Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

GLOBAL ACADEMIC TRENDS OF METABOLIC AND ELECTRICAL BIOMEDICAL TOOLS IN MARKETING

Ahmed H. Alsharif — 2024-12-30

This study employs a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, adhering to the PRISMA protocol, to systematically review and map global academic trends in neuroimaging tools for neuromarketing research. Utilising data from the Scopus database spanning January 2007 to July 2023, 104 documents were subjected to analysis, revealing a discernible upward trajectory in publications. The findings revealed that the United States emerges as the predominant contributor, with 19 papers, while influential authors such as Balconi, M., and the most-cited article, "The Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of Pavlovian Cues on Human Decision Making," signify pivotal contributions to the field. A keyword analysis reveals the prominence of key themes, including "emotion," "attention," and "advertising," offering valuable theoretical insights into the field of neuromarketing research. The journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience is identified as the most productive, with 11 papers published. This comprehensive bibliometric analysis offers insights into the current landscape of neuroimaging tools in neuromarketing, as well as providing a foundation for future research directions. The implications of these findings extend to theoretical advancements, which provide guidance to researchers in refining frameworks and offering insights for strategic decision-making in the use of neuroscientific approaches for effective marketing strategies.

INTEGRATION OF THE BALTIC STOCK MARKETS WITH GLOBAL MARKETS DURING THE PREVIOUS DECADE

Anmar Pretorius — 2024-12-30

The three Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania achieved independence in 1991. In the period between 1993 and 1996, the three Baltic countries established their own stock exchanges. The dualistic nature of these economies – namely, relatively young democracies with newly established stock exchanges on the one hand and high levels of integration into Europe due to EU and Euro area membership on the other – gives rise to the question of whether these stock exchanges are integrated with the developed markets or the emerging markets. The objective of this study is to empirically ascertain the extent of stock market integration of the Baltic markets with global stock markets. The extent of integration with developed and emerging markets is established. The preliminary analysis compares the economic structures of the three domestic economies, the industry contributions of the stock exchanges, and the major international countries investing in the three stock markets. The subsequent stage of the analysis entails the utilisation of principal component analysis. The specified number of latent factors behind global systemic risk are extracted from the panel data set employing factor analysis. Subsequently, these factors serve as independent variables, thereby explaining the variation in returns observed in each country's stock market. The explanatory power of the regressions thus indicates the degree of integration of the stock market with global markets. Despite similar economic structures, with the same sectors contributing almost equally to total output, the sectors represented on their stock exchanges are different. Financials contribute the most to the Estonian stock exchange, followed by utilities. In Lithuania, utilities dominate, with telecommunications in second place. More than half of the Latvian market is made up of utilities and another quarter of financials. Investors from a variety of countries have made investments in the three Baltic exchanges, with the composition of these investments undergoing notable shifts over the past decade. A factor analysis indicates that these Baltic markets are more integrated with the global developed stock markets than with emerging markets. However, these levels of integration are low, and movements on these exchanges are potentially more reflective of country- or region-specific factors than of global factors. There are some indications that the Estonian stock exchange was less integrated in 2019 than in 2010, while the other two show signs of increasing integration.

EVALUATION OF SMARTNESS OF THE TOURISM DESTINATION WEBSITES OF THE KLAIPEDA REGION

Julius Ramanauskas — 2024-12-30

In the context of the smart tourism ecosystem, destination communication websites occupy a pivotal position in the process of selecting destinations and hotels. In the contemporary era, the concept of smart cities, propelled by telecommunications-based information and communication technologies (ICT), is transforming the urban landscape. The concept of a smart city is not merely concerned with operational efficiency; it also seeks to enhance the overall value and quality of life for residents. This is of paramount importance for the sustainable development of urban areas. The tourism sector plays a significant role in this system, particularly due to the impact of sophisticated tourism ecosystems. The websites of local tourist information centres serve as the primary communication platforms for travellers, facilitating their decision-making processes regarding travel destinations and accommodation. This scientific publication assesses the efficacy of the websites of the tourism information centres (TICs) in the Klaipėda region, evaluating them according to criteria including user experience, integration of smart city principles and the provision of value-added services. When evaluating the websites of tourist information centres in the Klaipeda region, the authors tried to determine their smartness in relation to the following parameters 1. informativeness; 2. functionality; 3. innovation; 4. accessibility, supporting the development of regional tourism and its alignment with the broader goals of a smart city. The aim of the study is to propose directions for improvement after analysing the smartness parameters of the websites of the tourism information centres of the Klaipeda region. A review of the study's findings reveals that the informativeness parameter was rated favourably in the Klaipeda region, particularly in relation to the provision of comprehensive information about tourist destinations, accommodation facilities and catering establishments. However, the functionality and innovativeness parameters were identified as the most pressing areas for enhancement. In the functionality parameter, synchronization with weather forecasts and monitoring of tourist data (traffic dynamics) received the lowest scores – 3.6 and 3.9 points respectively (on a 10-point scale). In the context of innovation, two areas for improvement were identified: the application of virtual reality (VR) (2.4) and the measurement of visitor experience (4.6). In contrast, accessibility, particularly the availability of booking services and tourist information, was rated relatively higher. However, accessibility for people with hearing or visual impairments remains a significant challenge (4.41). Furthermore, it was observed that there is no unified city card system in place for public transport and entry to museums. The findings of the study offer valuable insights into the potential for enhancing the websites of information tourism centres by evaluating them in light of the objectives of smart city and smart tourism.

THE ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OF FRANCE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

Juraj Ondriaš — 2024-12-30

Despite the decolonisation process, France has retained a considerable degree of influence over its former colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, in recent years, this influence has diminished markedly. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to examine the extent of French economic influence in its former colonies in West and Central Africa. The paper begins by examining the long-term impact of France on the extraction of two key commodities, oil and uranium, on the African continent. This is primarily accomplished through French multinational corporations, which have historical ties to the French government and which exert dominant control over the extraction of the aforementioned mineral resources in the countries under examination. The paper then presents a case study of the Bolloré Group, another French multinational firm that has been active on the continent for an extended period of time across a range of sectors within the economies of the countries under study. In conclusion, the article presents a tabular overview of France's position as a trading partner for fourteen of its former colonies in West and Central Africa. The conclusion is that the decline in France's influence on its former colonies is much slower than one might assume based on recent developments in the political and military spheres (where French influence seems to be declining much faster in the 2020s). The decline is also more noticeable in African countries' exports to France than in their imports from France. The gradual and fluctuating nature of this decline makes it premature to ascertain whether the general decline of French influence, whether economic or political-military, in recent years represents a turning point in the emancipation of France's former colonies, or whether it is merely a transient phenomenon.

LEGAL AND ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF INDEPENDENT AZERBAIJAN IN RELATION TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

Katana Gafarova — 2024-12-30

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, methodological and applied foundations of the legal and economic principles of the foreign policy of independent Azerbaijan in relation to neighbouring countries. Methodology. General scientific and special legal methods were used in the process of research. The analysis determined the quantitative characteristics of the economic and legal principles of the foreign policy of independent Azerbaijan in relation to the neighbouring countries as a social phenomenon. The synthesis provided the formation of common features of the legal and economic principles of the foreign policy of independent Azerbaijan in relation to the neighbouring countries. The comparative legal method allowed to identify the characteristic similarities and differences in the international regulatory legal acts, national legislation in this sphere, as well as the prospects for improvement of legal regulation of such relations. The formal-legal method created the conditions for the formulation of conclusions on the effectiveness of measures defined by the international and national legislation in the field of construction of economic and legal principles of foreign policy of independent Azerbaijan in relation to the neighbouring countries. The purpose of the article is to define the economic and legal foundations of the independent Azerbaijan's foreign policy towards neighbouring countries. The results of the study showed that the economic and legal principles of independent Azerbaijan's foreign policy towards neighbouring countries are based on respect for territorial integrity, independence, national identity, free economic development, ensuring security and creating an image of a safe and reliable partner both within the Southern Transcaucasus region and beyond. Conclusion. The relationship between the economic and legal components in the content of the country's foreign policy activity is differentiated, where the economy acts as a means and functionality for the use of a certain set of resources for the production, sale, distribution and consumption of public goods, and the law ensures the structuring of all social phenomena according to certain rules of behaviour in terms of satisfying public and private interests in the context of building a compromise model of the relationship between them. The economic principles that underpin Azerbaijan's relations with neighbouring countries are predicated on geographical and geopolitical factors, which exert an indirect influence on relations in the oil and gas industry, the construction of transport routes and ways of moving goods, and the ensuring of the region's energy security and other geopolitical formations. In this context, the potential for the implementation of projects to create free economic zones is noted. In the economic sphere, Azerbaijan chooses the means and instruments of co-operation that correspond to the foundations of a civilised, market-based approach to the comprehensive solution of security, resource, energy and financial problems. Azerbaijan is involved in the implementation of many projects of security, energy and logistic nature, including "One Belt, One Road", "Belt and Road", "Middle Corridor", "North-South", "Crossroads of the World", etc. Among the countries occupying a dominant position in the world economy, Azerbaijan has developed the deepest and broadest relations with China, which is reflected in the relevant foreign economic projects. The legal basis of Azerbaijan's co-operation with neighbouring countries is determined on three levels: 1) universal international law; 2) regional international law; 3) national. The dispositive principles of co-operation with the EU are described in detail, with particular reference to the peculiarities of the legal regime established by the founding documents of this organisation and the fundamental founding agreements. Attention is drawn to the rather defining provisions of the intergovernmental agreements of Azerbaijan with China and Kazakhstan, in view of a number of common interests in the field of security, energy independence, logistics and other areas of the economy. The potential for the advancement of such relations is acknowledged, with the premise of exponential diversification being established as a foundation. This diversification is characterised by the acceleration of the non-oil sector, irrespective of the magnitude of oil revenues, and the integration of information and communication technologies across various societal domains.

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS OF JUDICIAL LIABILITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION OF MODERN SOCIETY

Konul Akhundova — 2024-12-30

The subject matter of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, methodological and applied foundations of international and national legal mechanisms of judicial liability in the context of economic globalisation of modern society. Methodology. The present study employed a combination of general scientific and special legal methodologies. Through meticulous analysis, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economic and legal essence of an independent and impartial judiciary as the nation's sole arbiter of justice were systematically delineated. The synthesis yielded a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing the judicial accountability of judges across diverse legal systems, with particular consideration for each system's economic level of development. The employment of a comparative legal methodology has facilitated the identification of both common and distinctive characteristics in both international and national legislation. This is a scientific development that is indicative of the legal mechanism for holding judges to disciplinary liability. The formal-legal method established the foundations for formulating conclusions regarding the effectiveness of existing national legal regimes for holding judges accountable. The purpose of the present article is to determine the specific features of international and national legal mechanisms of judicial liability in the context of economic globalisation in modern societies. The results of the study show that the existing international legal mechanism of judicial liability developed by international institutions is quite effective and promising for implementation within the framework of national legal regimes, and the national mechanism of judicial liability needs to be improved both in terms of procedure and means of its implementation in connection with the economic development of society. Conclusion. The establishment of functional indicators of the judiciary has been undertaken, which are convergent in combination with economic indicators of the population's well-being, conditions for opening one's own business, ensuring financial and banking stability, GDP growth, the level of development of relevant sectors of industry and the economic sphere as a whole, etc. Among the indicators that reproduce the productivity of all three branches of government, the following are highlighted: the government efficiency index - the executive branch, the legislation quality index - the legislative branch, the rule of law index - the judiciary. A direct dependence of the economic development and rule of law indices has been revealed, since under the condition of ensuring the latter, there is a guarantee of the harmonious existence of all sectors of society, and conditions are created to prevent the emergence of existential threats to the national interests of the state, including the provision of human rights and freedoms. The mechanism for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility has been established in accordance with international standards, including 1) a special procedure for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility, which is defined by law; 2) the formation of an independent body that should consider such cases; 3) ensuring the right of a judge to participate in such procedure directly or through a representative, to exercise his right of defence and to express his opinion; 4) the right to appeal against the decision taken on the basis of the results of this procedure; 5) the exhaustiveness of the sanctions that can be applied and their proportionality. Within the framework of the national legal systems of the countries under consideration, the features of holding judges accountable in relation to their professional activities and for offences committed outside them are determined, which mediate the implementation of the content of the immunity and immunity of such officials. The procedure for holding judges criminally and disciplinarily liable is highlighted separately, and the reasons, grounds, procedure and subjects of the above-mentioned proceedings are determined, which indicates the special status of bodies that ensure the achievement of a social compromise in the influence of society on the judiciary, in combination with the construction of ensuring the immunity of judges.

IMPACT OF ENERGY PRICES ON PRICES OF BASIC TOURISM SERVICES IN THE EURO AREA

Lachezar Borisov — 2024-12-30

The tourism sector in the euro area has faced several challenges over the last five years. After a period of accelerated development, tourism is facing a serious challenge caused by the COVID-19 crisis and a decline in the number of tourists and in tourism services provided. The period of recovery has been accompanied by significant inflationary processes and a shock increase in the prices of energy products, further provoked by the war on the territory of Ukraine. Furthermore, there has been a notable surge in the cost of services within the tourism industry. In light of these developments, it is imperative to investigate the interconnections between energy prices and those in the hotel and restaurant sector. The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the causal relationship between energy inflation and inflation in the hotel and restaurant sector across various periods of crises and external influences on the sector. This analysis seeks to elucidate the causal relationship between energy inflation and inflation in the hotel and restaurant sector. It is based on official statistics published by Eurostat for the euro area, utilising monthly data from the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices, with a particular focus on the groups "Electricity, gas and other fuels" and "Restaurants and hotels". The results of the testing indicated that the highest correlation between the series of the annual inflation rate of energy products and the inflation rate of services provided by hotels and restaurants was observed when different lags were employed. Following the identification of the highest values of Pearson's coefficient between the inflation rate of energy products and the annual increase in the prices of services provided by hotels and restaurants, a dynamic analysis was conducted. The primary focus of the study is a regression analysis conducted with a predetermined monthly lag. The regression analysis revealed a causal relationship between the prices of hotels and restaurants and the dynamics of energy product prices, thereby enabling the prediction of the former based on the latter. The study reveals the existence of a specific functional relationship. The null hypothesis, which states that there is no causal link between energy product prices and the prices of services provided by hotels and restaurants, is also rejected. The statistical significance of the causal relationship between the two indices is demonstrated. A correlation analysis reveals a relationship between the monthly inflation rates for the categories "Electricity, gas and other fuels" and "Restaurants and hotels" on an annual basis. Furthermore, the two indices exhibit comparable dynamics with a lag of seven months. In particular, the price dynamics of energy products can be employed to forecast the price dynamics of the hotel and restaurant sector after a seven-month period. Moreover, the regression analysis indicates the existence of a statistically significant functional, linear relationship between inflation in energy products and inflation in basic tourism services. It seems plausible to suggest that the fluctuations in energy prices observed during the period 2019-2024 could serve as an indicator of potential shifts in the pricing of basic tourism services. In light of these findings, it is possible for euro area governments to implement targeted measures, while tourism managers can devise bespoke strategies.

INTRA-REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF MUNICIPALITIES OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODESHIP IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN 2010 AND 2020

Paweł Dziekański — 2024-12-30

Regions, as spatial socio-economic systems, are characterised by different levels of development and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is an element of job creation, economic development and innovation. It is an element of local territorial capital and a development factor, an element that shapes both the structures of economies and their communities, a determinant of their sustainable development. The phenomenon of entrepreneurship is influenced by a number of factors, including social capital, demographic characteristics, the availability of infrastructure, access to natural resources, the economic structures prevailing in a given region, the quality of human capital, the standard of housing stock, and the quality of infrastructure facilities. The objective of this article is to assess the economic and demographic factors that contribute to the spatial differentiation of the entrepreneurial situation of municipalities, based on a synthetic measure. The empirical data were collected at the municipal level in the Świętokrzyskie region of Poland. The variables were selected based on the availability of data from Statistics Poland for the years 2010 and 2020. Synthetic measures were constructed using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution method. The Świętokrzyskie region is distinguished by a notable lack of economic competitiveness. The synthetic measure of entrepreneurship in the municipalities of the Świętokrzyskie region exhibited a range of 0.27 to 0.75 in 2010 and 0.30 to 0.65 in 2020. The diversity of the municipalities is attributable to a range of factors, including demographic, natural and socio-economic development processes. It is evident that additional support is required to facilitate the growth and development of entrepreneurship in the Świętokrzyskie province. Spatial polarisation in terms of entrepreneurial development is correlated with demographic and economic variables. Municipalities within the sphere of influence of urban centres had favourable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. Municipalities with an agricultural character, located on the periphery of Kielce and other cities in the region, have the least favourable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship has mainly taken place in centres with long service or industrial traditions. Concurrently, a more pronounced expansion of services was witnessed in urban areas situated at a distance from the central hubs, driven by the necessity to address the demands of the local population. Conversely, industrialisation flourished in cities in close proximity to these central locations, where extensive collaboration and convenient transportation networks were feasible. Ongoing studies of entrepreneurship and the variables that shape it, such as demographics, should help authorities to evaluate and change policies. The rise or fall of synthetic measures should be a way of assessing the impact of current regional management. The results obtained can inform local authorities about the disparities that exist between units.

INCREASING VALUE-BASED COMPANY POTENTIAL: THE GROUNDS OF A FULL-SCALE ASSESSMENT

Romans Dyakons — 2024-12-30

The present study is a comprehensive evaluation of a business enterprise, with the objective of assisting its management in identifying and addressing the consequences of organisational difficulties, including the formation and distribution of the economic fund created as a result of the prevention of incurred losses. The subject of this assessment is the decision-making methodology, which serves as the basis for drawing conclusions about the states of the process and includes elements for training personnel involved in the implementation of the new version of the system. The objective of methodological foundations is to facilitate the timely identification of potential vulnerabilities that could lead to future losses in sustainability. From an organisational perspective, the conditions that facilitate the implementation of unproductive proposals are being circumvented. The object under discussion is a standardised, unique management tool developed for the purpose of assessing the operational states of an organisation. The objective of this study is to develop a procedure for identifying effective methods to enhance organisational performance, while preventing unauthorised disruption to the control system. The full-scale assessment is performed through three conceptual transitions. The first of these transitions is from the initial application points to the subsequent anomaly capability principles. Finally, the standard clauses are reached. The standard provides a detailed, step-by-step account of the organisation's status. A significant element of the investigation is the provision of decision-making based on objective ratios. In order to form objective conclusions regarding the state of the organisation, recommendations are made to recover the loss of value, taking into account the localisation of the places that lead to inefficiencies. The novelty of the study lies in the development of a comprehensive document containing instructions for experts on implementing measures aimed at improving performance by eliminating the shortcomings of the original version of the real control system. The existence of the standard allows for a well-founded conclusion to be drawn regarding the organisation's performance through a combination of cost indicators designed to meet conditionally specified standards and dimensionless indicators of process capability that belong to the category of objectively defined standards. This combination permits the unlocking of the organisation's growth potential in a novel environment through the synchronisation of performance standards and efficiency metrics. Consequently, the organisation is safeguarded from implementing ineffectual changes that could result in a reduction in efficiency.

AI AS A CREATIVE PARTNER: HOW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IMPACTS STUDENT CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION: CASE STUDY OF STUDENTS FROM LATVIA, UKRAINE AND SPAIN

Olga Verdenhofa — 2024-12-30

This study explores students' perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the educational process, focusing specifically on creativity and confidence. As AI technology becomes increasingly integrated into higher education, understanding its impact on students' creative development and their confidence in using AI tools is crucial for shaping effective educational practices. To this end, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed and distributed to higher education students across Latvia, Ukraine, and Spain, resulting in a diverse sample of 89 respondents. The survey collected data on demographic information, general AI usage in education, and students' attitudes towards AI's impact on creativity. To analyse the data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to examine country-based differences in AI usage frequency. The results showed no significant variance (p = 0.448). This finding led to the rejection of the hypothesis that students from EU countries use AI more frequently than those from non-EU countries. Descriptive data analysis revealed that 83% of students felt AI did not limit their creative expression, and 69% reported a positive impact on their ability to generate creative solutions. However, only 47% of students expressed confidence in using AI collaboratively, indicating mixed perceptions about its role in group creative tasks. These results suggest that while students generally view AI as supportive of their creativity, there is a need for increased efforts to enhance confidence in AI's collaborative and creative applications. In light of the escalating significance of AI in educational settings, this study is pivotal in elucidating the optimal integration of AI to nurture students' creative growth and fortify their confidence in the effective utilisation of AI tools. This research makes a significant contribution to the field by offering valuable insights into the evolving role of AI in higher education, emphasising the importance of balanced integration strategies for maximising its potential in the educational sphere.

ASSESSMENT OF THE REGION'S INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS INVESTMENT POTENTIAL IN WARTIME

Ruslan Boiko — 2024-12-30

The subject of the study is the processes of formation and implementation of regional investment policy in wartime. Methodology. The following methods of economic analysis were used in the study: analysis and synthesis (to ensure a systematic approach when characterising the investment environment of the region), statistical analysis and calculation (when analysing the volume, dynamics and structure, factors and functional features of the formation of the investment environment of the regional economy), strategic management (to determine the strategic goal, objectives, mechanisms, instruments and expected results of the regional investment policy in wartime). The article is aimed at characterising the state of the investment environment of the region and substantiating the instruments for realisation of the investment potential of the region in wartime (on the example of Lviv Oblast of Ukraine). The results of the study enabled the identification of the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats, of the region's investment environment in terms of components such as production and resources, institutional and legal, security, infrastructure and macroeconomic. In particular, the article finds that the production and resource, safety and macroeconomic components of the region's investment environment are at a relatively high level. Instead, the institutional, legal and infrastructural components are characterised by greater problems (and thus a negative impact on the intensification and improvement of the structural characteristics of investment activity). Conclusion. The Lviv Oblast has been shown to exhibit several distinguishing features when compared to other regions of Ukraine. These include a relatively large domestic market and a high level of development in the real sector, including financial and credit, and investment infrastructure, transport, logistics, and trade systems, construction, education, scientific and ICT potential, and a large population. The region's strategic location has also contributed to the influx of substantial capital investment, which has been allocated to the regional economy, particularly to real sector industries, productive sectors, and areas with a high level of added value. This indicates that the region's investment development is at a relatively high level. At the same time, the following shortcomings and weaknesses remain in the region's investment development: the presence of systemic deficiencies in the region's investment climate; small volumes of investment (per unit of resources) and limited rates of their increase; low investment activity in the real sector of the economy with high added value; low investment in intangible assets in industries that form human and innovative potential; critically low volumes of foreign investment, especially direct investment; limited public, intermunicipal and cross-border investment; underdeveloped system of risk financing of investment in innovation; underdeveloped stock market and small role of bank lending. It is substantiated that effective instruments of regional investment policy in the context of critical instability are: military risk insurance and diversification; use of concession agreements; private and public investments in the defence industry and critical infrastructure industries/sectors (energy, transport and logistics, medicine and pharmaceuticals, natural resources); support for innovative and technological startups in the areas of security, the real economy and infrastructure; stimulation of investments in human resources; support for investments in business projects of demobilised persons, war veterans and other combatants; encouragement of investments in the development of export potential to maintain the country's financial security.

THE SYSTEM OF ENTITIES USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIELD OF LIFE SAFETY: ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING

Dmytro Bondar — 2024-12-30

The present article undertakes a study of the system of subjects using information technologies in the field of life safety, namely administrative law and economic principles of their activities. It also identifies promising areas for improving the current national legislation which regulates relevant legal relations. It is noted that the system of civil protection subjects is generally defined by the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine. However, in light of the escalating natural, man-made, social and military threats, there is an imperative to establish a unified information and telecommunications system for civil protection. This system should encompass an interactive map and a database of civil protection subjects. It is imperative to establish a definitive legal framework encompassing the utilisation of information technologies in life safety contexts. This framework is crucial for the effective administration of pertinent information and telecommunications systems, as well as the maintenance of associated databases. Concurrent maintenance of mobile applications, designed for the mobilisation of human and material-technical resources in the event of a threat or the immediate occurrence of an emergency, is also paramount. The author concludes with a call for amendments to be made to the current national legislation on the administrative law regulation of mobile application usage in the field of life safety. This would include the rights and obligations of subjects that will administer the aforementioned mobile applications and subjects that will be involved in the elimination of emergencies and their consequences as volunteers via the installed mobile application. Particular attention is paid to the need for proper technical support of entities involved in the elimination of emergencies and their consequences with the help of information technology.

VICTIM OF AN OFFENCE: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN AN INTERJURISDICTIONAL CONTEXT

Andrii Borovyk — 2024-12-30

The paper addresses some criminal law and criminological issues related to the status and rights of crime victims. The study provides a comparative examination of the legal frameworks for crime victims in Ukraine, the United States and the European Union. It highlights significant differences in the definition of victim in Ukrainian criminal law and procedure, while discussing broader victim protection mechanisms in the American and European contexts. The subject of the study is an economic and legal analysis of the status of a crime victim in different jurisdictions. The chosen research methodology is based on the methods of systematic analysis, comparison and interdisciplinary (legal/economic) research. The purpose of this article is to propose, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, some new approaches to understanding the concept of a crime victim in several world jurisdictions. The study draws conclusions of both theoretical and practical importance regarding the economic and legal status of crime victims at national and international levels. It is noted that, while the median economic losses from crimes are generally modest, crimes with significant financial impacts are rare but disproportionately covered in the media. The study places particular emphasis on the economic impact of crimes on victims and society as a whole. In addition to direct costs such as medical expenses, it also analyses indirect consequences including psychological trauma. The study furthermore includes an evaluation of restorative justice frameworks and victim compensation policies within the economic analyses of law framework. Moreover, the study underscores the pivotal role of international legal instruments, such as the EU's Directive 2012/29/EU and the International Criminal Court's provisions, in promoting universal enhancement of victims' rights. The authors advocate for further comparative research to harmonise national and international approaches to victim protection. It has been established that American federal law also recognises a special status of crime victims and contains a comprehensive legal protection framework to bring them justice. In comparison, the European model of protecting crime victims, as discussed in the paper, has been developed even further. It includes both legal mechanisms to protect victims within the EU and to monitor the progress of such protection at the international level. It has been demonstrated that the International Criminal Court (ICC) places significant emphasis on issues pertaining to victims by establishing a comprehensive procedural framework aimed at recognising and safeguarding the rights of victims subjected to various international crimes within the purview of the Court's jurisdiction.

TOOLS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH

Eldar Veremchuk — 2024-12-30

The purpose of this paper is to identify the communicative tools used in the postcolonial world for intercultural communication and to outline the potential for their practical implementation. The objectives of the present investigation are as follows: firstly, to highlight the tools used in international communication within business discourse; secondly, to identify the ways in which these tools can be tailored for postcolonial communication practices; thirdly, to provide positive and negative examples of their use and to offer recommendations for their better implementation; and fourthly, to establish how business communication practices, such as branding and advertising, can benefit the revival of the national idea and cultural heritage while unifying the nation ideologically. The object of the study is intercultural communication in the postcolonial space, and the subject is the peculiarities of communication tools. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, despite the existence of many works dedicated to various aspects of intercultural communication, there are no works that establish and classify the exact tools that can be used to promote the national identity of the former colonies in the intercultural business communication. The aforementioned tools encompass branding, marketing, PR and publicity. Furthermore, the article undertakes an examination of the manner in which these instruments can be employed not solely within the context of business communicative discourse but also as a means of constructing and reinforcing a national concept and cultural unity. The methodology of the research relied on the following methods: firstly, the method of continuous sampling, which was employed to select language communicative contexts for analysis; secondly, the method of semantic and pragmatic analysis, which was used to identify the meaning of language units used in intercultural communication and their impact on the recipient; and thirdly, the method of interpretative analysis of text from the advertising discourse, which was used to find the hidden meanings and implications in marketing messages. The study established that branding, when employed as a tool in the context of intercultural postcolonial communication, can be either regressive or progressive. While the former seeks to disguise the colonial influence on business, the progressive branding strategy seeks to promote national and cultural identity by using nationally themed brand names, deleting colonial semantics in naming, and emphasising uniqueness and identity through the use of cultural symbols and motifs. Postcolonial advertising should be tailored to each target market and can be used not only for business purposes but also to promote a national idea. The public relations and publicity tools encompass the endorsement of products by figures from the local culture, as well as the utilisation of an accurate decolonised language of reference. This underscores the equality and autonomy of the formerly colonised culture. The findings can be employed by business practices engaged in intercultural communication in postcolonial contexts, as well as by theorists who study the manner in which decolonised societies live and develop.

REVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF AIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERNISATION OF THIS PROCESS

Іnna Honcharuk — 2024-12-30

The relevance of the study is due to the need to adapt the agro-industrial complex (AIC) to modern challenges, in particular environmental and economic, to ensure its sustainable development. Studying the European experience of AIC development and the introduction of green technologies opens up opportunities for modernising the industry and increasing its efficiency in the face of global change. The purpose of the study is to examine the experience of European countries in the development of the AIC, to identify the main trends and to determine the place of green technologies in the modernisation of production. The object of the study is the agro-industrial complex of European countries, as well as the processes of modernisation of this sector, which are taking place through the introduction of modern green technologies, innovative practices, as well as the adaptation of European approaches to ensuring sustainable and efficient development of the agricultural sector in the face of global challenges and environmental constraints. The research methodology is based on systemic, comparative and analytical approaches that provide a comprehensive analysis of the agro-industrial complex in the context of its modernisation. The theoretical framework includes: a systemic approach that considers the agro-industrial complex as an integral interconnected system operating in an economic, social and environmental environment; a comparative method that provides an analysis of the European experience in implementing green technologies, with an emphasis on adapting these approaches to other conditions, identifying best practices and assessing the possibilities of their application for the modernisation of the industry; an environmental approach that studies the impact of implementing green technologies to reduce the negative impact of agricultural activities on the environment. The analysis of the main characteristics of EU agriculture in 2019-2023 showed that labour productivity in the sector is growing annually, while real factor income varies by year. The growth of agricultural production along with a decrease in CO2 emissions indicates the application of environmental measures, however, the share of the industry in the total European emissions is growing, which confirms the need for its modernisation on a green basis. The authors systematise the main areas of green technologies in the AIC. The study showed that EU countries are actively implementing various effective models of green business in the agricultural sector, with the mainstream being the creation of green clusters, the development of green energy and the production of organic products. The study of the development of green energy in the European AIC has identified biogas and biomethane production as the fastest growing sectors; countries such as Denmark and Sweden have already replaced more than 25% of natural gas consumption in 2022. The analysis of the development of organic production showed an increase in the area under organic production (by 5.7% annually in 2012-2020) and an increase in the volume of organic production. Based on the study of EU programmes and initiatives related to the use of green technologies in the agricultural sector, the article summarises that they are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, developing organic production, increasing the efficiency of natural resources use, expanding the production and use of renewable energy sources in the agricultural sector, preserving biodiversity and introducing innovations for sustainable agricultural development. The analysis of the CAP 2023-2027 showed an intensification of the environmental direction of the industry's development to comply with the European Green Deal. Thus, green technologies are becoming an integral part of the development of the AIC in European countries and their use is being stimulated through financial instruments and regulatory frameworks.

SMART SPECIALISATION AS A BASIC COMPONENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Olena Guzenko — 2024-12-30

The European Union plays a pivotal role in supporting all regions and Member States to enhance their potential for innovation, competitiveness and sustainable development and growth. A primary instrument in the promotion of regional development is the implementation of the smart specialisation (SS) concept, which entails the identification of regional strengths and the cultivation of competitive advantages through the utilisation of the prevailing economic and innovation infrastructure. The analysis of the EU countries' experience has demonstrated that the SS concept fosters the establishment of an industrial and innovative foundation for the regional economy, delineates the distinctive characteristics of economic, scientific and technological specialisation among regions, and delineates the trajectories of their productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. In light of the crisis situation in the social and economic development of Ukraine's regions, the development and implementation of SS strategies at the regional level has the potential to enhance regional competitiveness, generate employment opportunities, and improve social conditions. Furthermore, the implementation of these strategies can also generate additional financial opportunities to support regional development. The subject of the present study is a set of theoretical and methodological aspects of innovative regional development through the implementation of the SS concept. The authors have set the task of formulating the main segments of the SS concept as a priority component of increasing the competitiveness of regions, improving their socio-economic climate and proposing a modernization of the conceptual category "SS of socio-economic development of regions" for a more substantive definition of the directions of innovative regional policy. The methodological basis of the study is based on the general principles of scientific knowledge: the principle of objectivity, which requires the identification of all the main obstacles to the implementation of the SS strategy in the regions; the principle of historicism, which provides for the coverage of the historical origins of the SS concept; the principle of a systematic approach, which allows to clarify the essence of the term "SS of the region"; the principle of logical generalisation, which contributes to the substantiation of the basic requirements for the successful implementation of the SS concept of the region and the definition of the key principles of SS implementation in the region. The study of such an innovative tool for regional development as SS has enabled the identification of several key segments of its essential content, which are taken into account by scientists and substantiated by the existing modern principles of its implementation. The authors analyse the individual stages of the emergence of the SS concept from the perspective of its historical formation, relevance and interconnection with the sustainable socio-economic growth of the region. This study pays particular attention to the main conceptual provisions of the SS concept. These include research and innovation strategies of SS, the choice of the region as the main object of specialisation, the use of scientific, technological and economic specialisation, and the attribution of key assets and the possible potential for diversification of the international position of the region as a local node in global chains to the main criteria for choosing subject areas. Simultaneously, the content of the primary barriers to the implementation of the SS strategy in the regions is delineated. These barriers are responsible for the slowdown in the promotion of innovation, industrial and socio-economic policy, and their further development. The principles of SS implementation in the region are outlined, with the establishment of the existing connection of their adaptation. The existence of a relationship between the SS concept and regional development, industrial and innovation policy is substantiated. Results. The SS concept of the regions is a priority tool for their competitiveness, social and economic development, taking into account production, innovation and economic potential. Achieving the strategic socio-economic intentions of regional development, ensuring the preservation of their specialisation and existing potential is impossible without the implementation of an effective SS Regions Concept. For Ukraine, the SS Regions concept represents the EU's assistance in promoting the development of Ukrainian regions and helping to overcome the prolonged economic downturn. It has been demonstrated that the benefits of this approach for Ukraine include the accession of regions to the EU network of regions, attracting investors to the region, increasing the number of joint projects with the EU, supporting regions in the process of economic transformation and aligning professional potential with market requirements. The authors of the study posit that the successful implementation of the concept of SS regions, the achievement of an appropriate level of competitiveness, and the improvement of socio-economic development can only be achieved through effective co-operation and synergy between local authorities, business, academia, and civil society.

REGIONAL FACTORS OF MECHANISMS TRANSFORMATION FOR STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE

Tetyana Calinescu — 2024-12-30

The third year of the full-scale war in Ukraine has given rise to a number of new challenges for the entrepreneurial activity of the industrial sector at the regional level. The issue of economic security has become paramount for business entities, its relevance being of the utmost importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors and mechanisms that facilitate the transformation of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of Ukraine at the regional level. The subject of the present study is the theoretical foundations, modern trends and transformation factors for the mechanisms of strengthening the economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of the Ukrainian regions. The research methodology is founded on the concept of Industry 5.0 development, which involves a shift of priorities from purely economic to social values and the welfare of society. The implementation of this concept should be a goal for each region separately and the country as a whole. In order to achieve the goal, the following methods were used: analysis of theoretical sources (to determine the essence of the concept of economic security and the mechanism of its formation at the regional level, taking into account the existing ones), comparison and generalisation (to analyse the latest publications of Ukrainian scientists), graphic and statistical analysis (to determine modern trends in the development of entrepreneurship in the industrial sector of Ukraine), analysis of strategic programme documents (to identify modern strategic favourable and unfavourable factors for strengthening the economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector at the regional level). Results of the study: it is determined that the formation of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of Ukraine at the regional level is carried out by increasing the volume of sales of products/services against the background of ensuring the resource, production, scientific, technical, human resources potential, provided that the welfare of employees and the absence of inflation; an instrumentarium for assessing the status of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector at the regional level has been defined, which provides for the analysis of individual coefficients with a threshold value, as well as the calculation of an integral indicator of the status of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of the region; the article characterises modern factors of formation of economic security of entrepreneurial activity at the level of regions of Ukraine, in particular, the most promising branches of the industrial sector for a particular region of Ukraine and the standard of living of the economically active population with the status of internally displaced persons. Conclusion. It is evident that the most promising industrial sectors for enhancing the economic security of entrepreneurial activity at the regional level are energy, agri-food, extraction of critical minerals, processing industry, and IT sphere. It is important to note that these sectors are set to develop in parallel with the support for entrepreneurial initiatives and the implementation of the "green transition" in industry. However, it is crucial to ensure that the development of these industries is accompanied by balanced support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. This support should extend beyond professional reorientation, encompassing social and everyday support to ensure the proper quality of life for these individuals.

THE MODEL OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF UKRAINE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD: THE STRATEGY OF THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE

Ivan Klopov — 2024-12-30

Objective. The article examines the possibilities for Ukraine's economic recovery in the post-war period, focusing on key areas of development such as infrastructure investment, foreign aid, attracting private capital, restoring industrial enterprises and creating innovative infrastructure in old industrial regions. Special emphasis is placed on integration into European economic structures as a strategic direction that will contribute to economic stability and development. Methodology. The study is based on the analysis of scientific sources, international experience of post-war reconstruction, as well as the evaluation of economic indicators of Ukraine, which allows to determine the most effective approaches to the reconstruction and modernisation of the economy. Various aspects of infrastructure restoration, in particular transport and energy infrastructure, necessary to meet the basic needs of the economy and increase its productivity, are assessed. The results suggest that investment in critical infrastructure, such as transport and energy, can significantly accelerate recovery and lay the foundations for sustainable economic growth. Support from the international community and financial assistance will help stabilise the economy in the short term, while long-term structural reforms and industrial modernisation will increase competitiveness and ensure integration into European markets. The creation of innovation clusters in old industrial regions can also contribute to regional development and reduce economic disparities. Practical consequences. The proposed approaches have the potential to inform state policy in the field of post-war reconstruction, the promotion of attraction of international investments, the development of industrial and innovation clusters, and the expansion of co-operation with European partners. The importance of structural reforms lies in the creation of a favourable investment climate and the improvement of governance processes, which are critical for sustainable economic development. Value / Originality. The article proffers a comprehensive approach to the recovery of Ukraine, with a focus on contemporary economic realities and the potential of European integration. The article's uniqueness lies in its emphasis on establishing long-term conditions for sustainable development through a novel rethinking of industrial zones. This approach will enable Ukraine to not only recover from the war but also ensure sustainable economic growth in the future.

ADMINISTRATIVE PREREQUISITES FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF SMALL BUSINESSES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

Natalia Koval — 2024-12-30

The purpose of the study is to examine the administrative prerequisites for financial management and marketing of small enterprises at the regional level. Results. Thus, it can be argued that the financial management of a small enterprise includes the following basic principles, methods, forms of effective and rational management of financial resources and relations of the enterprise. The main goal of financial management of small businesses is to ensure uninterrupted sustainable production and economic activity to maximise profits and increase the competitiveness of the business entity. An important component of small business development in Ukraine is the financial management system. As practice shows, marketing for a small business is a system of organising its activities with the adoption of basic marketing measures. Although marketing is not completely ignored, most small business units use only some of its tools (mostly various types of advertising their own goods or services). A small business is often characterised by a lack of resources, which presents a serious challenge: the choice of marketing tools must be made responsibly and with great care. The likelihood of making mistakes must be minimised, as the consequences can have a significant impact on the company's financial health. The research was conducted on the example of the private enterprise "AHROTEMP PLIUS" located in the town of Yampil, Vinnytsia Oblast. A complete picture of the assessment of the financial management and marketing of a small enterprise cannot be imagined without a study of the liquidity ratios, which characterise the liquidity of the balance sheet, i.e., the ability of the enterprise to pay its short-term debt obligations with its current assets in the form of working capital when the payment terms are approaching. Value / Originality. Several coefficients are used to assess the financial management of a company. First of all, there is the coefficient of financial independence, which shows what proportion of the total investment in the enterprise is made up of equity capital. It characterises the financial independence of the company from external sources of financing its activities. Thus, after analysing the main financial indicators of PE activity, it can be stated that the company achieves maximum financial results, increases its own capital and strengthens its position on the competitive market with the help of financial policy and financial instruments. Mechanisms have been developed to support entrepreneurial activity. Small business is an important sector of the economy, which acts as a locomotive for the functioning of the entire system of social and economic relations. Researched state programmes to support the development of small business units at the regional level should be coordinated with the resource base of their functioning, and implementation deadlines and direct executors should also be established. The main goal of state administrative policy is to coordinate the actions of all bodies interested in the development of entrepreneurship. Small business (small entrepreneurship) is a business activity carried out by subjects of the market economy in accordance with the criteria established by laws, state bodies or other representative organisations. The primary function of small businesses is the generation of employment opportunities, the swift adaptation to market fluctuations in supply and demand, and the replenishment of financial resources. This is particularly pertinent in contemporary contexts where the financial viability of small businesses is a salient concern. To categorise an enterprise as either a small or large business, various criteria are employed to determine the maximum size of an enterprise. Since 2015, the state has revised the criteria for classifying an enterprise as a small business. Now the rules for registering companies as small enterprises are even more different and have clear characteristics. The differences concern: shares in authorised capital; average number of employees; amount of turnover. Small and medium-sized enterprises have clear registration criteria. They depend on the type of enterprise and the working conditions. If the enterprise employs 15 persons, it is classified as a micro-enterprise. In the event that the number of employees in a commercial organisation exceeds 101, said organisation is classified as a medium-sized business. By contrast, a small business can have between 16 and 100 employees. In view of this, the following recommendations can be made regarding the priority measures of effective support and the identification of the main prospects for the development of small entrepreneurship at the regional and local levels. The development of state policy in this direction presents a range of prospects for further research. These include the coordination of the actions of all subjects interested in the development of entrepreneurship. Such subjects include authorities at all levels, subjects of entrepreneurship, associations and unions of entrepreneurs, science, institutions of market infrastructure. The formation and implementation of effective state and public systems of its maintenance, support and protection is also a key area for research. In the context of expanding economic independence at the regional level, the role of business in regional development, particularly in terms of financial management and marketing, is undergoing a transformation. The financial management and marketing of small business entities is focused on the management of financial resources and financial relations that arise between business entities during the process of financial resource movement.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF MEMORY IN PUBLIC SPACE AND SOCIAL COMMUNICATION: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH IN TIME OF WAR

Viktoriia Kovpak — 2024-12-30

In the context of the experience economy, memory entrepreneurship has emerged as a significant phenomenon during wartime. It has a robust set of tools at its disposal, capable of producing, demonstrating, popularising, reinterpreting and reproducing historical representations or alternative narratives through public cultural platforms, such as private and public museums, as well as the business industry. Citizens, as objects of this entrepreneurial activity, play a crucial role in supporting the mechanism of personal identification with these narratives. They become an integral part of the public reproduction of memory and group identity. Therefore, the subject of research is commercial representations of historical narratives in case studies of memory entrepreneurship that iclude heritage restaurants ("restaurants of historical heritage"). The purpose of the research is to analyse cases of constructive and destructive use of organisational imprinting in the economy as a strategic practice of memory politics, using the example of "heritage restaurants". The research methodology is based on a combination of systematic, value and postcolonial approaches, discourse analysis, which contribute to the disclosure of principles and strategies of Ukrainian cases of memory entrepreneurship, their correlation with the peculiarities of civil society demands for national identity proposals in the conditions of war. The synchronous method (focusing on the conditions of a full-scale Russia's invasion of Ukraine) is also used with the monitoring programme of the information space Brand24 for the indicators of brand representation in the media. The article emphasizes that, according to B. Joseph Pine II and D. G. Gilmore, in order to create coherent, powerful impressions, it is necessary to follow five basic principles: choose the theme of the impressions, harmonize them with positive signals, eliminate negative signals, use different ways of fixing memories, and engage all five senses. The effectiveness of the use of such principles is analysed from a postcolonial perspective using the examples of regional restaurant business cases that construct the politics of memory by representing commercial historical narratives. In the discourse of the creative industries and the creative economy, it is appropriate to consider the model of the experience economy, which operates creatively in the context of the "memory of emotional experience" and strategically intersects with the discourse of the politics of memory. This, in turn, can take the form of the construction of historical memory and become a practice of intervention in the field of historiography, marking the territory and the mental space with colonial symbols, as demonstrated by Russia after the collapse of the USSR, appealing to nostalgia for the Soviet past and constructing the politics of "fraternal nations" in entrepreneurial activity. An important part of the article is the description of interpretive approaches in the discourse of postcolonial studies in the interpretation of the concept of "memory entrepreneurship", which has its origin in the discourse of desegregation of the past in the United States and South Africa. Therefore, the conclusion of the scientific research includes theses on conceptual value approaches in the politics of memory that underlie the constructive or destructive use of organisational imprinting (the mechanism of persistent memorisation and subsequent remembering as a consequence of the systemic mechanism of broadcasting national and cultural memories and the construction of national identity) in entrepreneurial activity as a strategic practice of the impression economy model.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN THE REGULATION OF FUNERAL SERVICES: ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND ENSURING SOCIAL STANDARDS

Denys Komarnytskyi — 2024-12-30

The article examines the role of the state and local authorities in regulating the funeral industry, focusing on their functions and tasks. The state acts as a guarantor of legislative regulation and supervision of compliance with standards in the field of funeral services, ensuring social standards, developing a legal framework and monitoring its implementation. Local self-government bodies are responsible for the direct implementation of these standards at the local level, ensuring the accessibility of services, financing them and organising the necessary infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to coordination between state and local authorities and the need for interaction with the private sector to ensure the quality and accessibility of services. The review includes an analysis of the legal framework and management functions aimed at ensuring the accessibility and quality of funeral services. Special attention is given to the financing mechanisms for the sector, government support programmes and co-operation with the private sector. The paper also discusses the challenges of decentralisation and its impact on the effectiveness of funeral service management. Conclusions are drawn on the need for a comprehensive approach to regulating the industry to ensure sustainable development and compliance with social standards. The authors note that the economic and social functions of the state and local authorities in regulating funeral services are essential to ensuring the accessibility and quality of funeral services for all citizens, regardless of their social and economic status. The economic functions of public administration bodies in the funeral sector are manifold. These include the financing and subsidising of funeral services, the regulation of the funeral services market, the development of infrastructure, and the attraction of investment. The social functions of public administration bodies in the funeral sector are equally diverse. These include the ensuring of equal access to services, the control over compliance with social standards, the provision of social protection in the funeral sector, and the consideration of humanitarian and ethical aspects. It is evident that the economic and social functions of the state and local self-government are directed towards the establishment of an effective system for the regulation of funeral services. This system is intended to guarantee service accessibility, adherence to quality standards, and the protection of citizens' rights. The subject of the present article is the definition of the economic and social functions of the state and local self-government bodies in the regulation of funeral services. Research methods. In the course of research into the functions of the state and local self-government bodies in the regulation of the funeral business, a variety of research methods are employed to facilitate comprehensive consideration of the legal, social, economic and managerial aspects of this sphere. These include: the method of dialectical materialism; the method of abstraction; methods of analysis and synthesis; the functional method; the system analysis method; the synergistic method; the comparative legal method; the method of interpretation and hermeneutics; the dogmatic method; the system analysis method; and the statistical method. The purpose of the article is to reveal the economic and social functions of the state and local self-government in the regulation of funeral services in Ukraine. Conclusion. The socio-economic functions of the state in the field of funeral services include a set of measures and regulatory actions aimed at providing financial support, organising and supervising the provision of funeral services and ensuring the accessibility of these services to all citizens regardless of their social status; the socio-economic function of local self-government bodies in regulating funeral services in Ukraine is a set of measures and administrative actions aimed at ensuring the accessibility, quality and regulation of funeral services for all social groups, as well as supporting the relevant infrastructure.

ECONOMIC CRIME UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

Maksym Korniienko — 2024-12-30

The ongoing instability of Ukraine within the global political and economic arenas has resulted in an escalation of criminal activity within the nation. The aim of this research is to study economic crime under martial law in Ukraine and to develop effective ways of preventing it. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the state of research on economic crime under martial law in Ukraine, topical issues of economic crime prevention and its methodological tools. The dearth of research into the challenges of preventing economic crime under martial law in Ukraine, coupled with the absence of efficacious measures to address these issues, underscores the imperative for a comprehensive enhancement of the legislative framework for preventing economic crime. Consequently, the prevailing national security and defence strategy falls short in ensuring the alignment of the Ukrainian security sector with the scientific and practical imperatives. A substantial proportion of economic crime under martial law in Ukraine is latent crime, primarily attributable to two factors. Firstly, the victim's reluctance to report crimes is predominantly influenced by circumstances that are beyond their control. Secondly, and more commonly, victims are unable to report crimes committed against them, predominantly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. The study of the state and trends of economic crime demonstrated a marked increase in the number of economic crimes, particularly fraud, during periods of martial law.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE WITH CONSIDERATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY

Ihor Kupchuk — 2024-12-30

The article's objective is twofold: firstly, to explore the prospects for biodiesel production, and secondly, to develop a universal methodology for evaluating its efficiency. In doing so, the social, economic and environmental aspects of Ukraine will be given full consideration. Methodology. The research was conducted utilising the following methodologies: a cause-and-effect analysis was employed to ascertain the socio-economic and ecological efficiency of biodiesel production; statistical and economic methods were implemented for the retrieval, processing, and analysis of statistical data; and a logical generalization was employed for the formulation of conclusions. Graphical representation was employed for the creation of a diagram illustrating an algorithm for biodiesel and by-product production within an energy co-operative. The study examined the volumes of rapeseed production and highlighted the impracticality of fully exporting this crop and its oil products. The study identified leading biodiesel production technologies and substantiated their economic feasibility. The findings indicate that the organisation of biodiesel production in the form of energy co-operatives has the potential to fully meet the agricultural sector's demand for fuel and to promote the development of related industries, including animal husbandry. The research evaluates the economic feasibility, environmental impacts, and social aspects of biodiesel production. Utilising a data-driven approach, encompassing a comprehensive analysis of oilseed crop production, production costs, and market prices, a model was meticulously developed to assess socio-economic and ecological efficiency. The study identified the key advantages and barriers to the industry's development, and recommended state policy measures to stimulate biodiesel production. The need to create co-operatives to unite agricultural producers for the joint production of biodiesel is identified. The study highlights the need for scientific research to improve biodiesel production technologies, in particular by increasing the oil content of certain rapeseed varieties. The analysis shows that with rapeseed costing 14,160 UAH/t (purchase price from agricultural enterprises), transport costs of 40 UAH/t /km and processing costs of 900 UAH/t, the total production cost will be 16,260 UAH/t. The planned biodiesel production of 450 kg per tonne requires an additional investment of 2,050 UAH. By-product revenues are estimated at 5,900 UAH, resulting in biodiesel production costs of 33 UAH per kg or 28.44 UAH per litre. The research findings can be used to develop effective strategies for promoting bioenergy in Ukraine. Practical implications. The following practical implications of biodiesel production in Ukraine can be deduced from the conducted study: enhanced energy independence, promotion of agricultural development by means of the processing of oilseed crops, creation of new employment opportunities in rural areas, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, increase in budget revenues, encouragement of the development of new technologies in the bioenergy sector, and establishment of scientific schools with a focus on research in bioenergy. Value / Originality. The study's originality lies in the development of an algorithm for the operation of energy co-operatives, with the objective of meeting the needs of agricultural enterprises for biodiesel and concentrated feeds. The study also includes the development of a universal methodology for assessing the socio-economic and ecological efficiency of biodiesel production.

ECONOMIC ASPECT OF CRIMINAL LAW COUNTERACTION TO JUSTIFICATION OF ARMED AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE: RISKS FOR THE STATE BUDGET IN THE LIGHT OF THE PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Andrii Lapkin — 2024-12-30

Research subject. The scientific article analyses the economic aspect of criminal law enforcement in the context of the Russian Federation's armed aggression against Ukraine and associated actions. It examines the potential financial implications for the Ukrainian state budget in relation to the settlement of compensation claims arising from violations of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention). The criminal law is employed to combat justification, as well as to recognise the legitimacy of the denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the glorification of its participants. This is achieved through the application of Art. 4362 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (henceforth – CCU). In this regard, the objective of the present study is to predict the potential financial compensation that may be granted by the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter – ECHR) in such cases, and the ensuing financial implications for the state budget of Ukraine, which will assume the financial responsibility for the relevant expenditures. In order to achieve this objective, the compliance of Art. 4362 of the CCU by the provisions of Articles 3, 5, 8 and 10 of the Convention and the practice of the ECHR was checked. Мaterials and methods. The empirical basis of the study was as follows: (1) statistical data on Ukraine's participation as a defendant in the ECHR and the expenses incurred by it for the compensation of damages in 2019-2023; (2) approximately 900 verdicts of Ukrainian courts under Article 4362 of the Criminal Code; (3) the survey results of 4015 law enforcement officers of Ukraine on countering the glorification of the Russian armed aggression in Ukraine; (4) the survey results of 16 Ukrainian judges on countering the glorification of the Russian armed aggression in Ukraine; (5) 46 ECHR judgments. The following methodological approaches were employed: dialectical, inductive and deductive reasoning, analysis and synthesis, and economic analysis. Results. It has been determined that the criminal law provisions stipulated in Article 4362 of the CCU, by virtue of their subject matter and nature, give rise to the potential for restrictions on the rights to privacy (Article 8), freedom of speech and expression (Article 10), and, in a indirect capacity, the prohibition of torture (Article 3) and the liberty and security of the person (Article 5) as guaranteed by the Convention. Consequently, this may result in a negative economic effect, manifesting as potential expenditures from the state budget for the purpose of compensating individuals who have been subjected to violations of the aforementioned Convention provisions. Based on the average amount of compensation in cases against Ukraine of 13,190.8 EUR and the number of convictions under Article 4362 of the CCU, as well as taking into account the factors that may affect the number of applications to the ECHR by persons convicted under this Article, an approximate total amount of possible satisfaction was calculated in the range of 264,000 EUR - 923,000 EUR. At the same time, this amount could reach up to 18 million EUR, assuming that all convicted persons bring an action.

INSTRUMENTAL CAPACITY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Georgii Logvynskyi — 2024-12-30

The present study examines the institutional and instrumental capacity of international business in modern conditions. The purpose of the research is to identify and highlight the key institutional capabilities of the modern economy and the tools that can be used. Methodology. The study used general and special methods of scientific inquiry, including systems analysis, dialectical method, formal-logical method, structural-functional method, and various empirical methods. Results. The dynamics of new forms of international business functioning are established, characterised by features such as: a) virtual forms of operation (including through business platforms); application of modern technologies as the basis of functioning (including software, artificial intelligence); implementation of global and rapid networking via the Internet, etc. The instrumental capacity of international business in modern conditions is analysed, with a focus on Ukraine. The analysis identifies several key factors that necessitate the establishment of business platforms in Ukraine as instruments to achieve synergy in international business integration. These factors include globalisation processes, technological progress, integration, the need for legislative unification, the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, resource conservation, and economic growth. The paper identifies stakeholders that contribute to business development. It is noted the role of higher education institutions and civil society in business processes. The importance of academic partnerships and incubation programmes in business integration and co-operation is substantiated.

DIGITISATION OF LEGAL ALGORITHMS TO PREVENT PUBLIC PROCUREMENT CORRUPTION

Oleksii Makarenkov — 2024-12-30

The subject of the article is the digitisation of legal algorithms as a means of preventing corruption in public procurement. The research methodology employed a range of methods including formal and dialectical logic, systemic, statistical, comparative law, hermeneutic and axiological analysis. The purpose of the article is to reveal the digitisation of legal algorithms as a means of preventing corruption in public procurement. The subject of the article is the digitisation of legal algorithms as a means of preventing corruption in public procurement. The research methodology employed a range of methods including formal and dialectical logic, systemic, statistical, comparative law, hermeneutic and axiological analysis. The purpose of the article is to reveal the digitisation of legal algorithms as a means of preventing corruption in public procurement. The absence of confidence in public authorities' effective utilisation of budgetary funds engenders inherent justifications for entrepreneurs, their employees, and other members of the public to conceal resources from irresponsible or negligent public officials, particularly in the context of cryptocurrency assets. It was found that the issue of corruption in public procurement is part of the wider problem of satisfying the improper motives of public officials. The legal patterns indicate that in countries with high levels of internal corruption, digital and/or paper formalised legal algorithms and practices emphasise the efficiency of fiscal policy rather than the efficiency of public procurement. This explains the inertia and neglect in strengthening existing mechanisms or creating new ones to combat corruption in public procurement. The practical inactivity in this area is reflected in the number of criminal cases related to the misappropriation of public funds. It was emphasised that the entity responsible for the oversight of the integrity and legality of all public procurement participants, or a complainant, must possess the capacity to gather evidence in such cases. In order to accomplish this, said entity requires full legal access to the necessary data from registries and other relevant sources. At present, this is only feasible within the framework of criminal proceedings and/or judicial processes. It is therefore advisable to make public procurement complaint procedures judicial in nature, allowing the parties to try to gather evidence independently. Given the globalisation of the information space, investment, financial, trade and logistics markets, the threat of financing terrorism, war and other crimes through improper control of virtual assets in cyberspace. It was determined that the legal nature of public procurement complaints is defined by the public interest. The value and importance of this type of public interest lie in its connection to finances – resources that have already been accumulated as a result of successive links in prior public interest efforts: labour participation, administration of entrepreneurship and its infrastructure, taxation, and budget fund management. This consolidation of national labour efforts, embodied by public funds, possesses absolute liquidity, rendering it a primary target for misappropriation, including through illicit channels. It is submitted that the employment of contemporary digital instruments is the only means through which to ensure compliance, by neutralising any dishonest motives for misappropriating public funds through procurement processes.

TAX COMPLIANCE RISK AS AN ELEMENT OF THE TAX RISK MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN AN ENTERPRISE

Olha Mashchenko — 2024-12-30

Research subject. Compliance risk in the tax sphere, which is relevant today and provides for a constant increase in the level of voluntary compliance by taxpayers with the requirements of tax legislation by identifying and prioritising the risks of loss of tax revenues and implementing measures aimed at minimising tax risks. The study is based on changes in tax legislation, the introduction of a tax risk management system and indicators of tax efficiency of business entities at the legislative level. Methodology. Determination of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the tax compliance risk management system in the activities of enterprises together with innovations in the relevant legislative framework. Identification of the main risks, principles, segments of the tax compliance risk management system. Study of compliance risk indicators as one of the elements of improving the efficiency of tax risk management at the enterprise. The purpose of the study is to confirm the need to apply a tax compliance risk management system in the activities of business entities in the context of integration of domestic legislation and the modern economy in accordance with international standards. Determine the principles, segments and criteria of compliance risk introduced by the legislation. Determine the tax compliance risk indicators in accordance with the industry and class of business activity to ensure the appropriate level, which further ensures a reduction in the level of tax control over the entity's activities. Conclusion. The paper investigates the interpretation of compliance risk in the tax area as a set of measures for voluntary compliance with tax legislation. Implementation of a tax risk management system (compliance risk management) will ensure consistency and a unified approach to managing tax compliance risks for the State and business entities. The main compliance risks cover the processes from state registration of business entities to the final result - payment of taxes and fees to the budgets of all levels, which covers the process of administering taxes of business entities and is an integral part of business activities. The studied legislative principles of compliance risk based on international risk management standards provide for a comprehensive, flexible, focused and integrated tax risk management system, which at the same time is easy to adapt to the domestic economy. A new vector in the tax risk management system is the use of compliance risk indicators in the form of indicators of tax efficiency of business entities by industry and class of business, which will become the basis of a risk-oriented system in the future. Business entities, in turn, now have the opportunity to analyse these indicators to prevent and minimise tax compliance risks on their own using open data from tax authorities. The above-mentioned indicators and principles of compliance risk are an integral part of the tax risk management system (compliance risk) and their effectiveness depends on their comprehensive application in the activities of business entities and open co-operation with the tax authorities.

MARKETING EVOLUTION: FROM TRADITIONAL TO WEB 3.0

Andriy Melnyk — 2024-12-30

This study analyses the evolution of marketing from conventional techniques to the decentralised, user-driven environment of Web 3.0. The aim is to highlight the changes in marketing strategies brought about by breakthroughs in digital technologies, focusing mainly on the influence of blockchain, AI and decentralised platforms in changing consumer behaviour and business processes. Methodology. The present study employs a comparative analysis methodology, juxtaposing the conventional marketing mix with digital and Web 3.0 marketing components. Integrating qualitative and quantitative data from current literature, case studies, and empirical research, this study explores the application of digital marketing technologies and Web 3.0 techniques across industries. The results obtained demonstrate a substantial transition in marketing methodologies from unidirectional communication in conventional marketing to dynamic, interactive customer interaction in digital and Web 3.0 marketing. The advent of Web 3.0 technologies, including blockchain, tokenization, and decentralized applications, has engendered novel options for individualized, trust-centric interactions between customers and marketers. Furthermore, the empowerment of customers through data management and AI-driven personalisation is identified as a pivotal factor in shaping emerging marketing methodologies. Practical implications. To remain competitive, companies must adapt to the changing digital landscape by adopting Web 3.0 technologies. This includes implementing decentralised models, prioritising data protection and using AI for tailored marketing. Marketers must be equipped to interact with tech-savvy consumers and hybrid AI-based decision-making systems to foster trust and improve the customer experience. Value / Originality. The paper enhances understanding of the transformative impact of Web 3.0 on marketing, providing in-depth analysis of its impact on consumer behaviour and strategic planning. It provides essential insights for marketers seeking to navigate the rapidly evolving digital environment and capitalise on emerging trends.

MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS THROUGH THE FORMATION OF THEIR ENERGY DEPENDENCE BASED ON THE INTENSIFICATION OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

Yuliia Okhota — 2024-12-30

The article is dedicated to the study of the mechanisms for ensuring economic development in rural areas of Ukraine by promoting energy independence and intensifying biofuel production. The subject of the research is the use of renewable energy sources, in particular biomass, as a tool for achieving energy autonomy and economic stability of rural communities. This is especially relevant in conditions of energy dependence on imported energy carriers. The study examines biomass as a resource with significant potential to meet local energy needs, create additional jobs and stimulate economic growth in rural areas. The paper discusses key aspects of the use of renewable energy sources, particularly biomass, in agriculture as an effective tool for local economic development, reducing dependence on traditional energy resources and increasing the country's energy security. The purpose of this article is to study the mechanisms of economic development of rural areas through energy independence and development of the biofuel sector. To achieve this goal, the article discusses the theoretical aspects of energy independence, analyzes current practices of biofuel production, and provides recommendations for their further implementation. Particular attention is paid to the role of bioenergy in reducing environmental risks and implementing sustainable solutions in rural hromadas (communities). The study analyses international experience in the development of the bioenergy sector and its adaptation to Ukrainian conditions, taking into account the natural and economic characteristics of rural areas. Key factors that facilitate the effective implementation of biofuel production projects are identified, including innovation, investment and government support. The methodological basis of the study includes the application of methods of comparative analysis, systematisation and statistical data processing. This comprehensive approach enabled an in-depth analysis of the opportunities and limitations of bioenergy in Ukraine, in particular by comparing biomass use practices in developed countries and identifying effective strategies for the Ukrainian context. The article also discusses the prospects for improving the regulatory framework to create favourable conditions for bioenergy development, the need for infrastructure improvements and the involvement of local communities in renewable energy projects. The economic and social benefits to rural communities of implementing bioenergy solutions are examined separately. The study puts forward a series of proposals for the advancement of Ukraine's bioenergy sector. These include the enhancement of financing mechanisms and the promotion of private initiatives. Furthermore, the paper explores the potential of agricultural waste as a foundation for biofuel production. It is hypothesised that this could enhance the economic efficiency of the agricultural sector and reduce reliance on imported energy resources. The primary findings demonstrate that the development of biomass-based bioenergy has the potential to contribute significantly to the enhancement of economic stability and social well-being within rural hromadas. In order to implement energy independence in an effective manner, there is a necessity to improve the legislative framework, encourage investment in biomass storage and transportation infrastructure, and foster collaboration between local governments and state institutions. The implementation of these measures will facilitate a gradual transition of rural regions to sustainable economic development by reducing dependency on external energy sources and supporting local biofuel production.

ENERGY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION DEPENDING ON THE QUALITY OF CORN GRAIN

Vitalii Palamarchuk — 2024-12-30

The present article expounds upon the findings of research conducted on the energy and economic efficiency of bioethanol production, with the quality of corn grain taken as the primary variable. The research was conducted at the experimental field of Vinnitsa National Agrarian University in the conditions of the state enterprise "Kordelivske" of the Institute of Potato Growing of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine in 2015-2017. The cultivation techniques incorporated elements that are widely accepted for the growing zone, with the exception of the factors under study. The elements of the yield structure, including the productivity of maize hybrids, were determined in accordance with established methods. The harvesting and accounting of the crop was conducted manually at each experimental site, followed by weighing and conversion to standard grain moisture. The yield of bioethanol from grain was calculated as the amount of ethanol obtained from a ton of carbohydrates in terms of starch, i.e., the ethanol yield. The purpose of the article is to assess the energy and economic efficiency of bioethanol production depending on the quality of corn grain. The results of studies of the influence of foliar fertilisation with a bacterial preparation based on beneficial symbiotic and associative microorganisms Biomag, microfertilisers "ROSTOK" corn, Ecolist Mono Zinc, carried out in the phase of 5-7 and 10-12 leaves of corn, on the level of pre-harvest grain moisture, the number of rows of grains are presented, number of grains in a row, weight of 1000 grains, starch content in grain, productivity and bioethanol yield in hybrids of early maturing group Kharkiv 195 MV (FAO 190) and DKS 2971 (FAO 200), medium early group DKS 3795 (FAO 250) and DKS 3871 (FAO 2480) and medium maturing group DK 315 (FAO 310) and DK 440 (FAO 350) in agro-ecological conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Right-Bank Ukraine. The research is grounded in an evaluation of the efficacy of optimising the supply of plant nutrients through foliar fertilisation in the formation of grain yield and quality. Additionally, it explores the potential for grain processing into bioethanol, contingent on the augmentation of grain yield and the attainment of acceptable quality. Corn is the most productive source of purified bioethanol from biomass feedstocks, and the price of 1 ton of bioethanol is higher than that of sugar beet, creating a favourable environment for the production of this type of biofuel. From an economic perspective, bioethanol production from corn is one of the most efficient options for bioethanol production in Ukraine. It has been established that the production of bioethanol from maize grain is an innovative technology: it improves the ecological situation and reduces harmful effects on the human body and the environment. The use of maize as a raw material partially resolves the existing conflict of interest associated with the use of food resources for bioethanol production. In turn, the opening of maize processing plants for bioethanol, with the production of biomethane and organic fertilisers, is a very profitable business.

THE PUBLIC DEBT OF UKRAINE: A NEW DIMENSION OF DYNAMICS AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODEL FRAMEWORK OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Serhii Petrukha — 2024-12-30

The article typifies the fiscal directions of public debt management in Ukraine in the conditions of the new economic normality and financial uncertainty caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war and other macroeconomic shocks. The accelerators of these shocks were the Ukrainian peace formula, the policy of adapting the national economic system to wartime conditions, and the triggers of post-war recovery, including those announced by the President of Ukraine, such as humanitarian demining, the reconstruction of energy facilities, and financial inclusion. The study is based on the author's adjustment model for assessing debt dynamics, which is widely used by the IMF, taking into account national specificities. The purpose of the work is to provide a long-term assessment (up to 2029) of fiscal stability, taking into account the invariance of macroeconomic factors and forecasts - GDP growth rates, inflation, exchange rate and debt structure. To this end, two target levels of public debt have been used in the study: 82% of GDP (according to IMF forecasts) and 60% of GDP (according to the Maastricht Treaty). The research methodology is based on the application of two empirical methods to assess debt dynamics: through debt issuance and financing needs. A ten-year statistical series (2015-2024) was used to construct scenarios for the evolution of debt dynamics, taking into account likely macroeconomic shocks. The modelling was grounded in the following variables: primary budget balance, effective interest rate, economic growth rate and exchange rate. Fan charts were employed to illustrate the risks and demonstrate the probability of reaching certain debt levels, depending on the invariance of the level of macroeconomic uncertainty. The findings of the study suggest that in order to attain the targeted public debt level of 82% of GDP, it is imperative to ensure an annual primary budget surplus amounting to 1.38% of GDP during the 2025–2029 period. To achieve a more ambitious goal involving a 60% of GDP target, it is necessary to establish conditions conducive to an annual surplus amounting to 2.43% of GDP. Utilising the aforementioned scenarios and macroeconomic shocks as a foundation, the article demonstrates that in the absence of fiscal correction measures, the public debt will surpass 100% of GDP by 2029. The principal risk factors identified in the study are as follows: low rates of economic growth, a high level of dependence on foreign aid, demographic challenges and high costs for meeting the needs of the security and defence forces. Empirical evidence has demonstrated that the exchange rate and the real interest rate are the predominant factors influencing debt dynamics, thereby exacerbating the debt burden. The conclusions emphasise the necessity to approximate the optimal practices of fiscal consolidation and to implement measures, including those envisaged by the National Revenue Strategy until 2030, in order to increase the revenues of the state budget of Ukraine. In addition, the introduction of a progressive scale of taxation on high incomes is justified and recommended, as are increased tax rates on real estate, rent, and natural resources, as well as increased excise taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and fuel. Furthermore, it emphasises the necessity of a gradual reduction in public expenditures, particularly in the post-war period. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic overview of the international experience of countries recovering from conflicts. It is argued that in order to ensure the stability of public finances, it is necessary to reduce expenditure on security and defence forces, and on the public sector of the economy. In this context, it is assumed that one of the conditions for the successful implementation of the fiscal correction is the completion of the active phase of the war by the end of 2025 and the consideration of additional caveats regarding the maintenance of a high debt burden in the short, medium and probably the long term perspective due to significant budgetary costs for reconstruction of infrastructure, social protection and economic development. Taking into account the new economic normality and the likely risks (threats), the authors propose to revise the macroeconomic forecasts and to develop additional scenarios for fiscal risk management, including during the preparation of public debt management programmes for 2025-2029.

WORLD EXPERIENCE IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF FOOD SECURITY

Yuliya Pustovit — 2024-12-30

The purpose of the study is to improve the legal support of food security in Ukraine, taking into account foreign best practices in this area. The subject of the research is a comparative analysis of the administrative and legal support of food security in the USA, Canada, Japan and the EU countries, according to the areas of state support and development of the agricultural sector, state social policy and social support of the population, and state regulation of product quality assurance. The generalisation of trends in foreign experience can be used to improve the administrative and legal regulation of the food security system of Ukraine. The methodological background of the study is a combination of theoretical and general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis and comparison, theoretical and logical generalisation. The study systematises the strategic directions of state regulation of food security in foreign countries (in particular, the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European Union) in accordance with the directions of state regulation of the agricultural sector, state social policy and social support of the population, and state regulation of product quality. Each country has a unique approach to food security, depending on domestic policies, resources and global market conditions. However, all the countries analysed share the common goal of ensuring safe, high-quality and affordable food for their populations, while developing a sustainable agricultural sector. This study analyses the food security challenges and threats facing Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war (2022-2024). These factors contributed to the adoption of administrative and legal strategic decisions aimed at improving food security and economic sustainability of the country, namely: the law that restored the work of the State Land Cadastre, joining the signing of the Roadmap for Global Food Security; the Food Systems Transformation Plan for the period up to 2030; the Resolution "On Ensuring Stable Operation of Food Producers under Martial Law"; the National Food Security Platform; the draft National Target Programme for Land Use and Protection until 2033 and other regulatory documents aimed at stabilising the agricultural sector, restoring land use and improving the country's food security in times of war. Conclusion. Based on the research, Ukraine has a unique opportunity to improve the administrative and legal support of food security, using the foreign experience of progressive countries with a high level of the Global Food Security Index. At the same time, Ukraine is experiencing a crisis related to the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war, in particular: deterioration of food security; reduction of the population's purchasing power due to higher prices for basic foodstuffs; reduction of the amount of sown areas in the agricultural sector; reduction of the country's capacity. The government has adopted a number of laws, regulations, acts and measures to improve food security and economic sustainability. The implementation of these measures is aimed at achieving the following goals: replenishing the agricultural market by supporting producers; restoring food industry enterprises; ensuring the availability of food for all segments of the Ukrainian population; strengthening food security by replenishing state reserves with food; creating a food security monitoring system; prioritising the de-mining of agricultural land; adapting to climate change, etc.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ORGANIC SOY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

Hanna Pantsyreva — 2024-12-30

The subject of this work is the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in Ukraine, which is based on ensuring national interests and fulfilling international obligations, it is envisaged to overcome imbalances that exist, in particular, in the environmental sphere, the harmonisation of global climate change trends with international standards through the introduction of scientific aspects of organic soybean production. The objective of the present study is to analyse the global soybean market and ascertain its particular significance within the global production of oil crops. This analysis will establish the sustainable soybean production zone in non-irrigated regions and the guaranteed production zone. The research methodology is based on European experience, taking into account the theoretical and methodological provisions of the scientific aspects of organic soybean production in Ukraine. The aim of this methodology is to greening agriculture, soil conservation and rational use of bioecosystems. It has been found that the rational use of natural resources through the organic production of soybeans, through the development and implementation of bio-organic farming technologies, improves the culture of agriculture, restores and improves soil fertility, and increases the amount of available protein products and nutritious fodder. The findings of the research indicate that the organic matter present in the soil functions as a vital indicator of its fertility. It plays a pivotal role in the nutritional sustenance of plants, the establishment of favourable physicochemical properties, and the migration of diverse chemical elements. The most significant soil processes are predominantly associated with the enhancement of the agricultural sector. It has been proven that a genuine source of organic matter for enhancing soil fertility is the development of organic models of soybean cultivation technology. Consequently, the substantiation of its agrobiological potential in selected areas of sustainable production on non-irrigated land will ensure the territorial transformation of the "soybean belt". A new stage in the production of soybean crops is substantiated, which will contribute to the rational use of hydrothermal resources of the region, increase the gross production of soybean seeds, biologisation of agriculture, and production of high-quality, environmentally friendly products.

GDP OF THE G7 AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS

Svitlana Radziyevska — 2024-12-30

GDP and GDP per capita as economic barometers gauge the scale of a nation’s economy and the living standards of its people. The objective of the paper is to examine the dynamics of the GDP and the GDP per capita of the G7 nations after the financial crisis of 2008-2009. Methodology. The data, taken from the official sites of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the United Nations, as well as monographs, articles, etc. served as the information source for using various methods, including those of experts’ assessments, comparative, graphic analysis, etc. The results demonstrate the strengthening of the US and the unstable growth of the other six members of the G7 during 2010-2023: according to the UNCTAD, the US share of the G7 rose from 45,97% to 58,52%; the US share of the world grew by 3,02%; in terms of nominal GDP, the increase was uneven across the G7: the US GDP climbed by 81,54%, or $12’284 bln; while that of Germany – by 30,75%, or $1’049 bln; Italy – by 4,92%, or $105 bln; Japan’s GDP dropped by 23,79%, or $1’307 bln. In 2023, compared to 2022, GDP per capita increased: in the US by $4’723; in France – by $4’023; in Germany – by $3’863; in Italy – by $3’544; in the UK – by $3’412; nevertheless, GDP per capita fell in Canada by $1’309 and in Japan – by $214. In 2023, according to the IMF, all the G7 members are in the top ten countries in terms of nominal GDP; and five out of seven (except Canada and Italy) are in the top ten by GDP based on PPP. The G7 share of the global economy fell from 50.09% to 43.78% between 2010 and 2022. According to the World Bank, in terms of GDP based on PPP, in 2023 the US ranked second, Japan – fifth, Germany – sixth, France – ninth, the UK – tenth, Italy – eleventh, Canada – sixteenth. According to the United Nations, India ranked first in terms of GDP growth (8.2%), followed by China (5.2%); the US and Brazil ranked third (2.9%) while the eurozone’s GDP growth rate was merely 0.4%. Practical implications. The contradictory course of globalization will push nations towards self-sufficiency, as well as cooperation with others on the regional level in order to survive amid turbulence. The leaders, as well as the leaders-to-be are expected not only to cooperate with each other, but also to take more responsibility for the future of the global world. Value/originality. It is essential to take into account the balance of power in the global space, to analyze various combinations of relations between states and groups, as well as states within groups to ensure the sustainable development of all the countries involved.

DIGITAL HUMANISM IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

Mykyta Slyusar — 2024-12-30

The relevance of this research topic lies in the evolving nature of digital humanism, a multifaceted and complex process aimed at achieving an optimal balance between the advancement of digital technologies and the preservation of human values and dignity. The study seeks to identify the conditions necessary for the conceptualisation of digital humanism in the era of artificial intelligence, and to analyse the challenges and opportunities associated with its development. The following research objectives are proposed: firstly, to clarify the essence, characteristics, and developmental trajectories of the concept of digital humanism; secondly, to examine the transformation of digital humanism in the context of the internet and artificial intelligence; thirdly, to establish the concept of digital humanism as a framework for harmonising technological advancement with the preservation of human potential; and finally, to explore cultural diversity as an embodiment of digital humanism and human values. Methodology. The study uses systemic, cross-cultural, axiological, anthropological and interdisciplinary approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of digital humanism, facilitating an understanding of the interaction between digital technologies and humanity. A review of the literature shows that in the age of the Internet and artificial intelligence, digital humanism needs to be integrated into practical domains. This interdisciplinary research brings together philosophical, sociological, ethical and computer science perspectives to examine digital humanism in this transformative era. Artificial intelligence has opened up groundbreaking possibilities in fields such as medicine, education, transport and commerce. The study also highlights the European Digital Humanism Initiative and the methodology of informationalism, which illuminate the challenges and opportunities of digital humanism. Anthropological and socio-axiological approaches are used to analyse the value dimensions of the digital society, focusing on its impact on education, knowledge diffusion and innovation. Findings and implications. The results obtained provide a more profound comprehension of the genesis and pertinence of digital humanism in the context of societal transformation. This research underscores its capacity to address contemporary challenges while ensuring a harmonious coexistence of technological progress and human-centric values.

DIGITAL DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY RESILIENCE

Alyona Sorokina — 2024-12-30

The objective of this research is to ascertain the pivotal factors that exert influence on the resilience of the national economy, employing Ukraine as a case study. The subject of the study is, therefore, the resilience of the national economy. Methodology. In order to outline the theoretical foundations of the study, the methods of theoretical generalisation, historical method and systematisation method were used. The study of the level of digitisation and its impact on economic resilience was based on comparative analysis, systematic and experimental methods. In addition, statistical, index and indicative analysis, as well as graphical and tabular methods were used. Value / Originality. In order to assess economic resilience in the context of digitalisation, a Methodology for Assessing Digital Resilience of the National Economy was developed. The overarching objective of this methodology is to evaluate the digital resilience of the economy in the face of both external and internal pressures. Utilising this methodology, an Integral Index of Digital Resilience for Ukraine was subsequently calculated. Results. The calculations showed that Ukraine has a moderate level of digital resilience. The proposed methodology identified vulnerabilities in the household sector, such as significant disparities in digital literacy among the population, the availability of quality ICT technologies, and the development of legislation on the protection of personal data on digital platforms. In the business sector, the assessment found a strong relationship between the adoption of digital technologies and increased resilience to economic shocks, particularly in the use of ICT technologies and the readiness for further digital development. The assessment of the government sector showed it to be the most resilient, given the existing digital transformations and e-services.

EXPLORING THE INFLUENCES ON DISPLACED CITIZENS' DECISION TO REPATRIATE: A CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS

Volodymyr Filippov — 2024-12-30

The article focuses on the study and analysis of factors that have a decisive influence on the process of decision making regarding the return of citizens to their country after forced displacement caused by various crisis situations. As a result of the Russian invasion, Ukraine has found itself at the centre of significant migration processes, which have not only humanitarian but also socio-economic consequences for the state and its population. In many countries around the world, similar processes have been triggered not only by war, but also by natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods or hurricanes, forcing people to temporarily leave their homes. The research aims to identify both positive and negative factors influencing the decision of Ukrainians to return home, and to compare this with international experience, particularly in relation to natural disasters. In order to achieve the research objectives, a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach was applied, based on the analysis of a wide range of scientific works and studies in the field of migration processes. Moreover, the case-study method was employed to examine specific examples from various countries where citizens confronted analogous circumstances and made decisions regarding returning or resettling. The study conducted an in-depth analysis of the social, economic and political factors that play a role in the decision-making process regarding people's return. A classification method was applied to systematise the data, allowing for the structuring of factors and the identification of key influences. As a result of the research, several important positive and negative factors were identified that influence the decision to return. Positive factors include the improvement in the security situation, government programmes for displaced persons and the prospects for economic growth in the country as it begins to recover. At the same time, negative factors include continued military aggression, uncertainty about infrastructure reconstruction and a lack of social guarantees. It is important to note that international experience, particularly from countries affected by natural disasters, highlights the significance of stability and restoring trust in local authorities and infrastructure. The results of the study have significant practical implications for the formulation of government policies and international organisations that aim to support the process of returning citizens in post-conflict and post-disaster periods. In particular, the conclusions can serve as the foundation for creating socio-economic reintegration and adaptation programs for citizens who were forced to leave their homes. Furthermore, the data can be utilised to develop programmes that encourage displaced persons to return and further integrate into the economy. The research's originality lies in its synthesis of analyses of the impact of military conflicts and natural disasters on migration processes and decisions to return. The innovation of the work lies in the creation of a novel classification of factors that considers both the Ukrainian context and international experience. The research has the potential to serve as a foundational basis for further academic studies and as a practical instrument for the formulation of state policies that are aimed at the effective management of migration processes in the aftermath of crises.

PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS IN THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF UKRAINE AND THE WORLD

Ivan Shumeiko — 2024-12-30

The focus of states on administrative sanctions has increased, with these sanctions being considered a higher priority than criminal sanctions in terms of combating offences. The application of such sanctions is relatively straightforward and expeditious. Furthermore, financial sanctions serve to replenish state budgets. Nevertheless, the administrative nature of such sanctions carries with it the risk of violating the fundamental rights of the individual who is the weaker party in these legal relations, given that the body that brings charges and the body that imposes the penalty usually coincide. The crux of the issue pertains to the necessity of adhering to the three principles of prohibition of double responsibility, presumption of innocence and proportionality. However, divergent schools of thought have divergent perceptions of the content of these principles and the extent of their application in the area of administrative sanctions. The purpose of this article is to ascertain the main principles of financial administrative sanctions as recognised by scholars in Ukraine and other countries worldwide. The article presents a comparative analysis of publications by Ukrainian and foreign scholars on three fundamental principles of legal liability in the context of financial administrative sanctions. The article also contains the author's point of view on the application and content of these principles. The authors define the term "administrative sanction" and describe the existence of this legal phenomenon in the legal system of Ukraine, as well as characterise related legal phenomena. The research is grounded in the study and comparison of doctrinal sources. The article is of a theoretical nature. The conclusions drawn can inform the processes of lawmaking and law enforcement, in addition to further scientific research.