC STABILITY

Andrii Borovyk — 2025-05-20

The modern global financial system is a complex dynamic mechanism whose stable functioning is a prerequisite for the development of both national economies and the global economy as a whole. At the same time, the global financial system may not be a safe source of shocks and disturbances. The article aims to deepen the scientific approaches to defining the theoretical foundations of the study of the causes and typology of global financial crises and to formulate a methodological approach to identifying the possibilities of recovery and economic stabilisation through the use of the main regulatory instruments of financial law. Methodology. The study used the following methods: analysis, systematisation and historical method to analyse and periodise financial crises in the transition period from the late twentieth century to the early twenty-first century; comparison, analogy and systematisation to summarise the causes of financial crises; and the logical consequence method to draw conclusions based on the research. The article examines the specifics of financial crises in the global economy and generalises their periodisation. The systemic determinants of global financial crises are considered. The distinctive features of banking and currency crises are characterised. The article proves that financial crises are not random phenomena, they are caused by various factors, among which are speculative transactions, lack of regulation and supervision, and excessive lending. Particular attention is paid to geopolitical factors of financial crises, as one of the most common in recent decades, and the peculiarities of their manifestation. The paper establishes that, despite the cyclical nature of financial crises, their scale and consequences always vary, which requires the development of dynamic tools for crisis management. The study is aimed at identifying patterns and factors that cause financial crises. Attention is paid to the importance of ensuring the security of financial markets for the economic stability of the State, including for ensuring the financial security of the State. The article presents the interpretation of scientists on the importance of ensuring financial security and security of financial markets, the impact of the proper functioning of such markets on ensuring economic stability. Emphasis is placed on the system of financial security, which includes: budgetary, currency, monetary, debt security, insurance market security and stock market security. The publication highlights the importance of the security of the state's financial markets for ensuring the state sovereignty and integrity of the country, as well as a decent standard of living for Ukrainian citizens. Consideration is given to the current threats to the financial markets of Ukraine in the current situation and under martial law. The factors affecting the economic stability and financial security of the state are considered, and measures to ensure the security of financial markets are proposed. The research identifies threats to the financial security of the state, in particular, the following: non-compliance with the rule of law; imperfect public administration in ensuring financial security; ineffective system of control over budget expenditures; ill-considered monetary policy of the state; ineffective tax system; corruption of state bodies and pressure on business; excessive state budget deficit; and growth of the "shadow" economy; rising external debt; outflow of human capital and demographic crisis; mismanagement of foreign loans and financial assistance. Emphasis is placed on the experience of the European Union (EU) in ensuring the security of financial markets and financial security of the State. The conclusions of the paper demonstrate that for the proper functioning of the state's financial activities and the promotion of Ukraine's European integration, even in the current conditions, the security of the state's financial markets and their proper functioning must be ensured at the appropriate level. The results of the study can serve as a basis for developing a system of indicators of the likelihood of financial crises in order to take timely preventive measures aimed at preventing them or reducing the possible negative consequences of their unfolding.

MANAGEMENT OF STRATEGIC CHANGES AND RISKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Iryna Segeda — 2025-05-20

The article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of managing strategic changes and risks in the development of the tourism industry. The tourism sector is currently facing a number of significant challenges, which can be attributed to the evolving nature of market demands, geopolitical instability, and economic disruptions. In order to ensure long-term sustainability, the tourism sector requires the implementation of effective strategies. The objective of the present study is to identify strategies and tools for managing strategic changes and mitigating risks in the development of the tourism industry. The objectives of the research include analysing the key drivers of strategic change within the tourism sector, examining the risks associated with these changes, and proposing a framework to ensure resilience and sustainable growth in the face of external and internal challenges. The research further investigates the impact of strategic risks on consumer behaviour, competitive positioning, and the ability of tourism enterprises to attract investments and international partnerships. These are all crucial for the recovery and growth of the industry. The methodological basis of the study incorporates a systematic approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, expert interviews, and statistical analysis. These methodologies facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of the nature of strategic changes and risks in the tourism industry, thereby aiding in the development of actionable strategies for risk management. The findings emphasise the significance of adaptive risk management practices, including scenario planning, market diversification, and digital transformation, in ensuring the industry's competitiveness. The methodological basis of the study incorporates a systematic approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, expert interviews, and statistical analysis. These methodologies facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of the nature of strategic changes and risks in the tourism industry, thereby aiding in the development of actionable strategies for risk management. The findings emphasise the significance of adaptive risk management practices, including scenario planning, market diversification, and digital transformation, in ensuring the industry's competitiveness.

ELECTRONIC (DIGITAL) EVIDENCE COLLECTION IN ECONOMIC CRIME INVESTIGATIONS

Artem Kovalenko — 2025-05-20

The increasing computerisation of the economic sector has led to a growing reliance on electronic document workflow, digital information exchange, and online financial transactions by both enterprises and individuals. These developments have also led to the computerisation and digitalisation of economic crime. It is an inevitable consequence of such offences that distinctive electronic (digital) traces are left behind. These traces may be recognised as electronic (digital) evidence and necessitate specialised procedures by law enforcement bodies. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify and present the main criminal procedural and forensic means of electronic (digital) evidence collection in economic crime investigations. The study's methodology is founded upon a range of general and special methods of scientific cognition. Utilising the formal-legal method, the authors analysed the content of current criminal procedural legislation and established the essence of electronic (digital) evidence. The formal-logical method enabled the authors to differentiate between procedural and forensic means of collecting electronic (digital) evidence. The modelling method assisted in constructing hypothetical models of investigators' behaviour while collecting electronic (digital) evidence in economic crime investigations, among other applications. The results of the study demonstrate that current Ukrainian criminal procedure legislation does not define electronic (digital) evidence; rather, it establishes electronic documents as procedural sources of proof and provides for the legal framework of examining computer data. In accordance with the prevailing provisions of the Ukrainian Criminal Procedure Code, the primary modus operandi for the procurement of electronic (digital) evidence entails the meticulous examination of computer data. This process entails the authorised individual's meticulous observation of the data content, culminating in the systematic documentation of the findings within an official protocol. In the course of economic crime investigations, a wide range of electronic documents are typically subject to inspection. These documents contain information pertaining to the business activities of the subjects under investigation. It is recommended that the execution of this procedural action be entrusted to professionals specialising in both computer technology and software, in addition to those versed in economic principles. The utilisation of forensic expert examination constitutes a pivotal instrument in the process of acquiring electronic (digital) evidence during the course of economic crime investigations. The possession of computer-technical expertise can facilitate access to protected files, the recovery of deleted or damaged data, and the retrieval of specific information from vast data sets. The meticulous examination of telecommunications systems and devices is a pivotal method of extracting information from the network equipment used by offenders. The application of forensic economic expertise facilitates the analysis of previously seized electronic records, enabling the evaluation of their significance in the investigation of economic crime.

MANAGEMENT OF GEOPOLITICAL RISKS OF ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE

Larysa Obolentseva — 2025-05-20

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of managing geopolitical risks faced by enterprises in the tourism and hospitality industry in Ukraine. The risks have intensified due to ongoing political instability, armed conflict, and economic disruptions, posing significant challenges to the sustainable development of these sectors. The purpose of the present study is to identify effective strategies and tools for mitigating the impact of geopolitical risks on the functioning and development of enterprises in the tourism and hospitality industry. The objectives of the research are threefold: firstly, to explore the key geopolitical threats affecting the tourism and hospitality sectors in Ukraine; secondly, to analyse the existing management practices for addressing such risks; and thirdly, to propose a framework for enhancing resilience and ensuring sustainable development in the face of geopolitical challenges. The research also evaluates the influence of geopolitical risks on customer behaviour, investment attractiveness, and international partnerships, which are crucial for the recovery and growth of these sectors. The methodological basis of the paper is a systematic approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, expert interviews, and statistical analysis, to comprehensively assess the nature and consequences of geopolitical risks and develop strategies for their management. The study emphasises that geopolitical instability, encompassing military conflicts, sanctions, and shifts in international relations, exerts a substantial influence on the economic performance and operational stability of enterprises. The research suggests that enterprises can adapt to changing conditions by adopting innovative risk management practices, such as scenario planning, diversification of markets, and digitalization of services. The proposal of effective approaches includes the integration of adaptive strategies, the use of global best practices, and the strengthening of international co-operation. Moreover, the study emphasises the significance of collaboration between the public and private sectors in implementing national-level risk management programmes. It is concluded that the development of a comprehensive framework for managing geopolitical risks, tailored to the needs of the tourism and hospitality industry, is essential to enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness in the global market. The overarching structure should comprise explicit guidelines for risk assessment, crisis management, and recovery planning, thereby ensuring the long-term sustainability of the industry. The findings contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of geopolitical risk management and provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers.

APPROACH TO OPTIMISING AND MANAGING WAREHOUSE STOCKS IN A CAR SERVICE

Ivan Beloev — 2025-05-20

The automotive service industry is characterised by a high degree of complexity and dynamism in its logistics processes. A pivotal challenge confronting the organisation is the effective management of inventory. The maintenance of optimal inventory levels is of paramount importance in ensuring uninterrupted service and minimising the costs associated with storage and delivery. Inventory management is an intricate process that extends beyond the mere maintenance of availability. It necessitates the strategic decision-making process concerning supplier selection, order planning, and resource allocation over time. The present study proposes a model for inventory management in automotive service stations that reflects the complexity of real-world operating conditions. The model incorporates a multitude of suppliers, each exhibiting distinct pricing structures and delivery terms. Constraints are imposed on the selection of suppliers, thereby influencing the overall dynamics of the supply chain. It is important to note that a particular auto part may be available from more than one supplier, with unit prices varying across suppliers and over time. The model operates under the assumption that the demand for each part for each period is known in advance, as are the storage costs, the lower and upper limits on inventory levels, the supplier-specific order quantity constraints, and the initial inventory level at the beginning of the planning horizon. The objective of the proposed model is to minimise the total inventory costs, including purchasing, holding, and potential shortage costs, by applying integer linear programming techniques. The problem is formulated with decision variables representing quantities to be ordered and stocked, and includes a set of linear constraints reflecting all operational requirements. In order to enhance computational efficiency, the model employs heuristic methods to identify high-quality approximate solutions within acceptable time frames. This approach is of particular value in applications where the dimensionality of the problem and the number of suppliers can significantly increase the computational complexity. Empirical evidence has demonstrated the potential of the model to enhance inventory management in practical scenarios. The primary benefits observed include a reduction in overall costs, enhanced delivery coordination, and increased flexibility in inventory planning. These improvements contribute to enhanced operational efficiency and increased competitiveness for automotive service providers. It is recommended that future research concentrate on extending the model to incorporate further real-world factors, including lead times, demand variability, and the capacity to return excess components to suppliers. Moreover, the examination and comparison of disparate inventory management strategies under varying conditions has the potential to yield valuable insights for the optimisation of service operations. In conclusion, the proposed mathematical framework provides an effective tool for the optimisation of inventory procurement and storage processes in automotive service providers. The integration of the precision afforded by linear optimisation with the adaptability of heuristic methodologies signifies the model's practical relevance within contemporary business contexts, wherein enhancing resource efficiency is a pivotal factor in achieving success.

PENSION PROVISION FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE

Olena Sokurenko — 2025-05-30

The provision of social protection for military personnel is a matter of significant priority within the scope of state policy. Military personnel are exposed to considerable risk in their daily efforts to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the nation. This issue is of particular pertinence to Ukraine, which is currently engaged in armed conflict with Russia. The purpose of this article is to review and analyse the pension provision experience for military personnel in some of the world's leading countries, including the United States of America, Great Britain, Germany, Israel, Sweden and Norway. Methodology. The following research methods are employed: dialectical, historical and legal, formal and logical, hermeneutics, generalization, comparison. Results. The objective of the study is to ascertain the merits of each model, in addition to the challenges and opportunities for adapting positive experiences to the prevailing conditions in Ukraine. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the mixed pension system of the US, which integrates traditional long-service payments with accumulative components. It also examines the integrated model of Germany, which ensures equality between military and civilian employees through a unified social insurance system. The Israeli model is of particular interest, as it emphasises short-term but intensive service, accompanied by expanded social guarantees for veterans. The pension systems of the Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway) are also the subject of study, due to the transparent financing mechanisms, sustainability and efficient use of social resources that characterise them. Practical implications. Based on the research results, it is advisable for Ukraine to implement a mixed pension model that includes accumulative funds with state contributions, similar to the TSP system in the USA. This would reduce the budgetary burden while simultaneously encouraging the military to play an active role in building their own pension capital. Additionally, retraining programmes should be created to help veterans acquire new professional skills and integrate into the civilian sector. Value / Originality. Utilising the insights garnered from this experience, comprehensive recommendations for enhancing the Ukrainian pension system for servicemen are proposed.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOGISTICS SERVICES MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES

Bohdan Samoilenko — 2025-05-30

The subject of research is an analysis of the development of the logistics services market in the context of European integration processes. Methodology. The study employed economic research methodologies. Specifically, the content analysis method was used to process scientific sources and review thematic literature on the concepts of modernisation and competitiveness of rail transport. Furthermore, the abstract-logical method was utilised in order to substantiate the fundamental principles and criteria for enhancing the competitiveness of rail transport in the context of European integration. In addition to these approaches, statistical observations and economic and statistical calculations were employed to analyse rail transport indicators. The purpose of the research of the article is to analyse the profound impact of World Bank support in the revival of the Ukrainian logistics structure, mainly the railway, to modernise the infrastructure and increase the competitiveness of rail transportation in the context of European integration. Research coclusion. The article under scrutiny here demonstrates the importance of international investment and European funds in supporting transport initiatives that enhance the quality of road and border infrastructure. The report identifies the primary areas of modernisation of the logistics infrastructure, including the renewal of railway tracks and the replacement of turnouts, with a strong emphasis on the integration of innovative management practices and technologies. The theoretical provisions for defining the essence of "logistics" and the structural elements of logistics activities in the market are thoroughly analysed. The article further demonstrates how adherence to international educational standards and collaboration with foreign universities can elevate the competitiveness of Ukrainian educational institutions. The role of innovative management approaches in ensuring high-quality education and adaptation to global challenges is explored. The critical areas for the effective implementation of international practices in the Ukrainian educational context aimed at enhancing logistics activities are identified. The directions for the adaptation of Ukrainian logistics companies to the requirements of the European market, the expansion of their participation in international logistics, and the assurance of safety, environmental friendliness, and efficiency through the active introduction of advanced technologies are determined, ultimately contributing to the optimism about the future of Ukrainian logistics in the context of European integration processes.

FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HROMADAS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Volodymyr Velychko — 2025-05-30

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of developing an innovation-driven strategy for the growth of hromadas within the framework of regional socio-economic systems. The necessity for such a strategy is driven by contemporary challenges, including economic disparities, technological transformation, and institutional constraints, which affect the sustainable development of hromadas. The purpose of the present study is to identify the key components and mechanisms for fostering innovation-oriented development at the community level, with a view to ensuring their long-term resilience and competitiveness. The objectives of the research are threefold: firstly, to analyse the structural and functional characteristics of regional socio-economic systems; secondly, to explore the role of innovation in enhancing the socio-economic potential of hromadas; and thirdly, to propose a framework for implementing an effective innovation-driven strategy tailored to local conditions. The study further explores the repercussions of digitalisation, public-private partnerships, and regulatory policies on the innovation capacity of hromadas. These entities are of paramount importance for their sustainable development. The methodological basis of the paper is a systematic approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, expert interviews, and statistical analysis, to comprehensively assess the factors influencing innovation-driven development at the hromada level. The research indicates that the absence of a coordinated innovation policy, inadequate investment in technological infrastructure, and inadequate institutional capacity are significant impediments to the sustainable growth of hromadas. The study posits that the adoption of a multi-level governance approach, the fostering of digital transformation, and the leveraging of international best practices in innovation management have the potential to significantly enhance the development potential of hromadas. The proposal of a critical factor in the successful implementation of innovation strategies is the strengthening of collaboration between local governments, businesses, and research institutions. Moreover, the research emphasises the necessity for policy instruments that support financial incentives, knowledge transfer, and the development of smart specialisation strategies. It is concluded that the formulation of a comprehensive innovation strategy, aligned with regional development priorities, is essential for ensuring the economic sustainability and competitiveness of hromadas. The proposed framework encompasses guidelines for assessing innovation readiness, designing adaptive policies, and integrating digital and technological solutions into hromada development strategies. The findings contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of innovation-driven development and provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, local authorities, and researchers.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY

Ihor Didur — 2025-05-30

The scientific study examines the prospects for the development of seed products of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine to study economic and environmental efficiency under martial law. Research has shown that technological advancements in the agricultural sector are key to economic development and enhancing the quality of seed products, ensuring the state's food security. The establishment of an effective system of seed production is pivotal in creating favourable conditions for increasing seed production and utilising domestic assortments with high yield potential and quality indicators. This will contribute to their widespread use, ensuring competitive advantages and the development of agricultural production. The purpose of the article is to identify trends and determine the prospects for the development of seed production in Ukraine in order to guarantee the country's food security. The research issues concern a number of environmental problems, first and foremost among them being the guaranteeing of the country's food security, the improvement of the social and economic situation of rural areas, and the strengthening of the health of the population. The development of organic production is integral to the development of the sector as a whole. It should be noted that the production of organic agricultural products is impossible without the main basis – seeds grown under organic production conditions, i.e., organic seeds. The study utilised the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, encompassing analysis and synthesis, systemic generalisation (to establish development trends and formulate conclusions), and comparative analysis (to identify key problems in the industry). Following a detailed analysis of the study's findings, the primary trends in the development of seed production in Ukraine have been identified. Key challenges have been highlighted, and proposals have been made to encourage the advancement of breeding activities. Recommendations were also formulated for the further development of the seed industry, which can be used in the development of national seed support programs. The process of organic seed production was emphasised, drawing on existing innovative agricultural technologies that exclude the use of any chemical means. This guarantees the environmental safety of the obtained seed material. The use of high-quality seed material is paramount to achieving high yields.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES OF UKRAINE

Oleg Dubynskyy — 2025-05-30

The study of public authority is relevant for many reasons. Firstly, public authority is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Secondly, public authorities have a significant impact on society, and it is important to understand how they function. Thirdly, the study of public authorities can help to develop effective methods of governing society. The research of public authority is conducted in various fields of knowledge, such as public administration, political science, law, economics, sociology, and philosophy. The interdisciplinary investigation of public authority is also important, as it allows for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. The current stage of development of the Ukrainian state is determined by the need to build a public administration system that will ensure effective interaction between public authorities (state and local governments) and civil society. Public administration is a system of governance in which state and local authorities, various organisational and legal forms and citizens directly involved in the process of social development of the state interact. The key objective of the formation and functioning of the public administration system is to develop and implement socio-economic policies aimed at improving the living standards of the population. The success of its implementation depends not only on the functioning of various state institutions, but also on the extent to which society accepts this policy, shares its goals, mechanisms, principles of its implementation, and trusts it. The purpose of the article is to study and analyse the concept and features of public authority in the current conditions of development of public relations, and to establish the link and interdependence between the conceptual foundations, objectives, subjective dimension of decentralisation of public authority in Ukraine and its economic, political, legal and administrative consequences. The methodological basis of the article is a system of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. These methods together constitute an integral system, which is manifested in the quality of the research approach, both at the empirical and theoretical levels of this scientific work. It is noted that the role of local self-government bodies during wartime should not be underestimated; they remain an important mechanism for ensuring the effective functioning of public authorities and the defence capability of the State. This was clearly evidenced by the actions of local self-government bodies in the first days of the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. In the authors' opinion, the experience gained by Ukraine during the war demonstrates the undeniable advantage of self-organisation of the population over centralised governance. The central government will not be able to take over the functions of local governments and perform them as effectively. Even before the war, the level of trust in local authorities among citizens was one of the highest compared to other institutions. Recently, as citizens have been interacting more and more with local authorities, as they are closest to them, this attitude has only strengthened. Therefore, the termination of the powers of local self-government bodies by the state authorities during the war is an unconstitutional action that threatens the national security of the country. Suspension or restriction of their powers is possible only in extraordinary cases, when there is a direct threat to the life and safety of citizens in the territory of hostilities or occupation. In all other cases, this is possible only in accordance with a procedure that requires a reasoned court decision. However, the political and legal reality caused by the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation on February 24, 2022, showed a low level of drafting and lawmaking, their abstract and declarative nature, internal contradictions and outright neglect of the interests of the territorial community and its members, which directly and negatively affected the procedure for exercising the powers of self-government bodies, including the protection of human rights and freedoms within the local society.

GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET SUSTAINABILITY: MODERN CHALLENGES IN SCOPE OF UKRAINIAN CONTEXT

Mariya Kuznetsova — 2025-05-30

The paper addresses the issue of sustainable development and the long-term efficiency of the energy market, taking into account modern geopolitical threats. Energy, and electricity in particular, are regarded as major prerequisites for open and non-open conflicts between countries on the global stage. Furthermore, an energy deficit is considered to give some countries a huge strategic advantage over others. The natural potential and generating capacities of key energy market actors all over the world constitute an enormous political advantage. The use of innovative technologies, such as 3D printing, could transform cargo transportation by reducing the volume of physical transportation, opening avenues for optimising transport infrastructure and reducing logistics costs. This would be essential for the stable provision of export and import operations in the future. The energy dominance of certain regions has been demonstrated to engender hitherto unparalleled market advantages, compelling other countries to establish bespoke transition collaboration schemes with a view to differentiating various markets and functional processes. In the context of intergovernmental collaboration and net-zero initiatives, the trajectory of global development is inextricably linked to the effective management of natural resources and the attainment of comprehensive energy efficiency, facilitated by technological advancements and the objectives of coalition partners. The present study is founded upon a comprehensive methodological framework. In order to comprehensively explore the scientific aspects of the issues addressed in this research, a range of explanatory research methods were employed. Firstly, a comparative analysis will be conducted to identify both the similarities and the differences between the extant energy sector models in Ukraine and in other countries. Secondly, the historical method is employed to summarise the key prerequisites of various scientific paradigms and to assess potential development risks. The primary research method employed is secondary data analysis, which is based on an in-depth evaluation of global energy data. A comprehensive overview of the current peculiarities of the global energy market in the context of various sectors was conducted by means of extensive secondary data analysis. The aim of this analysis was to highlight the major daunting tasks in the geopolitical arena based on irreversible shifts caused by the Ukrainian context. Moreover, in order to generate reliable forecasts for Ukraine's electricity production up to 2030, a mathematical extrapolation method was applied in order to develop a probable scenario. In light of the findings from contemporary research and empirical studies, which have employed a systemic analytical approach, a plethora of pragmatic policy-altering measures are put forward. It is anticipated that a sophisticated development strategy for the energy market will serve as a pivotal catalyst for sustainability and mutually beneficial international collaboration. In the long term, the key milestones of global sustainability within markets will be energy safety and multi-stakeholder dialogue.

JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF UKRAINE’S CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Andrii Falkovskyi — 2025-05-30

Ukraine's cultural heritage is a fundamental component of its sustainable economic development, necessitating systematic financial support. In the context of prevailing economic challenges, state financial assistance for cultural heritage sites is undergoing a decline. Concurrently, the significance of these sites is heightened during periods of war, serving as markers of national identity. The present article is dedicated to the exposition of the particularities of judicial protection of cultural heritage in the context of economic challenges. The authors of this study have sought to define the essence of cultural heritage and the substantive content of its constituent elements, which are both tangible and intangible. It is important to note that cultural heritage serves as a foundation for the country's economic development in the cultural and tourism spheres. Furthermore, it has been observed that cultural heritage unites the Ukrainian political nation around the idea of civic identity in the face of existential threats. The researchers identified the economic determinants of cultural heritage preservation in Ukraine, including international financial support, national funding sources, and state guarantees for financing heritage protection. The following proposal is put forward for consideration: that a legal framework be established for the purpose of the judicial protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine, including its fundamental elements. The article dedicates a significant portion of its discourse to the intricacies of implementing judicial protection mechanisms for cultural heritage in Ukraine. It has been posited that judicial authorities are capable of protecting cultural heritage objects through two principal approaches: the establishment of legal accountability for individuals (criminal, administrative, or civil liability), and the resolution of legal disputes within commercial and administrative proceedings, conditional upon the protection of these objects. The study's findings underscore the imperative for comprehensive judicial consideration and the establishment of a robust internal conviction among judges concerning the significance of safeguarding cultural heritage for posterity.

USE OF THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW METHOD IN UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF A LEGAL ENTITY

Yurii Zhornokui — 2025-05-30

This article explores how the economic analysis of law method can improve the understanding of the structure of legal entities. While economic analysis cannot address all legal issues, it can serve as a supplementary tool for evaluating the effectiveness and necessity of legal norms and their implementation. As a methodological foundation, economic analysis can be useful in examining societal phenomena. The study emphasises that the tools of modern economic theory are employed in both economic and legal studies of legal entities to provide economic substantiation and explanation of their nature. It is therefore evident that the fundamental nature of a legal entity is economically substantiated not solely by cost-effectiveness (where revenues equal or exceed expenditures) but also by productive appropriation or the sphere of dominance by legally capable organisations. The conclusion drawn from the economic analysis of law is that a legal entity can be understood as follows: firstly, a system of contracts based on relationships between founders (participants), managers, and the legal entity itself, which has advantages and disadvantages in various economic contexts; secondly, a tool for separating property to limit risks for the real (physical) persons behind it. Consequently, the concept of a legal entity as an extension of its founders' individualism (egoism) remains pertinent, as recent events have vividly demonstrated. The present analysis explores the question of whether a legal entity is solely a means of property separation to limit the risks of property loss by real individuals. From an economic perspective, this assertion is valid, as the risk undertaken by the founders is confined to the assets transferred to the entity. The economic risk is realised indirectly through potential inefficiencies (losses) in the organisation's operations. The subject of the research is the application of economic analysis of law to the understanding and conceptualisation of legal entities. The purpose of the research is to examine how economic analysis of law contributes to the interpretation of legal entities, particularly in justifying their structure, function, and essence in terms of economic rationality and risk limitation. The research methodology is based on a combination of analytical approaches tailored to examine the economic and legal dimensions of the subject. The economic analysis of law serves as the principal methodological framework, allowing for the evaluation of economic efficiency, clarification of the nature and function of legal entities, and informed managerial decision-making. The logical method is applied through analysis and synthesis of global academic theories, contributing to an understanding of the limitations and supplementary role of economic analysis within legal research. The systemic-structural method ensures a holistic and consistent examination of legal categories, enabling the identification of defining characteristics of legal entities from an economic standpoint. Quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques are employed to track changes in economic activity, evaluate the influence of various factors, and observe development trends across economic structures, thereby supporting the investigation of both internal and external drivers of business and legal processes. Finally, comparative analysis is used to contrast national and international perspectives in the field of legal and economic thought, through integration of diverse scholarly approaches.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDIATISATION (UKRAINIAN CASES OF THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD)

Tetiana Ivaniukha — 2025-05-30

In the context of martial law, modern business in Ukraine requires the development and constant updating of effective strategies to support small enterprises. This article examines the role of information and communication tools in the context of mediatisation, digitalisation, and socio-political challenges. The study aims to identify and analyse the communication strategies and external communication tools used by small enterprises during martial law. To achieve this, the study focuses on small restaurant businesses, specifically coffee houses in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, in times of uncertainty. The paper conducts a discourse analysis of communication practices of Ukrainian small enterprises, a case study of Zaporizhzhia coffee houses, a comparative analysis to compare the information and communication activities of these enterprises, and uses methods of classification and systematisation. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is that the paper proposes a systematisation of the views of European scholars on communication tools for supporting small businesses. Research on information and communication tools for supporting small businesses during martial law has the potential to contribute to the preservation and support of small enterprises. Furthermore, such research can also help to establish work, speed up work processes, reduce costs and preserve jobs in difficult conditions of military conflict. The results of the study can be used to substantiate political and economic decisions to support small businesses during martial law. The analysis of the impact of information and communication tools, and the development of strategies for their utilisation, can serve as the foundation for the creation of programmes, thereby playing a pivotal role in the support and regulation of small businesses. It has been determined that a detailed study in this area can contribute to the development of new innovative solutions and improve the effectiveness of support for enterprises in wartime. It is evident that small businesses play a pivotal role in the economic development and job creation of a nation. The effective operation of these enterprises has a considerable impact on the state's economy, contributing to the development of employment opportunities in the field of information and communication technologies.

THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: CAUSES, ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND CONSEQUENCES FOR UKRAINE AND THE GLOBALISED WORLD

Mykola Palinchak — 2025-06-10

The purpose of the study is to identify the causes, essential features and consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war for Ukraine and the globalised world. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific methods of cognition (induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis), as well as special scientific research methods: conflict theory, neo-institutionalism, hybrid warfare theory, etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors have carried out a comprehensive analysis of the preconditions, causes and consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war for Ukraine and the globalised world in the context of the growing confrontation between democracies and autocratic regimes. Conclusions. Firstly, the Russian-Ukrainian war has become one of the wars that have a significant impact on the globalised world: it has changed the balance of power in the international arena, demonstrated the ineffectiveness of modern security mechanisms, and is characterised by large-scale military losses and migration processes. Secondly, the main geopolitical preconditions for the war are the following: Russia's neo-imperial policy and history of relations with Ukraine, Ukraine's strategic location and European integration aspirations, and Russia's domestic policy of maintaining an authoritarian regime. In addition to the geopolitical ones, the existential preconditions of the war are also important, as Russian leaders see Ukraine's future in its accession to Russia: an ethnic, economic, geopolitical and spiritual renaissance. Thirdly, the ideological doctrine that justifies Russia's foreign expansion is the doctrine of the "Russian world". Fourthly, the Russian-Ukrainian war has large-scale consequences for both Ukraine (political, military, economic, geopolitical, social) and the globalised world (it has shown the need to reformat the international security system, led to the militarisation of the economies of the world's leading states, and intensified the global confrontation between democracies and authoritarian regimes).

THE RCEP ECONOMIES AMID GLOBAL TURBULENCE

Svitlana Radziyevska — 2025-06-10

In spite of the increased geopolitical tensions, recent years have witnessed a greater regional trade integration in East Asia, the heart of the Asia Pacific. The objective of the paper is to examine the dynamics of GDP, GDP per capita, population, merchandise trade of the member states of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Methodology. The data, taken from the UNCTAD Handbooks of Statistics and the UNCTADstat Data Centre, as well as various publications, served as the information source for using the methods of tabular and graphical representation, comparative analysis, logical generalization, historical analysis, etc. The results demonstrate the strengthening of China’s position within the RCEP: during 2015–2023, its share of the bloc rose from 54,44% to 60,27%. The PRC’s share of the world grew from 14,92% to 16,92%. In 2023, the regional nominal GDP of the RCEP amounted to $29’481 bln, or 28,07% of the global GDP making it the second among the integration blocs of the world after the USMCA ($31’262 bln, or 29,77% of the global economy). Over 2015-2023, GDP rose with different speeds throughout the RCEP: on the one hand, GDP of Viet Nam rocketed by 118,51%; of Cambodia – by 77,30%; Singapore – by 62,77%; GDP of the PRC increased by 59,27%; while, on the other hand, GDP of Myanmar grew by 14,25%; GDP of Japan – by merely 2,67%. Brunei Darussalam is the only member of the group which experienced GDP decline (by 3,84%). During the analyzed period, GDP per capita of the RCEP grew from $9’257 to $12’712.3, i.e. nearly in line with the world average, which increased from $10’173 to $12’985. In 2023, the RCEP’s population accounted for 28,66% of the world; between 2015 and 2023, all the RCEP member states registered population growth, with the exception of Japan (-1,74%). In 2023, the group provided 29,22% of global goods exports and consumed 24,9% of global goods imports. From 2015 to 2023, the RCEP merchandise trade surplus rose from $712 bln to $920 bln. In 2023, China had the largest goods trade surplus among the RCEP nations ($823 bln), while Japan ran the largest merchandise trade deficit ($69 bln). Practical implications. East Asia has always been one of the most contested regions of the world where the interests of the global players intersect; however, the prosperity at present requires not only the reconsideration of the lessons learned in the past, but primarily implies the transformation from competition to collaboration – the imperative for peaceful coexistence in future for all. Value/originality. The RCEP, located geographically in the centre of the Indo-Pacific, has shown itself a reliable platform, created for pushing forward a stable, attractive, and predictable multilateral trading environment for all interested in liberalization. China is playing its key role in the RCEP, where ASEAN countries are also welcoming new members, representing the other regions and civilizations, to their integration bloc.

REFORMING UKRAINE'S CIVIL LEGISLATION AS A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Oleksandr Kukhariev — 2025-06-10

The post-war reconstruction of Ukraine necessitates two principal components: the large-scale physical rebuilding of destroyed infrastructure and the implementation of deep structural reforms. Among these reforms, the transformation of civil legislation is of particular significance. The effective regulation of property and contractual legal relations is a necessary prerequisite for the restoration of entrepreneurial activity, the stimulation of investment attractiveness, and the ensuring of overall legal stability in the country. In the context of Russia's full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine, which has precipitated profound socio-economic transformations, the necessity to update civil law instruments has become paramount. In the context of the strategic European integration direction of state policy, there has been a notable increase in the significance of harmonising national civil legislation with European Union law. The harmonisation process is driven by the objective of aligning Ukraine's legal framework with European standards, thereby establishing a legal environment characterised by transparency, predictability, and efficiency for market participants. It is imperative to direct particular attention to the process of repealing the Commercial Code of Ukraine, a seminal step that signifies a unification of private law. This provides a foundation for a conceptual revision of the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, ensuring their alignment with contemporary challenges, the needs of the business environment, and the principles of sustainable development. The subject of this research is the reform of Ukraine's civil legislation in the context of post-war recovery and European integration processes. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the process in question, with a view to defining its role as a factor in economic growth, a guarantor of legal certainty for businesses and citizens, and an instrument for achieving sustainable development. The methodological framework of the research consists of methods of legal policy analysis, comparative law, and empirical research methods. The findings of the research indicate that the updated civil legislation must become the legal foundation for the effective functioning of market mechanisms, protection of investors' rights, modernisation of the status of business entities, and the implementation of sustainable development principles. The paper puts forward a series of conceptual approaches to harmonising national law with EU law, which it believes will contribute to the creation of a favourable institutional environment in the post-war period.

INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND ENSURING CYBER SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE UNDER MODERN THREATS

Valentyna Yashchuk — 2025-06-10

The present study explores contemporary approaches to the analysis, modelling and assurance of cyber security of critical information infrastructure in the face of modern threats. This text focuses on the utilisation of intelligent methods and advanced technologies for the protection of critical information infrastructure (CII). The objective of the present study is to employ an integrative approach to analysing, modelling, and ensuring the cyber security of CII in the face of contemporary threats. The methodological foundation of the study is a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature dedicated to the application of intelligent methods and technologies for the protection of CII. This includes both fundamental theoretical developments and practical aspects of implementing modern cyber security approaches, as well as experimental modelling of fraud detection processes in the CII of the financial sector. This modelling was conducted by the authors using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. A comparative analysis of concepts proposed by modern researchers is given particular emphasis, with the objective of identifying the main trends, development prospects, and potential areas for improving existing CII protection systems. In relation to the outcomes of the extension of scientific sources, it was determined that intelligent methodologies founded on machine learning and AI represent pivotal technologies for the effective safeguarding of critical infrastructure within the financial sector against contemporary cyberattacks and security threats. The results of the modelling of fraud detection processes in the CII of the financial sector of the economy allow an assessment of the effectiveness of the methods used, determination of their advantages and limitations, and formulation of recommendations for further improvement of cyber protection systems for the CII of the financial sector of the economy. The employment of an integrative approach, encompassing threat analysis, simulation modelling, artificial intelligence, and contemporary cyber defence technologies, facilitates the enhancement of the security of critical infrastructure and the effective response to emergent threats. The proposed solutions have the potential to facilitate the development of highly effective cyber defence systems in various critical infrastructure industries, including the financial, energy, and government sectors.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: FINANCIAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ruslan Bedriy — 2025-06-10

The decentralisation of public administration in Ukraine is a fundamental component of the country's administrative and municipal reforms. The primary objective of the programme is to strengthen local self-government and enhance the economic sustainability of local authorities. Nevertheless, the ongoing war and persistent financial constraints have placed considerable strain on the capacity of these bodies to operate effectively. In order to ensure the resilience and functionality of local self-government, it is essential to advance fiscal decentralisation, improve the legal and regulatory framework, and adopt human rights-based approaches in local self-government. The present study explores the financial and legal mechanisms that underpin sustainable local self-government, with particular emphasis on budgetary autonomy, public financial management, and the role of international co-operation and assistance. This research employs a dual-pronged approach, integrating legal and economic analysis to scrutinise Ukrainian legislation and identify optimal practices. The focus of this text is twofold: firstly, to examine the role of local self-government bodies in upholding human rights; and secondly, to explore how these bodies manage financial limitations and implement sustainable development strategies in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings indicate that, despite the evident increase in autonomy granted to subnational authorities by decentralisation, ongoing financial reliance on external sources and the repercussions of martial law continue to pose considerable challenges. The study emphasises the significance of effective financial administration, transparent budgeting policies, and the implementation of innovative financial instruments as pivotal factors in consolidating local self-government in Ukraine. The report offers practical recommendations for policymakers and local self-government bodies, including the diversification of financial resources, enhanced transparency, and strengthened institutional capacity. The research also emphasises the importance of international partnerships and the promotion of local and regional economic development as fundamental conditions for the establishment of sustainable self-government. These conclusions contribute to broader debates on decentralisation, public administration and sustainable development, and provide concrete proposals for Ukraine's post-war recovery and long-term resilience.

HONORING WAR VETERANS AS A COMPONENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF THE STATE: ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL ASPECT

Liudmyla Sylenko — 2025-06-25

The article examines the issue of honoring war veterans as an important element of the implementation of the socio-economic function of the state in the conditions of a special period. The authors analyse the administrative-legal mechanisms that ensure the preservation of historical memory, the dignified treatment of the defenders of the state, and the guarantees of their social protection. The emphasis is on the institutional support of the state policy of honoring veterans through the activities of central and local executive bodies, local self-government bodies, as well as interaction with public associations. The functions of the state in the organisation of commemorative events, the provision of ritual services, the support of the families of fallen soldiers, the creation of memorial objects and the establishment of symbolic spaces are revealed. The challenges of implementing effective administrative procedures in this area are outlined, including fragmentation of the regulatory field, limited funding and a lack of systematicity. Proposed ways of improving administrative and legal regulation aim to strengthen state support for veterans and their social integration, as well as strengthening national identity in conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction. The subject of the article is the administrative and legal mechanisms for implementing the socio-economic functions of the state in conditions of a special period. Research methodology. Various methods are used when studying the honouring of war veterans as an important element of the state's socio-economic function in special circumstances. These methods allow for a comprehensive consideration of the legal, social, economic and managerial aspects of this area, and include: the method of dialectical materialism; the method of abstraction; the methods of analysis and synthesis; the functional method; the method of system analysis; the synergistic method; the comparative law method; the method of interpretation and hermeneutics; the dogmatic method; and the statistical method. The purpose of the article is to reveal the principles of honoring war veterans as an important element of the implementation of the socio-economic function of the state in the conditions of a special period. Conclusions. The act of honouring war veterans within the context of a designated period represents a pivotal facet in the execution of the socio-economic function of the state. This phenomenon possesses a multifaceted significance, encompassing moral, legal and social dimensions. Firstly, it is an expression of profound respect for the military duty, sacrifice and courage demonstrated by those who defended the state. Secondly, commemoration possesses a practical dimension, as it is closely related to the system of social protection of war veterans. The present study sets out to explore the shortcomings of honouring war veterans as a means of implementing the socio-economic function of the state during a special period. The study identifies five key shortcomings: first, the formality of approaches; second, the fragmentation of legal regulation; third, insufficient funding; fourth, uneven regional provision; and fifth, weak integration into modern social processes. In order to solve these problems, the authors propose the following: 1) to regulate commemoration as an element of social policy at the legislative level. Including a separate article or even a section in the Law of Ukraine "On Status of War Veterans and Guarantees of Their Social Protection" on the commemoration policy, with clear indicators of its implementation; 2) to introduce targeted funding programmes for commemorative events, including commemoration, support for the families of the victims, and memorial initiatives, at the level of the state and local budgets; 3) to integrate the commemoration with other events; 4) to develop partnerships with the public sector; 5) c to create a unified national Register of Heroes, interactive maps and applications that would promote the stories of veterans and strengthen the nation's identity.

ANTI-CORRUPTION SAFEGUARDS IN COMMUNES. CONCLUSIONS FROM A SURVEY OF POLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

Waldemar Wojtasik — 2025-06-25

The establishment of effective anti-corruption systems has been demonstrated to be a means of limiting the deleterious economic and social effects of corruption. These systems have also been demonstrated to foster public trust and contribute to increasing management efficiency. A well-designed anti-corruption policy should include not only formal codes of conduct, but above all mechanisms that raise awareness of the risk of illegal behaviour and actively encourage whistleblowing. The ultimate success of anti-corruption efforts is contingent upon the trust employees have in the coherence and credibility of anti-corruption systems, particularly within the context of public administration. The present study explores how the implementation of an anti-corruption security system in local government affects officials' perceptions of the effectiveness of internal anti-corruption procedures. The present study was conducted among local government officials in Poland responsible for anti-corruption safeguards. Participants were randomly selected from a comprehensive list of rural, rural-urban, and urban communes (N=314). The investigation focused on two aspects: the officials' confidence in employees' competence to implement anti-corruption policy and the degree of support provided by superiors in counteracting corruption. The analysis indicates a substantial discrepancy between the existence of formal anti-corruption safeguards and the confidence of officials in their effectiveness. The vast majority of communes (86%) have not introduced an integrated anti-corruption system. It is evident that local governments in Poland are not adequately prepared to address the systemic risk of fraud and corruption. This is a matter of particular concern, given that communes, as the fundamental administrative entities, bear direct responsibility for the provision of numerous services to local residents. These include permits, concessions and infrastructure, such as roads, schools and cultural institutions. In local government units where formal anti-corruption safeguards were implemented, officials expressed greater trust in internal protective procedures and the competence of their colleagues. Furthermore, it was believed that the office was capable of providing adequate support to employees in their efforts to combat corruption. A notable finding was that officials working in larger communes and those with managerial experience exhibited a heightened level of distrust regarding the efficacy of the prevailing mechanisms.

MECHANISM FOR ENSURING THE RIGHTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: BALANCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND LEGAL FACTORS

Roman Barannik — 2025-06-25

Research subject. The article analyses the mechanism of ensuring the rights of participants to criminal proceedings, focusing on the interconnection of socio-economic and legal factors. The study covers procedural guarantees, institutional powers and the impact of general social conditions on the exercise of the rights of participants in the proceedings. The methodology includes a comprehensive approach that combines the analysis of the legal framework, statistical data, as well as theoretical provisions of criminal procedure and economics. The research uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative jurisprudence and economic analysis to assess the impact of economic conditions on the efficiency of criminal justice. The purpose of the study is to identify the optimal balance between social, economic and legal factors affecting the protection of the rights of participants to criminal proceedings. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of procedural costs as an indicator of the efficiency of the justice system. The results of the study are expressed in the formation of factors that serve to establish a balance between the socio-economic and legal aspects of the mechanism for ensuring the rights of participants to criminal proceedings. Findings. It has been proved that for the effective functioning of the mechanism for protection of the rights of participants to criminal proceedings, an integrated approach is required which takes into account both legal and socio-economic aspects. The authors propose the ways to optimise procedural costs by introducing the principles of saving procedural resources and increasing the efficiency of their use. The paper emphasises the role of a stable economy and social policy in the formation of a fair justice system.

NEURAL NETWORKS INTEGRATION INTO LEGAL RESOURCES FOR ANTI-СORRUPTION MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

Oleksii Makarenkov — 2025-06-25

The article under discussion highlights that appropriate evaluation procedures are of crucial importance for anti-corruption and other compliance assessments in international commercial transactions, national physical security guarantee agreements, their combinations, and other related deals. It is imperative that legal standards of higher civilisations neutralise the corruptive barriers posed by lower civilisations, which they integrate with through economic, defence, and other alliances. The primacy of natural law is emphasised as being balanced rather than opportunistic, both at the level of individual legal relations and in inter-nation interactions. The attainment of public goods by a nation is the result of human virtues being released from the pressure of human vices. This issue is further exacerbated by the capabilities of non-anthropogenic neural networks at the current stage of human development. The study establishes that interstate corruption exhibits all the characteristics of national corruption while additionally incorporating a scaling effect, which manifests in the preservation and expansion of material benefits through the economic exploitation of other nations and/or the use of their legal systems. In contrast to the typical, long-term, and easily sustained nature of national administrative corruption, the practice of abusing power within multinational organisations is neither typical nor easily sustained. The corrupt dimension of international communication is a constant variable, with a variable volume. The presence of virtuous individuals in top public positions within the world's most powerful nations has been demonstrated to reduce the level of global corruption-driven perversion and vice versa. The study concludes that transnational corruption constitutes organised crime, with both phenomena forming complex networks involving extremely high sums of criminally acquired assets. A deep neural network has been posited as a potential analytical and predictive model with the potential to empower stakeholders engaged in anti-corruption activities and enhance national security by providing accurate data for informed decision-making. The capabilities of non-anthropic neural networks have the potential to eliminate human error and bias in analysing the expenditure of public funds by organisations, both domestically and in international relations within foreign jurisdictions. In this context, the composition, adequacy, classification, and other characteristics of financial data, as well as access rights and regulations governing the use of neural network analysis results, play a crucial role. The overarching objective of digital networks is to ensure accurate assessment of all financial and accounting documents related to public funds and other national material resources in international economic transactions. The primary anti-corruption knowledge generated by digital neural networks consists of reliable insights into interconnections, patterns, and behavioural trends concerning material assets beyond national borders. The prevention of corruption and its associated forms of organised crime is achieved through the analytical capabilities of multimodal AI models such as Gemini, GPT-4o, and other deeply trained neural networks. In addressing the challenges posed by corruption in the context of international economic relations, the efficacy of any neural network with extensive training is noteworthy. This could be a LipNet neural network, which is trained for audio-visual recognition of human speech, or another recurrent neural network, as well as convolutional neural networks, deep contrastive neural networks, residual neural networks, and others.

ADMINISTRATION AND MARKETING OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT AT THE DAIRY PLANT AS A STRATEGIC OBJECT DURING THE WARTIME

Natalia Koval — 2025-06-25

The article conducts an analysis of the distinctive features of marketing management and anti-crisis administration at the dairy plants as strategic objects under martial law. The pivotal challenges confronting dairy enterprises encompass a broad spectrum of issues, including political and economic turbulence, disruption to logistics networks, and shifts in consumer sentiment. The focus of this text is on the necessity of developing effective marketing strategies, adaptive management approaches and digital tools to optimise costs and increase competitiveness. In order to ensure the stability of the enterprise, a number of methods must be employed. These include the diversification of distribution channels, co-operation with local producers, the pursuit of grant financing, the use of CRM systems, and staff support. This study places particular emphasis on the function of state assistance in the post-war recuperation of the industry. This material is relevant for scientists, managers, and specialists involved in survival and business development strategies in crisis conditions. The study analyses the financial condition of the "Khmelnitsky plant dry and skimmed milk "Milk Visit" in 2021–2023, identifying the dynamics of key financial indicators and highlighting factors affecting the enterprise's profitability. The constructed model of paired linear regression confirmed the positive relationship between production volume and net profit, thereby indicating the efficiency of business scaling. Notwithstanding the favourable trends, the company is confronted with challenges pertaining to inadequate liquidity and extraneous risks arising from hostilities. The proposed strategies of crisis management are aimed at increasing financial stability, adapting marketing, product diversification and digital transformation, which are necessary conditions for ensuring the sustainable development of the dairy processing enterprise in a crisis.

CIVIL ENGAGEMENT VS. PARTY PARTICIPATION: NEW FORMS OF POLITICAL INTERACTION OF UKRAINIANS (SURVEY OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS)

Denys Yakovlev — 2025-06-25

The Russian-Ukrainian war has been ongoing since 2014. The full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 resulted in profound changes to the global security, economic, social and humanitarian landscape. Additionally, it induced substantial transformations in the political life, political and economic activity, and the political reality of Ukraine. One of the most challenging issues for Ukrainian society and its authorities has been the emergence of a new social category of citizens: internally displaced persons (IDPs). They are transforming the economic landscape of certain regions by investing in real estate, securing employment and creating jobs as entrepreneurs, producing goods and providing services. IDPs have become an important part of community resilience. As members of the middle class, they are active citizens. The objective of the present article is to ascertain the most optimal and desirable forms of political participation, as perceived by IDPs themselves. The results of the qualitative study demonstrate a shift in the focus of IDP political participation, from party involvement to public activity (and potentially vice versa), signifying a novel form of political interaction between IDPs and public authorities, wherein IDPs present their own interests in public spaces. The authors conducted 201 individual face-to-face interviews with internally displaced persons from temporarily occupied regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, who had relocated to the Odesa, Vinnytsia and Kirovohrad oblasts. The findings of the study indicate a decline in the interest of IDPs in conventional political parties, accompanied by an increase in their engagement with civic initiatives and volunteering. A mere 3% of respondents indicated their intention to become party members in the near future, while a significant majority (69.2%) sought to demonstrate their activity in the public sector. This phenomenon suggests the emergence of a novel model of political participation in Ukraine, wherein civic engagement, as opposed to the influence of oligarchic parties (vertically organized leadership-type parties financed by monopolies), serves as the primary form of influence on socio-political processes. In this context, the question arises of whether civic activity and self-organization will be able to transform the oligarchic party system or if they will become its complement. The present study seeks to explore the influence of IDPs as a catalyst for civic mobilisation and economic sustainability of communities through the volunteer movement, self-organisation in communities, and rear unit leadership. It is argued that IDPs act as important "agents of influence" in this process. The potential of the public sector as an alternative to traditional party politics is indicated. It is also noteworthy that 27.9% of respondents expressed disinterest in both politics and civic activities. Concurrently, an augmentation in the number of public initiatives and projects implemented by IDPs has been documented.

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT DURING ARMED CONFLICTS: ECONOMIC AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS

Liudmyla Golovko — 2025-06-25

The environment is one of the casualties of armed conflict. In the context of military operations, a range of ecological impacts is observed, including but not limited to: human casualties; destruction of infrastructure; pollution of air, land and water resources; and damage to forests and nature reserves. Moreover, as military technologies develop, the situation is only getting worse. Environmental damage also has far-reaching economic consequences. All of this suggests that there is a need for high-quality international legal regulation of environmental protection during armed conflicts. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to analyse the consequences of environmental damage caused by the Russian Federation's aggression for the Ukrainian economy; and secondly, to identify the existing international legal regulation of environmental protection during armed conflict. In addition, the article will propose ways to solve the identified problems. An analysis was conducted on statistical data pertaining to the environmental damage caused by various armed conflicts. The issue of international legal regulation of the assessment of damage caused to the environment during military conflicts was considered. Methodology. In the course of composing the article, the primary focus was on the utilisation of general theoretical methodologies. The analysis and synthesis of existing literature, alongside theoretical generalisation and systematic interpretation, were instrumental in evaluating individual international treaties pertinent to the research topic. Results. The article considered the economic consequences of environmental damage caused by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, as well as the content of international legal regulations on environmental protection during armed conflicts and the practice of implementing them. Practical implications. The authors have identified the main range of problems existing in the sphere of international legal regulation of environmental protection, and proposed the possible ways of their resolving, on the basis of doctrinal provisions, data from reports of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine and the UN, as well as the norms of the current international law. Value/Originality. It has been determined that a significant step in enhancing the international legal regulation of environmental protection during armed conflict is necessary. This step involves the enactment of a separate convention aimed at resolving this issue, as well as the adoption of international standards on environmental damage assessment.

EVALUATION OF PRODUCT QUALITY: INDICATORS AND METHODS

Svitlana Gutkevych — 2025-06-25

The present article focuses on the economic approach to product quality management, which seeks to achieve an economic effect by comparing costs and benefits. The article evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of product quality management based on market, financial, social, and other factors. A range of approaches to quality management efficiency are identified, including economic, scientific and technical, resource, social, and environmental. Indicators are utilised to evaluate the efficacy of the product quality management process, and these indicators may be absolute or relative. The selection of quality indicators is contingent upon the unique characteristics of the product or service in question, with consideration given to both consumer requirements and company policy. The article further proposes a classification scheme of product quality indicators, encompassing the manner of expression, the scope of application, the number of assessed properties, and the stages of determining indicators. The article goes on to discuss the particular complexities involved in evaluating the effectiveness of activities in the printing industry. The quality of the publication produced by publishing and printing enterprises is the result of the editorial process, the publishing processing and the polygraphic execution. The article proposes a set of quality indicators for printing enterprises, which includes product and service quality. A variety of methods and indicators are employed to evaluate the quality of manufactured products, including the absolute, relative, prospective, and optimal levels of quality. The article under discussion herein sets forth a range of approaches to the evaluation of costs associated with quality assurance, proposing the utilisation of a system of indicators for the purpose of evaluating quality. The proposed methods encompass the differential, complex, and mixed approach. The article proposes evaluating the effectiveness of quality control and the organisational and technological readiness of the enterprise, as well as its solvency, personnel support and information support, in order to assess the quality of physical printed products and printing services provided by the company. It also suggests evaluating management effectiveness at three levels: the manufacturing enterprise; the customer of printing services; and the end user of printed products. The article under discussion herein sets out to explore the use of rating systems in the evaluation of the effectiveness of product quality management. In this regard, the balanced scorecard system (BSS) is presented as an alternative to traditional financial analytical evaluation indicators.

INFORMATION, ANALYTICAL AND INFORMATION-ANALYTICAL ACTIVITY AS A SUBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW RESEARCH

Taras Tsybulin — 2025-06-25

The article reviews information, analytical, and information-analytical activity as a subject of administrative law research. Based on the analysis of the concepts of “information activity”, “analytical activity”, and “information-analytical activity” proposed in the scientific literature, it is concluded that information-analytical activity has the following features. Firstly, it can be considered as a social phenomenon, hence the subjects of its implementation can be all subjects of public relations (people, companies, state bodies, etc.). Secondly, information-analytical activity can be carried out in two forms within public law and public relations: 1) as one of the main activities of a power entity (for example, ensuring the verification of the business reputation of a media buyer); 2) as an additional, but mandatory, element of one of the types of governmental activities (for example, within the framework of law-making activities of executive bodies). Thirdly, information-analytical activity creates and changes the information space and is implemented exclusively in this space. Fourthly, if the key purpose of the activity is the analytical processing of information, thus the essence of such activity is information-analytical. However, if the key purpose changes, information-analytical activity becomes auxiliary within another type of activity (for example, within justice or other jurisdictional activity). It is proved that the term “information and analytical activity”, as a rule, is used when describing the particularities of activities of public authorities, while the term “information and analytical work” is used when characterizing internal organizational work in public authorities and when characterizing external information activities of entities that do not have public authorities. It is noted that the correlation and use of “information and analytical activity” and “information and analytical work” depend solely on the researcher’s discretion because there are no objective criteria for distinguishing these concepts. The concepts of “information and analytical activity” and “information and analytical work” are proposed to be considered identical.

THE ROLE OF THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF UKRAINE IN SHAPING STATE CUSTOMS POLICY: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

Ivan Yaromii — 2025-06-25

The subject of the study is to clarify the role of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in shaping state customs policy from both economic and legal perspectives. Research purpose: to analyze the framework of concepts and categories, examine the current state of statutory regulation, including economic component, and determine the role of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in shaping state customs policy. Methodology: the study employs both general and specific methods of scientific knowledge, namely, systems analysis, the dialectical method, formal logic, as well as structural and functional approaches. Results: the role of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in shaping state customs policy is examined from both economic and legal perspectives. The article analyzes the key functions and powers of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in the customs sphere, as well as its influence on the development of customs legislation and its practical implementation. Particular attention is given to the fiscal function of state customs policy and its impact on the formation of the State Budget of Ukraine. The regulatory legal acts governing the activities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in the field of state customs policy are analyzed. It is noted that there are inconsistencies between the customs legislation and the normative legal acts defining the competence of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in shaping state customs policy that results in legal uncertainty in practice. The author emphasizes the need to strengthen the institutional capacity of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in shaping state customs policy. It is proposed that the term “institutional capacity of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine” be understood as the Ministry’s ability to effectively exercise its legally defined functions and powers in order to ensure the sustainable development of the national economy, effective public finance management, and the implementation of state financial policy. It is substantiated that the institutional capacity of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine may comprise the following components: 1) an efficient and transparent corporate structure ensuring a clear division of functions and powers; 2) talent capacity (in particular, the presence of highly qualified and motivated personnel with the relevant knowledge and skills to perform their duties); 3) information technologies for collecting, processing, and analyzing data essential for informed decision- making; 4) a well-defined and effective legal framework regulating the activities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and its interaction and coordination with customs authorities; 5) international cooperation, involving active engagement in order to exchange experience and attract best practices in customs coordination and public finance management. It is concluded that strengthening the institutional capacity of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine is essential for ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy and the effective management of public finances. The Ministry of Finance of Ukraine plays a pivotal role in shaping state customs policy, and its activities exert a significant influence on the country’s economic development.