Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

THE ROLE OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Julija Mironova, Biruta Sloka, Valentina Djakona — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the late 20th century, organisational culture has attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide, becoming a key subject of academic inquiry. In the context of higher education, organisational culture has been shown to exert a significant influence on institutional development and workplace dynamics. A comprehensive grasp of this concept empowers university administration to cultivate a professional environment conducive to the success of faculty and staff. The present study explores theoretical perspectives on organisational culture and examines the views of academic staff across various countries regarding key aspects of institutional culture. A particular focus is placed on faculty self-assessments of their perceived appreciation by both university management and students. The research methodology encompasses an analysis of scientific literature and a survey of teaching staff with regard to organisational culture in higher education. The analysis of data involves the utilisation of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, hypothesis testing through the implementation of t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation analysis. The findings provide insights into the core values upheld by higher education institutions from the organisational culture perspective, offering a deeper understanding of faculty experiences and institutional practices.

REDUCING ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT CARBONISATION LEVEL AND PROBLEMS OF "GREEN FINANCING" BY COMMERCIAL BANKS IN LATVIA

Inna Stetsenko, Andrey Surmatch, Evelina Surmatch — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, the authors shall conduct a study of the impact of road freight transport on air pollution. The objective of the present study is twofold. Firstly, it seeks to reduce carbon emissions from road freight transport in Latvia. Secondly, it aims to encourage Latvian commercial banks to offer "green financing". In the course of the study, the following hypotheses were proposed by the authors: there is a correlation between the volume of investments in environmental protection and the EURIBOR interest rate; environmental pollution is dependent on the EURIBOR interest rate. The authors have demonstrated that 74% of the Latvian truck fleet has a high level of wear and tear, which shall lead to an increase in CO2 air pollution. This could be a potential avenue for the "green financing" facilitated by commercial banks. However, the commercial banks have declined to provide financing for "green projects" due to the perceived instability of the regulatory framework and the associated political risks. Consequently, "green financing" has been classified within the "high risk" category, which, in turn, necessitates the implementation of higher interest rates. In the context of the instability of business activity in the field of road freight transport, the risk of non-repayment of borrowed funds is increased. The following methodologies were employed in conducting the study: firstly, an empirical approach was adopted in the form of a modified group discussion, with the accompanying literature study constituting the initial phase of triangulation as a study strategy. This has enabled the formulation of hypotheses. In the subsequent phase of the triangulation process, a quantitative preliminary study of statistical indicators has been conducted. The indicators encompass the volume of road freight transport, air pollution, the service life of the truck fleet, the volume of environmental financing and the EURIBOR interest rate. The primary objective of the quantitative preliminary and main study has been the empirical collection of reproducible data. The present study employs a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach for the purpose of testing the hypotheses that have been proposed. The objective of this procedure has been to investigate cause-and-effect relationships.

LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY BUREAU AS AN AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE STATE

Andrii Borovyk, Nataliia Derevianko, Oleksandr Shyra — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

At the present stage, it is extremely important to ensure the economic security of the country, and this is what prompted the creation of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine, which has undergone a complex development process over the years of its existence. The issue of ensuring Ukraine's economic security has become particularly relevant in connection with the ongoing military aggression and the introduction of martial law. The war creates new threats to the economic stability of the state, including physical destruction of infrastructure, a shortage of skilled labour, risks to food security, and challenges to the functioning of the national economy in conditions of ongoing military action. Under these circumstances, international support and the search for ways to adapt to new challenges in order to protect Ukraine's economic interests are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal basis and prerequisites for the creation of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine, analyse its activities and prospects for development at the present stage, and assess the future challenges and prospects that may arise for this body, which ensures the financial security of the state, given the macro and meso conditions of the current geopolitical situation. The analysis of the legal basis for the creation and functioning of the Economic Security Bureau as a body ensuring the financial security of the state was carried out through the analysis of a number of regulatory and legal acts and laws. For the purposes of the study, the authors used content analysis of legal scientific literature and statistical data on the activities of the ESB. The study analysed the prerequisites and stages of the creation of the ESB, the functional interaction of the ESB with other state bodies as an institution ensuring the financial security of the state, and analytical indicators of the ESB's activities in the state for 2023-2024. The authors paid particular attention to identifying the problems and challenges that arise in the activities of the ESB in the current conditions. This scientific study has identified a system of interaction between the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine and other state authorities. This finding is based on the results of a review and analysis of both legislative acts and subordinate regulatory documents. Based on the analysis conducted, it can be argued that the ESB is an important element of the system for protecting the economic interests of the state. However, despite the positive indicators in its work, this body, in the author understanding, faces a number of future challenges that require attention and effective solutions right now. In particular, these challenges include: staff shortages; insufficient employee qualifications; inefficient functioning; lack of adequate funding for the ESB's activities; imperfect implementation of analytical functions; lack of a network of territorial divisions; lack of tools for criminal prosecution of persons supplying raw materials from Russia; uncertainty regarding the ESB's interaction with taxpayers for the purpose of verifying information outside the scope of criminal proceedings; resistance from businesses and the public. To ensure its success, the ESB needs to strengthen its analytical capabilities, develop international co-operation and minimise corruption risks. Despite these challenges, the ESB has significant potential to ensure Ukraine's economic security.

THE LEGAL REGIME OF BUDGETARY FUNDS: BALANCING EFFICIENT USE AND CONTROL

Anton Shukhnin — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the paper is to summarise and present the legal, institutional and practical dimensions of balancing efficient use and control of budgetary funds in Ukraine. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to identify the current challenges in the implementation of the efficiency principle in public spending, and secondly, to draw comparative insights from the practices of the European Union and the United States. Methodology. The research employs a comparative legal analysis and policy evaluation approach. The study is founded on an examination of Ukrainian legal norms, institutional frameworks, and audit reports, complemented by an overview of foreign models of public finance oversight. A comprehensive analysis was conducted utilising official data from the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine, government regulations, and OECD materials. The objective of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of budgetary governance and control mechanisms. Results. The findings indicate that, despite the formal incorporation of the efficiency principle into Ukrainian legislation and the existence of designated oversight bodies, significant gaps remain in practice. It has been observed that a number of issues are frequently encountered, including, but not limited to, inefficient spending, unutilised budget allocations, and a paucity of implementation of audit recommendations. In contrast, the EU and U.S. models demonstrate that effectiveness can be achieved through performance-based budgeting, transparent accountability, and institutionalised audit systems with follow-up mechanisms. Practical implications. The document presents a series of policy recommendations designed to enhance the management of Ukraine's budget, including the reinforcement of internal control systems, the implementation of real-time monitoring tools, the alignment of evaluation methodologies with international standards, and the cultivation of a culture of results-oriented governance. It is also emphasised that efforts must be made to enhance the institutional capacity of financial control bodies, and that measures must be implemented to ensure the enforceability of their findings. Value / Originality. This study makes a contribution to the development of a conceptual framework for balancing efficiency and accountability in public finance. The text provides practical insights into the improvement of legal and administrative arrangements for the use of budgetary funds in transitional and conflict-affected economies, such as Ukraine.

CRIMINAL COMPLIANCE AS A MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND UKRAINE

Viacheslav Tuliakov, Oleksandra Yanovska, James Holmes Armstead — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present article explores the function of criminal compliance as a legal and institutional mechanism for improving the investment climate, through a comparative analysis of criminal procedural frameworks in Ukraine and the United States. The study critically examines how differences in procedural statuses, particularly the presence of a formally defined "suspect" status in Ukraine and its absence in the U.S., affect legal certainty, fairness of proceedings, and overall investor confidence. Shaped by civil law traditions, the Ukrainian criminal process defines clear stages, such as "suspect", "charged" and "convicted", with distinct legal rights and obligations at each procedural point. By contrast, the US common law system does not recognise a formal "suspect" status. This divergence has critical implications for compliance practices. The US legal environment has developed a robust system of criminal compliance, based on early procedural safeguards such as Miranda rights, the exclusionary rule and due process protections under the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments. These safeguards reinforce accountability among law enforcement agencies and protect individuals' rights during pre-trial procedures. The administrative framework that underpins criminal processes is supported by strong and consistent legislative measures, with its foundations firmly rooted in the historical development of common law. This regime functions to provide predictability and consistency in the regulatory process, even before matters reach criminal jurisdiction. It also allows regulatory agencies to align their procedural enforcement activity with the areas of criminal jurisdiction that may arise earlier in the administrative enforcement process. Furthermore, tools such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, and OFAC regulations have led to the institutionalisation of corporate criminal liability and the incentivisation of internal compliance programmes as a means of avoiding legal exposure. These mechanisms contribute to transparent and predictable legal practices and play a key role in maintaining the country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment. In contrast, Ukraine's legal system, while increasingly aligned with European Union standards, still lacks a comprehensive and enforceable framework for criminal compliance, especially within law enforcement and public administration. Despite the legal establishment of procedural rights, their practical enforcement is hindered by legal uncertainty, inconsistent judicial practice, and occasional procedural overreach. These issues have the potential to compromise investor confidence, particularly among international firms that are apprehensive about exposure to corruption, arbitrary enforcement, and reputational risks. The article also evaluates the relevance of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), adopted in 2024, which imposes a legal duty on large companies to implement human rights and environmental due diligence across their operations and supply chains. Whilst the CSDDD is chiefly focused on the civil and commercial sectors, its implications for criminal law are extensive, particularly in terms of reinforcing risk-based internal governance and compliance standards. For Ukraine, aligning with CSDDD principles has the potential to act as a catalyst for more profound criminal justice reform, particularly by institutionalising preventive measures, fortifying procedural rights, and introducing internal compliance obligations within public and corporate structures. The article ultimately contends that the integration of CSDDD standards with the optimal practices of U.S. criminal compliance has the potential to substantially enhance Ukraine's legal infrastructure. The implementation of such reforms would engender legal certainty, reduce systemic risks, and foster a more predictable and transparent legal environment. Consequently, this would result in an improvement in the investment climate and provide support for the broader objectives of economic modernisation and European integration.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC-SECURITY ASPECTS OF PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THEIR INTERESTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF MARTIAL STATE

Oksana Safonchyk, Roman Stefanchishen, Kateryna Hlyniana — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article identifies the key features of international legal and economic support for protecting children’s rights and interests under martial law. This is achieved by: determining the features of the legal regime of martial law that influence the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms in the state; outlining international legal standards for protecting children and their interests; and examining the economic and legal means of safeguarding children’s rights in Ukraine during a special period. The present study was conducted utilising a combination of general and special scientific cognition methods. The method of comparison was utilised in order to identify status rights during the period of the legal regime of martial law. The application of analytical methods enabled the identification of the quantitative and qualitative parameters that characterise the specifics of implementing certain measures at both the international and national levels for the protection of children's rights within the legal regime of martial law. The findings of the study have demonstrated that the implementation of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine has precipitated directional changes to various types of social relations, which are objectively necessary for ensuring the state's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and overall existence. Concurrently, there are restrictions on some children's rights and an increased risk of violations and inadequate safeguards. In the context of martial law, economic support measures have been employed as a means of ensuring the rights of children are upheld. These measures encompass the allocation of financial assistance to children in the form of monetary payments, as well as the fulfilment of specific needs, which are met through the utilisation of state budgetary resources or through contributions from relevant specialised organisations, charitable foundations, and civil society institutions. Conclusion. The following proposals are hereby made: firstly, to deepen the involvement of such institutions in solving children's rights issues in the Ukrainian state through the activities of permanent observers monitoring the observance of children's rights in the territory recognised by international norms as the territory of Ukraine; and secondly, to implement a register of children who, as a result of martial law, require ongoing additional financial support (for the subsequent distribution of charitable aid to prevent speculation in this area).

RECRIMINALISATION OF SMUGGLING IN THE SYSTEM OF COMBATING ECONOMIC CRIMES: ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LAW

Denis Kolodin, Oksana Stepanenko, Karina Buben — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The practice of smuggling, as a manifestation of the shadow economy, has historically been regarded as a significant threat to national security. This is due to the fact that it has the capacity to undermine fiscal stability, legitimate competition, and institutional trust. Recent amendments to Ukrainian criminal legislation, which have resulted in the reclassification of commodity smuggling as a criminal offence, underscore the necessity for a methodical and scientific examination of the subject under investigation. Studying the issue of the recriminalisation of smuggling is important for improving criminal legislation and for developing effective state policies in the field of economic security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the criminal law aspects of the recriminalisation of smuggling as part of the system for combating economic crime. This analysis will take into account modern challenges, changes in Ukrainian legislation and international experience. The objective of the study is to ascertain the most effective methods of regulatory enhancement, harmonisation of administrative and criminal liability, and the assurance of effective law enforcement in the field of combating smuggling in the context of European integration. The research methodology consists of such methods as: formal-legal, comparative-legal, policy analysis method, empirical method and synthesis method. The article provides a criminal law analysis of the phenomenon of the recriminalisation of smuggling within the modern Ukrainian system for combatting economic crime. It considers the reasons, consequences and merits of reintroducing criminal liability for certain smuggling activities, particularly those involving goods not subject to excise duty or prohibited items. The national legal framework is analysed, as are the positions of domestic and international experts, and the comparative legal experience of other countries. A meticulous examination is conducted to ascertain the prospective hazards and favourable elements of this methodology with respect to safeguarding the economic stability of the state. The text goes on to outline interdisciplinary approaches to the problem, and determine which approaches are relevant for the formation of a balanced and effective system for combating economic crime.

SETTLEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NON-STATE SOCIAL SERVICES UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF CERTAIN FOREIGN STATES: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

Liudmyla Panova, Ernest Gramatskyy, Anna Panchenko — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the context of the present conditions of wartime, decentralisation and Ukraine's approximation to the standards of the European Union, the issue of payments for social services provided by non-state structures is becoming critical. The positive experience of foreign countries demonstrates that the introduction of contracting models, voucher systems, indicative budgeting, and outsourcing of social functions significantly increases the efficiency of social protection, allowing the state to focus on strategic management, and non-governmental organisations to focus on the direct provision of services. In view of this, there is a need to conduct an in-depth analysis of such models in the international legal field, in particular in the legislation of the EU countries, African and Latin American states, and to identify universal and contextual payment mechanisms, as well as to determine their applicability to the national legislation of Ukraine. The objective of the present study is a thoroughgoing analysis of the economic and legal mechanisms for making payments in the field of social services provided by non-state providers in certain foreign countries, with a view to identifying effective models of financing, legal regulation and quality control of services that can be adapted to the Ukrainian context. The research methodology consists of the following methods: the comparative legal method, the analysis of regulatory and legal sources, the system-structural method, the method of analogies and extrapolation, and the case study method. The study analysed the economic and legal aspects of payments in the field of social services provided by non-state providers in certain foreign countries. The author conducts an analysis of models of legal regulation of relations between the state and non-state organisations that perform social functions, as well as financial mechanisms for reimbursement of the cost of services or compensation, in particular through social orders, grant financing, subventions and voucher systems. The study is based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts of the European Union countries, as well as individual states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, which vary in terms of economic development and the degree of institutional capacity of the state. This text focuses on the mechanisms of contracting services, cost-effectiveness assessment, principles of transparency, accountability and social orientation of budget financing. The authors undertake a comparative legal analysis of the applied calculation models, determining their advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of adaptation in Ukrainian conditions. In undertaking this analysis, the authors take into account the current reforms in the field of decentralisation, social protection, as well as the desire for integration into the EU legal space. Consequently, conceptual proposals have been formulated for the enhancement of Ukraine's national legislation pertaining to the financing of non-state providers of social services. These proposals are founded upon the principles of economic feasibility, legal certainty, transparency of procedures, and effectiveness.

THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA ON THE CHOICE OF MILITARY ALTERNATIVES FOR UKRAINE’S DEFENСE CAPABILITY

Vasyl Porokhnya, Olha Mashchenko, Andrey Semenov — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this article is to present a study that demonstrates that the selection of weaponry and its subsequent production in Ukraine are predominantly influenced by the presence of intellectual capital within the military environment and the defence industry. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is modern methods of applying intellectual capital, which ensures the full-fledged defense capability of the state. Prior to the war, Ukraine's adherence to a distinct doctrine resulted in adverse consequences. Ukraine demonstrated a high level of confidence in its ability to halt the advance of its adversary. The opposing force initiated hostilities with a surprise attack. As time passed, the situation underwent a series of changes, leading to significant losses in manpower and military equipment for Russia. These losses were initially attributed to the rise of patriotism among the Ukrainian population, but this was subsequently addressed by the actions of destructive forces that the authorities initially failed to address. Results. According to the constructed multiple regression model, Ukraine's main weapons in January 2025 were tanks, armoured vehicles, and UAVs. The daily destruction of enemy targets, missiles and Russian UAVs had little impact on front-line battles and was aimed at defensive objectives. It is evident that the war in Ukraine is of a more defensive nature. The realisation of victory is possible through a significant augmentation of human capital within the military sphere, in addition to the receipt of assistance from partners in the modernisation of weaponry and the intellectual vision. This will facilitate the mobilisation of patriotic forces for the purpose of purging the army and government of short-sighted, inhibitive forces and total corruption. Practical implications. However, it is important to note that the war is a consequence of air, soil and water pollution. The war has had a significant impact on the environment, particularly with regard to carbon dioxide emissions, thereby limiting the available options for selecting alternative environmental measures. The present study investigates the restoration process through the creation of a Kohonen neural network and the subsequent application of the practical results thereof. Value / Originality. In light of the findings of this study, it is imperative for Ukraine to ascertain effective strategies for the accumulation and utilisation of its intellectual potential in order to achieve a competitive military position. In order to accomplish this objective, it is imperative to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the macroeconomic landscape of the primary countries that exert a significant influence on the defence capabilities of nations. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the intellectual capital indicators that characterise it leads to determining the significance and improving the economic performance of changes in funding for intellectual capital components. The primary challenge inherent in this approach to identifying alternative funding solutions pertains to the selection of appropriate indicators. The environment was adversely affected by elevated levels of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The Kohonen clustering neural network makes it possible to predict the funds for environmental restoration by clusters (1=alert, 2=restrained, 3=promising).

AN INVESTIGATION INTO FIRM PERFORMANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE BALTIC STATES

Derick Blaauw, Anmar Pretorius — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted economic activity globally. Local restriction as well as restrictions imposed by trading partners led to job losses and firms in certain industries being affected disproportionally. The three Baltic states were affected slightly later than their bigger counterparts. Against this background, the study analyzed factors pertaining to firm performance in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during COVID-19 based on enterprise survey data from the World Bank. Cross sectional regressions are estimated to identify factors that potentially could help determine why firms in certain industries and certain countries were more prone to job losses than others. Classic microeconomic factors, e.g., changes in sales, played a critical role in the performance of the firms during the pandemic – specifically relating to the number of full-time employees. Bigger firms were more likely to preserve jobs, as well as firms that adjusted salaries and other benefits received by employees. Firms in a better position to function on-line also preserved more jobs. The disaggregation of the country samples into different industries provides evidence that industry composition and other context-specific factors play a key role in explaining firm performance at industry/sector level. Various interactive dummy specifications to cater for the gender dimension, local ownership and export involvement yielded heterogeneous results. From a macro perspective, Lithuania’s economic climate during a growth phase provided more support to firms as well as government support in terms of wage subsidies. position the business cycle the general. Even though pandemics of this nature do not occur regularly, specific factors found to be statistically significant in the empirical study could provide guidelines on how to preserve job opportunities during periods of global downturn in general.

ARTIFICIAL SOCIALITY AS A CONCEPT AND TECHNOLOGY

Vladimir Menshikov, Oksana Ruza, Anastasiia Simakhova — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The notion of artificial sociality occupies an emerging but still underdeveloped niche at the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), social theory, and research on human-technology interaction. In contrast to traditional approaches focusing on the cognitive capabilities of AI, artificial sociality focuses on the modeling, reproduction, and transformation of social norms, roles, and forms of behavior within artificial agents and socio-technical systems. The aim of the article is to identify the essence and features of the phenomenon of artificial sociality as a new concept and technology, to determine its impact on social processes and the economy. The methodology of the article on artificial sociality is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes the analysis of scientific literature, identification of key research areas, and assessment of the impact of technology on social processes and economy. The article discusses artificial sociality as a conceptual framework and as a technological practice. It describes its theoretical foundations, dating back to sociology, cybernetics, and AI ethics, and analyses current implementation examples, from social robots and voice assistants to collective digital platforms. Based on bibliometric analysis, the topic's marginalization is emphasized compared to the dominant discourse focusing on the cognitive aspects of AI. Furthermore, the cultural and disciplinary contexts influencing the development of artificial sociality in different countries are discussed. The authors argue that artificial sociality requires a more integrative and reflexive approach – not only as a technological vector but also as a critical perspective on the role of machines in social life.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL ACTIVITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Taras Tsybulin, Andrii Izovita, Tetiana Rekunenko — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes general requirements for information and analytical activity in public administration. It is proved that the list of modern requirements for information and analytical activity in public administration should include the following: 1) compliance with the principles of public administration; 2) compliance with the rules of logic; 3) the use of scientific methodology; 4) the use of methods of working with information; 5) involvement in information and analytical activities of persons with the appropriate level of professionalism and credentials. In particular, compliance with the principles of public administration implies adherence to the rule of law, legality, openness, transparency, efficiency, etc. Applying the rules of logic includes meeting the requirements of thinking forms and following the laws of straight thinking (correct formulation of statements, correct derivation of deduction, induction, analogy, etc.). Compliance with scientific methodology requirements means that the information employed in information and analytical activities is processed through cognitive methods (general, general scientific, and special methods of cognition). The use of methods for working with information manifests itself in compliance with the requirements of methods for: 1) ensuring the quality of information (its relevance, adequacy, objectivity, unambiguity, usefulness, timeliness, etc.); 2) ensuring the completeness of information (its sufficiency, volume, etc.); 3) ensuring the practical significance of the findings of information and analytical activities. Involvement in information and analytical activities of persons who have the appropriate level of professionalism (expertise in management, legal regulation, information, and public administration) and aptitude (the presence of such properties as good memory, perseverance, a tendency to analytical thinking, etc.). The author concludes that all these requirements contribute to increasing the effectiveness of information and analytical activities in public authorities, and at the same time, to improving all types of public administration activities in Ukraine.

THE ANALOGY OF STATUTE AND THE ANALOGY OF LAW AS DOCTRINAL INSTRUMENTS FOR LEGAL RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Serhii Zavalniuk, Volodymyr Zavalniuk, Iryna Zavalniuk — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ukraine's contemporary legal system is undergoing a period of significant transformation, which necessitates not only a robust and stable legal framework, but also a flexible doctrinal apparatus. This is especially relevant in the face of economic challenges caused by global crises, war, sanctions, rapid digitalisation and the emergence of new forms of economic activity. The analogy of statute (analogy legis) and the analogy of law (analogy iuris) hold a distinct place among the tools for overcoming legal gaps in the economic sphere. In the context of the global trend of expanding the scope of judicial discretion, the question of the admissibility and methodology of analogies is becoming increasingly critical. The challenges confronting Ukraine require the creation of a high-quality regulatory framework and the development of new conceptual approaches aimed at ensuring systemic and structural improvement of the legal system. In this process, doctrinal instruments such as the analogy of statute and the analogy of law play a crucial role, particularly under conditions of economic transformation. The article examines the analogy of statute and analogy of law as key doctrinal instruments capable of providing an effective legal response to the latest economic challenges. It examines the use of analogy in the legal regulation of situations arising from economic instability, market digitalisation, the introduction of financial innovations, and the increasing complexity of business behavior. The author demonstrates the appropriateness of using analogy to fill legal gaps, especially in the context of novel or atypical economic circumstances. This research focuses on the legal nature of the analogy of statute and the analogy of law as doctrinal tools for overcoming legal gaps. The author provides a reasoned argument in support of their significance and outlines specific proposals for their proper application within legal regulation. The relevance of the topic is determined by two factors. Firstly, there is a need for theoretical development in this field. Secondly, there is a practical interest in identifying and proposing specific legal measures. These measures are intended to ensure that legal entities comply with the rules of application of analogy of statute and analogy of law in legal regulation. The subject. The subject matter of this study is the concept of analogy of statute and analogy of law, which includes the definition of its concept, essence, place in the system of law, correlation with related legal categories, legal and technical bases and limits of application. The research also explores the admissibility limits of applying legal analogy and presents various scholarly approaches to the definition of legal gaps. Methodology. The methodological foundation of this research is the general scientific dialectical method of cognition. This approach made it possible to examine the object of study in its historical variability, to explore diverse scholarly perspectives on the subject matter, and to analyse the practical application of analogies in legal contexts. To achieve the objectives set in this study, universal scientific methods were employed. The formal-logical method was used to formulate the concept of the analogy of law, as well as the legal and technical rationale for its application. The employment of the systemic-structural method facilitated the delineation of the institute of analogy's position within the legal system. Moreover, the study involved the use of specialised legal methods, including the comparative legal method, which enabled the examination of forms of analogy applied in different legal systems, and the method of systematic interpretation, which contributed to identifying the specific features of applying analogy to particular legal relations. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to clarify the nature of analogy of statute and analogy of law as doctrinal tools for addressing legal gaps; and secondly, to identify the current risks and challenges associated with the use of analogies. The results. The conclusions are of particular significance insofar as they establish a comprehensive perspective on the content of analogy of law and its function as a doctrinal instrument for addressing lacunae within the legal system. Furthermore, they determine the role of analogy of law within the broader framework of law and legal technique. In addition to this, the conclusions identify contemporary challenges related to the utilisation of analogy. The results of the study provide a foundation for further research into the methods by which to bridge the identified gaps. Conclusion. In the field of legal science, the terms "analogy of statute" and "analogy of law" are collectively referred to as "legal analogies". The relationship between analogy of statute and analogy of law is not a purely theoretical issue. A correct understanding of these doctrinal tools is essential for making lawful and well-reasoned decisions in cases where a legal gap exists. This study has demonstrated that, under modern conditions, the presence of gaps in legislation is an inherent characteristic of law itself. The analogy of statute and the analogy of law should therefore be regarded as doctrinal instruments for overcoming such gaps within the legal system. However, the views of contemporary Ukrainian scholars on the definition of the term "legal gaps" remain diverse. The utilisation of legal analogy as a method of addressing legal lacunae incorporates a degree of creativity, whilst simultaneously ensuring that law enforcement does not evolve into rulemaking.

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE VEGETABLE MARKET UNDER CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC REGIONALISATION

Kateryna Mazur, Inna Tomashuk, Vitalii Shvets — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of the present study is to analyse the trends and prospects for the development of the vegetable market of Ukraine in the context of regionalisation of the economy. In particular, the study will seek to identify the main factors that affect the effectiveness of the functioning of this market at the regional level. Methodology. A comprehensive approach was adopted for the research, incorporating theoretical, quantitative, and qualitative methods of analysis. The main methods applied in the study include the following: document and literature analysis (to assess theoretical approaches to economic regionalisation and its impact on the agrarian sector); SWOT analysis (to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the vegetable market in Ukraine in the context of regionalisation, as well as the opportunities and threats arising from changes in economic and environmental conditions); comparative analysis (to compare the state of the vegetable market in different regions of Ukraine and identify specific features and opportunities for local development); regression analysis (to identify the relationship between key economic factors and the results of vegetable market development); sustainability analysis (to examine the impact of internal and external factors on the stability of the vegetable market); case study method (to formulate recommendations and development strategies tailored to the needs of regional markets). The results of the study indicate that regionalisation promotes increased efficiency in vegetable production through regional specialisation, the development of agrifood clusters, and the optimisation of logistical processes. The analysis demonstrated that pivotal factors encompass adaptation to climate change, the integration of innovative agricultural technologies, and the development of organic vegetable production. Nevertheless, the market is confronted with challenges pertaining to infrastructure, access to financing, and inadequate government support. The prospects for development include the following: improved co-operation between producers, the development of regional export strategies, and enhanced product quality, with a view to accessing international markets. Practical implications. The regionalisation of Ukraine's vegetable market has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of local agrifood clusters, thereby reducing logistics costs and improving production efficiency. The implementation of innovative technologies and adaptation to climate change have been demonstrated to increase yields and ensure supply stability. It is anticipated that there will be an enhancement in the competitiveness of Ukrainian vegetables in both domestic and international markets. This will be driven by improvements in product quality and certification. The provision of state support for farmers, in conjunction with the establishment of favourable conditions for the development of organic vegetable production, is of significant importance. Value / Originality. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the trends and prospects of the vegetable market's development in the context of economic regionalisation, which is crucial for the formulation of effective agricultural policies and regional development strategies. The text emphasises the pivotal role of innovative technologies, climate change adaptation, and the development of local agrifood clusters in enhancing production efficiency and the competitiveness of Ukrainian vegetable products in international markets.

DIGITAL MEDIATION TOOLS IN RESOLVING SOCIAL CONFLICTS WITHIN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

Roman Stadniichuk, Olga Garafonova, Oleksandr Kornaha — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the use of digital mediation tools to resolve social conflicts within the public administration system, emphasising their growing importance in the context of the global digital transformation of governance. The research focuses on the integration of online platforms, artificial intelligence technologies and digital communication formats into public governance mechanisms for resolving conflicts. The primary aim of the research is threefold: to assess the effectiveness of digital mediation tools; to determine the level of trust in these mechanisms; and to propose a methodological framework for their evaluation, with a particular focus on the Ukrainian context during wartime recovery and governance decentralisation. In order to achieve these objectives, the authors employed a comprehensive research methodology that includes comparative analysis, content analysis, sociological surveys, and mathematical modelling. The comparative analysis focused on international experiences from countries such as Estonia, Germany, Canada, Singapore, and Ukraine, with a view to identifying best practices in digital mediation implementation. A content analysis of digital platforms was conducted to assess functionality, interactivity, and usability. A sociological survey was conducted, with 200 respondents including public officials, local community members, and mediators. The aim of the survey was to capture perceptions regarding trust, accessibility, and barriers to participation. The development of three key indices was enabled by mathematical modelling: the Index of Digital Mediation Accessibility (IDM), the Index of Digital Mediation Effectiveness (IEM), and the Index of Stakeholder Satisfaction (ISM). Collectively, these indices form a Composite Digital Mediation Index (CEM), the purpose of which is to quantify overall effectiveness. The findings indicate that digital mediation is gaining traction in public administration, facilitating transparent dialogue, broader participation, and efficient conflict resolution processes. In Ukraine, the VzaemoDIA platform and other online consultation tools have become instrumental in fostering civic engagement, particularly in regions affected by conflict or remote communities. The Composite Index calculated in the study indicated an 75% effectiveness rate, with the highest performance recorded in the stakeholder satisfaction component (83%). These results indicate that Ukrainian society is prepared to adopt digital conflict resolution tools, although there is a necessity for consideration of digital inequality, digital literacy, and data security. The study concludes that, although digital mediation cannot replace traditional methods entirely, it is a vital addition to modern governance, particularly in times of crisis. To maximise impact, policy measures should prioritise integration with broader e-governance systems, as well as providing training for public officials and citizens, developing cybersecurity infrastructure, and legally regulating online mediation processes. This study makes a valuable contribution to academic discourse by proposing a replicable evaluation framework and offering insights into Ukraine's distinctive experience of managing digital conflicts during wartime.

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POST-WAR RECOVERY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN UKRAINE'S ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

Nataliia Kholiavko — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the role and contribution of universities and students in supporting post-war recovery based on the principles of sustainable development. Methodology. The research employed a survey method, with students from Ukrainian higher education institutions selected as the primary target group of respondents. A total of 151 students from a variety of academic disciplines participated in the survey, which was conducted electronically via Google Forms. The questionnaire comprised 35 questions with the aim of assessing young people's understanding of the fundamental principles of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the roles of universities and students in achieving them. The questionnaire comprised a number of question types, including diagnostic, evaluative, behavioural and motivational questions. The content of the questionnaire encompassed a range of topics, including general principles of sustainable development, economic aspects (innovation, infrastructure, labour, use of natural resources), environmental aspects (ecosystems, water resources, biodiversity, etc.), and social aspects (inequality, gender balance, inclusion). In addition, the questionnaire posed questions related to partnerships and the impact of universities on achieving the SDGs. The methodological framework of the study is based on the Sustainable Development Concept. The article provides substantiating evidence for the hypothesis that this concept can be applied in Ukraine's post-war recovery process. In view of the fact that sustainable development encompasses economic, social, and environmental components, the questionnaire was structured accordingly to reflect each of these dimensions. Results. The article presents the results of an analysis of respondents' answers to questions related to the economic component of sustainable development. The study revealed a reasonably accurate understanding among young people of the internal essence of the Sustainable Development Goals. The majority of respondents demonstrated an adequate understanding of the significance of sustainable development in ensuring national economic growth. While acknowledging the pivotal function of academic institutions in fostering sustainable development, students exhibit a moderate degree of self-awareness concerning their individual contributions to the achievement of the SDGs. Findings. The author suggests that Ukraine’s model of sustainable post-war recovery should be based on the four "R" pillars, including the economy and the higher education system: Relationships, Renovation, Resilience and Revampment. In light of the rapid advancement of digital technologies, the article also suggests integrating digital solutions into the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and strengthening security measures in Ukraine during the post-war period.

ATTRIBUTE FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMER OVERALL SATISFACTION IN HOTEL SERVICES – EXAMPLE OF GEORGIA

Nana Katsitadze, Natalia Kharadze, Maia Giorgobiani — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present research focuses on measuring service quality and customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. The aim is to identify overall satisfaction with hotel services in Georgia and the factors influencing it. This issue is of particular pertinence, given its impact on both the image of the country as a tourist destination and the prospects for guests returning from their travels with a sense of satisfaction. This is of particular significance for Georgia, which is currently engaged in efforts to consolidate its position within the global tourism market. The study utilised statistical data from official organisations, as well as ratings reflecting the overall satisfaction of guests surveyed using modern technology on the Booking.com portal. Qualitative factors were grouped into 6-7 sub-components impacting satisfaction, which were formulated by sharing the concept of popular models. The research has utilised the results of a survey of confirmed guests in 137 hotels located in the city of Tbilisi and mountain resorts (8,874 respondents). The results were processed using the SPSS statistical software package. A comparative analysis of hotel cluster groups was conducted, which revealed that local hotel brands have competitive strategies, such as their uniqueness, and different customer attitudes towards quality components of different categories of hotels. This was reflected in the high satisfaction with family hotels in this segment, despite their low ratings in certain (predominantly technical) components of quality. It is noteworthy that interest in mountain resort brands is growing; therefore, family hotels, which make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of regional tourism, require support from the state through different approaches, such as raising knowledge of the area and regulatory incentives. It is evident that the limitations imposed by the research have precluded an assessment of the weighted significance of the impact of the indicators – quality factor groups – on the hotel's rating. This is a subject that requires further study.

INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL AID IN POST-CONFLICT RECOVERY: LESSONS FROM GLOBAL PRACTICES FOR DE-OCCUPIED AREAS

Viktoriia Zalizniuk, Anton Plaksun — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a study of theoretical, methodological, and applied approaches to the engagement of international technical assistance (ITA) in post-conflict recovery processes, with a particular focus on its potential application in the reconstruction of de-occupied territories in Ukraine. The paper substantiates the necessity of integrating ITA into the national framework for reconstruction, reintegration, and stabilization under the conditions of martial law and systemic transformation. ITA is conceptualized as a strategic resource that encompasses financial, technical, expert, and institutional support from international donors aimed at the implementation of long-term sustainable development programs. The article provides a structural analysis of the forms of international technical assistance, the mechanisms of its provision, and institutional coordination, particularly in the context of cooperation between governments, intergovernmental organizations, financial institutions, and civil society actors. Key criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of ITA are outlined, along with methods of monitoring, auditing, and risk management. Special attention is paid to transparency and accountability issues in the implementation of technical support projects in countries with post-conflict status. Within the empirical component of the research, international experience in post-conflict recovery and reintegration is examined using the cases of Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Georgia, and Croatia. A comparative analysis of ITA models in these states is carried out, highlighting institutional successes, shortcomings, and adaptable practices relevant to the Ukrainian context. The article emphasizes the importance of leveraging such experience not only for infrastructural reconstruction but also for strengthening public administration, security, the rule of law, and public trust in the reintegration of de-occupied areas. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematic generalization and critical rethinking of foreign experience in international technical assistance within post-conflict recovery, assessed through the lens of its applicability to modern Ukraine. For the first time, a comparative analysis is conducted of ITA models in countries with varying degrees of de-occupation (full, partial, absent), enabling the development of a typology of approaches to stabilization, reintegration, and institutional recovery of liberated territories. Thus, we can observe in the article the following. Subject of the study. This research addresses the conceptual and institutional foundations of international technical assistance (ITA) within the context of post-conflict recovery. It focuses on identifying and analysing mechanisms for the application of ITA in the processes of reconstruction, reintegration, and stabilization of de-occupied territories, with particular emphasis on the Ukrainian case. Methodology. The methodological framework of the study combines comparative analysis, institutional diagnostics, and the examination of selected international case studies. The empirical component relies on the analysis of post-conflict recovery practices in Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Georgia, and Croatia. The study applies qualitative content analysis and institutional comparison, supported by an assessment of aid effectiveness, monitoring instruments, and governance models. Purpose of the Study. The purpose of this research is to critically examine the role of international technical assistance in post-conflict settings and to assess the relevance of global experience to the Ukrainian context. The study aims to propose an analytical framework for integrating ITA into national recovery policy, with particular attention to its potential for enhancing institutional resilience and promoting sustainable reintegration. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that international technical assistance can function as a key component in the recovery and stabilization of territories affected by conflict, provided it is coherently embedded in national strategic planning. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of ITA depends on the alignment between donor approaches and local needs, institutional capacity, and mechanisms of coordination. Based on the comparative analysis, the research develops a typology of ITA application in countries with differing post-conflict trajectories, offering applicable insights for the reconstruction of Ukraine’s de-occupied areas.

FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION IN ECONOMIC CRIME INVESTIGATIONS

Artem Kovalenko, Mykola Zhdan, Oleksandr Shapovalov — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Despite the extensive digital transformation of the economy, physical documents (typically on a tangible medium such as paper or polymer) remain a significant component of document flows in economic sphere. Accordingly, these documents inevitably play a role in economic crimes, serving as objects or instruments of offenses, carrying traces of criminal activity, or representing unlawful proceeds obtained from such crimes. In economic investigations, such documents constitute valuable evidence that requires thorough examination using specific procedural and forensic tools. Thus, the purpose of the article is to identify and present the means of forensic document examination in economic crime investigations. The study employs a combination of general and specialized scientific methods. Using the formal-legal approach the authors clarify the procedural status of physical documents as evidence under the current Ukrainian criminal procedure legislation. The authors employ a formal-logical approach to differentiate preliminary, expert, and judicial examinations of documents. Through the modeling, hypothetical scenarios of the activities of authorized persons involved in document examination during economic investigations were constructed. The results of the study show that in criminal proceedings, documents are considered written (documentary) evidence when their content is of importance to the case, and physical evidence when their external characteristics – such as material, production method, security features, signs of forgery, damage, etc. – possess evidentiary value. The authors identify typical documents to examine in economic crime investigations, including corporate founding and administrative documents, accounting and tax records, banking documents, securities, correspondence, identity documents, audit findings, and inspection reports, among others. During pre-trial investigation, a preliminary examination of such documents is conducted through visual perception (reading, observing) as part of a formal inspection procedure. The study also examines the possibilities of involving specialists (forensic scientists, economists, computer scientists) and the use of specialized technical tools during the inspection of documents in economic investigations. It is established that an in-depth expert examination of documents is carried out by referring them for forensic expertise. Technical document examination and handwriting expertise help determine a document’s authenticity and authorship; forensic economic expertise clarifies the content of financial transactions recorded in the documents; forensic commodity expertise is used to determine the value of securities.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY ON THE MARKET OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL SERVICES IN UKRAINE

Hanna Buha, Serhii Hermanov, Volodymyr Ihnatenko — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the article is to analyze the economic and legal policy in the security sphere in non-banking financial services market in Ukraine. Methodology. General scientific methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction and modeling) and special methods (logical and legal method, axiomatic method) were used, with the help of which the essence of economic and legal policy in the security sphere in the non-banking financial services market in Ukraine was revealed. Results. Ensuring the Ukrainian state's own path of development and its integration into world processes are inextricably linked with the reform of the financial system and the improvement of legal regulation. This is necessary to achieve compliance with modern development trends and international standards. The functioning of any state is impossible without proper financial support, an effective legal mechanism, as well as clearly defined tasks and objectives of activity. Nowadays the issues of the ensuring financial stability and security are the key elements, since it depends on their condition that the realization of national interests and sustainable development of the country. The modern economy is unthinkable without the financial services market, which serves as the basis for the provision and consumption of financial services. These services contribute to the formation of financial resources that are directed to the economic development of both the state as a whole and individual business entities. The financial services market is a key element in ensuring the development of all sectors of the national economy, creating conditions for the expansion and modernization of production. The progress in such areas as industry, entrepreneurship, trade, medicine, science and other important sectors is impossible without the active use of financial instruments in the modern world. The legal principles for implementing state policy in ensuring security sphere in the non-banking financial sector (NFS) constitutes a system of legal norms enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine, subordinate regulations, as well as in program and strategic documents. These principles determine the purpose, objectives, rules, order and procedures of the activities of authorized entities in the context of regulating and developing relations in NFS. Their main purpose is to ensure the implementation of social and economic rights and freedoms of citizens, their legal protection in case of violations, creating conditions for sustainable economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of national economy. Usually, these norms are enshrined in by-laws adopted by state regulatory entities operating within the principles of NSF. The norms of administrative legislation are the basis of administrative and legal regulation aimed at implementing state policy. Their characteristic feature is a clear definition of the scope of action (limits of legal regulation), which covers the subject area of work of public administration bodies and managerial social relations that arise in the process of their performance of power and organizational functions. It is also important to emphasize the importance of interaction between regulatory entities and financial market participants. This interaction is based on the principles of transparency, legality and responsibility. The use of innovative approaches to regulation, digitization of control processes and increasing financial awareness among market participants contribute to reducing risks in financial security sphere. Strengthening the institutional capacity of bodies responsible for supervision and regulation is a key factor for the effective implementation of state policy in non-banking financial sector. The constant updating of the regulatory framework, in accordance with modern challenges and international standards, is an urgent need in this regard. Practical implications. It should be noted that the norms of administrative law are formed to regulate public relations of a managerial nature that arise between the state and the subjects of NFS. The difference between these relations is that one of the parties is the state represented as a public administration body endowed with power. This body has the right to demand compliance with certain legal behavior from other participants, such as the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), the National Securities and Stock Market Commission (NSSMC), etc. This creates an effective tool for implementing regulatory policy in the financial services sector in practice. It covers the processes of licensing, supervision, inspections, application of administrative sanctions and issuance of mandatory regulations for implementation. These measures are aimed at preventing violations, ensuring transparency of financial institutions and strengthening confidence in the financial market as a whole. In modern conditions, special emphasis is placed on the implementation of a risk-based approach to supervision. This allows the regulator to focus its resources on the most vulnerable market segments and those entities whose activities may pose a threat to financial stability. This approach involves a deep analysis of financial companies' internal processes, their corporate governance, financial reporting, and compliance with consumer protection standards.

THE CHOICE OF EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS, ACCOUNTABILITY IMPLICATIONS, AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Arbana Sahiti Ramushi, Shqipdona Hashani Siqani — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The choice of exchange rate regimes over the period 2000-2024 has been a key policy issue for developing countries. This paper will investigate the impact of different types of exchange rate regimes – fixed, intermediate and flexible – on economic growth performance. According to empirical data collected by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the results are that there is no statistically significant relationship between the choice of exchange rate regime and the level of long-term economic growth. Descriptive data, on the other hand, show that countries that have followed intermediate regimes have experienced higher growth rates compared to fixed or flexible regimes. In this regard, central accountability implications arise: the way in which economic decision-makers report, explain and coordinate exchange rate policy is directly related to the perception of institutional credibility and the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of accurate financial reporting and transparent accounting as essential elements for strengthening institutional accountability and creating a stable economic environment in developing countries. The findings show that the effects of exchange rates on economic development are not self-governing, but interdependent with other aspects such as trade openness, investment levels and institutional stability. Therefore, transparency and accountability in the design and implementation of monetary policies are key elements for the sustainable development of developing countries.