REASONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF HIDDEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to study the essence, causes and consequences of hidden entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The shadowing of economic activity hinders the development of the country’s competitiveness, complicates integration into the European community, negatively affects the growth of social living standards of the population. In Ukraine, there is no single approach to the interpretation of the concept of “hidden entrepreneurship”. In most approaches, this phenomenon is associated with illegal business. In some studies, hidden entrepreneurship is associated with the shadow economy. This creates discrepancies in the indicators of the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine’s GDP, which distorts the reflection of the real state of threat to the effective development of the economy. The problems of shadowing economic activity have been studied for a long time. At the same time, deepening the understanding of the causal links between hidden entrepreneurship and the prospects of economic development in modern Ukraine requires more detail. The methodological basis of this work is the synthesis of general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research (method of cognition, analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization of information). Results. One of the main parameters of hidden entrepreneurship is the focus on the conscious reflection of performance. Thus, informal economic activity, which is mainly related to housekeeping, small services, irregular work, etc., acquires signs of deliberate concealment as a result of legal production and sale of unregistered goods and services. Carrying out economic operations prohibited by law turns economic activity into illegal or criminal. Thus, each subsequent type of hidden business receives additional characteristics regarding the legality of economic transactions. We identify four main groups of reasons for the emergence of hidden entrepreneurship: economic, socio-political, administrative, moral and ethical, psychological reasons. Hidden entrepreneurship provides employment to the part of the country’s population that has no sources of income (pensioners, pregnant women, people with no work experience, youth, minors, etc.). In addition, hidden business goods and services are affordable for socially vulnerable groups, partially reducing the social tensions that exist in society. Practical implications. Given that the level of the shadow sector in Ukraine is quite high (over 30% of GDP) now, its impact on economic development is negative. Therefore, identifying the root causes, as well as awareness of the negative consequences of further development of hidden entrepreneurship for the national economy should become the foundation for the transformation of the institutional environment in the country. Understanding these implications will identify the most promising ways to reduce the level of the shadow economy and promote the use of the positive effects of hidden entrepreneurship to develop the necessary incentives for entrepreneurs. Value/originality. The use of comprehensive analysis allows to identify the main problems of hidden entrepreneurship, taking into account the specifics of its manifestation in modern conditions.


Introduction
Hidden entrepreneurship in the national economy is closely linked to the shadowing of economic entities' activity. In turn, the shadowing of economic activity hinders the development of the country's competitiveness, complicates integration into the European community, negatively affects the growth of social living standards of the population. In Ukraine, there is no single approach to the interpretation of the concept of "hidden entrepreneurship". In most approaches, this phenomenon is associated with illegal business. In some studies, hidden entrepreneurship is associated with the shadow economy. This creates discrepancies in the indicators of the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine's GDP, which distorts the reflection of the real state of threat to the effective development of the economy.

Hidden entrepreneurship concept
The problems of shadowing economic activity have been studied for a long time. The basic principles of the emergence of shadow economic activity are considered in the scientific works by P. Gutmann, W. Tanzi, W. Thyssen, E. Feige and other scientists. Some aspects of the functioning of the shadow sector in the national economy are studied by Z. Varnaliy, S. Mocherny, I. Mazur, A. Skoruk, and others. In particular, the works of these scientists have deeply analyzed the essence of the shadow economy, identified its types, summarized the main consequences for the economy, social sphere and national security in general. Thanks to the research of these authors, most of the main issues of hidden entrepreneurship are revealed, the causes and patterns of shadow economy development, characteristics of the main types and mechanisms of hidden economic activity, methods of assessing the scale of the shadow economy and ways to unshadow the economy. At the same time, deepening the understanding of the causal links between hidden entrepreneurship and the prospects of economic development in modern Ukraine requires more detail.
Setting objectives. The purpose of the article is to study the essence, causes and consequences of hidden entrepreneurship in Ukraine.
The methodological basis of this work is the synthesis of general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research (method of cognition, analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization of information).

Basic characteristics of hidden entrepreneurship
In research, hidden entrepreneurship is usually seen in the context of the functioning of the shadow economy. Understanding the shadow economy makes it possible to identify the basic characteristics of hidden entrepreneurship in relation to the implementation of any economic activity. In particular, such characteristics include the ability to account for, detect and control the results of economic transactions ( Table 1).
One of the main parameters of hidden entrepreneurship is the focus on the conscious reflection of performance. Thus, informal economic activity, which is mainly related to housekeeping, small services, irregular work, etc., acquires signs of deliberate concealment as a result of legal production and sale of unregistered goods and services. Carrying out economic operations prohibited by law turns economic activity into illegal or criminal. Thus, generalizing views on the shadow economy, it is advisable to distinguish between three types of shadow entrepreneurship ( Figure 1). In this case, each subsequent type of hidden business receives additional characteristics regarding the legality of economic transactions.
It should be emphasized that informal and hidden types of economic activity are related to the motives of providing basic living conditions in times of economic crisis. Therefore, it is impossible to fight them, their volume and scale should be reduced, creating favorable living conditions, doing business, reducing tax pressure. Corruption as part of the shadow economy should be overcome by creating unfavorable conditions for its existence. On the contrary, prohibited economic activities (arms, drug trafficking, terrorist financing, etc.) as the criminal part of the economy should be overcome through constant monitoring and control.
The problem of shadowing of the economy became important in the late 20th century, when the shadow sector began to penetrate into all spheres of economic and social relations in almost all countries, regardless of the level of development of the national economy. However, in some countries the shadow economy is at a level that does not have a significant impact on the economy (5-12% of GDP), and in others it has a negative impact on all socio-economic processes (over 30% of GDP) (Skoruk, 2017).
According to preliminary data of the Ministry for Development of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine in January-March 2020 there was a decrease in the level of the shadow economy to 31% of official GDP, which is 1% less than in the same period of 2019. Thus, hidden economic transactions in the national economy remain at a fairly significant level, although they do not reach a critical level.
In some European countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, etc.) the level of shadowing of economic activity ranges from 10.1% to 26.9% of GDP (National bank of Ukraine, bank.gov.ua/news).
Given the specifics of the emergence and development of hidden entrepreneurship, the main reasons include bans and restrictions, as well as the inefficiency of the business regulation system (bureaucracy, tax burden, distrust of state institutions, etc (Mazur, 2017). Activity not taken into account by official statistics «part of the gross national product, which, due to its lack of reporting and (or) underestimation of its value, is not reflected in official statistics» Tanzi, V. 1982 «activities that create new value are not taken into account by official statistics» Thiessen, U. 1997 «all economic activity, which for some reason is not taken into account by official statistics». Feige, E. 1980 «any economic activity not taken into account by official statistics» Gutmann, P. 1977 «economic activity that is not accounted for, not controlled and not taxed by the state and (or) is aimed at generating income by violating applicable law»

Main groups of reasons for hidden entrepreneurship
Summarizing scientific views on the reasons for the development of the shadow sector in the economy (Mazur, 2017, Tsvihun, Nechyporuk, 2018, Prystupa, Tchaikovskyi, 2019, we can identify main groups of reasons for the emergence of hidden entrepreneurship (Table 2).
A contradictory view of the problems of hidden entrepreneurship in research is the assessment of the consequences of this phenomenon for economic development (Podmazko, 2013, Prystupa, Tchaikovskyi, 2019, Gordeychuk, 2019. Among the main consequences of the shadowing of entrepreneurship, there are negative and positive ( Figure 2).
It should be noted that the positive consequences are inherent only in "informal" and "hidden" types of economic activity and are to some extent constructive. Thus, hidden entrepreneurship provides employment to the part of the country's population that has no sources of income (pensioners, pregnant women, people with no work experience, youth, minors, etc.). In addition, hidden business goods and services are affordable for socially vulnerable groups, partially reducing the social tensions that exist in society.
In fact, hidden entrepreneurship in Ukraine coexists with the legal economy (Gordeychuk, 2019). However, hidden entrepreneurship does not improve the system of economic regulation, but only exacerbates the struggle for the division of existing markets, is a threat to socio-political stability of society.
Restraining the development of hidden entrepreneurship is seen in the "detailing" and the fight against the shadow economy. However, in order to effectively counteract the spread of shadow entrepreneurship to critical scales, it is necessary to improve the institutional environment for doing business. It is especially difficult for national entrepreneurs to withstand the tax burden regardless of the results of their work. In conditions of instability, it is difficult for entrepreneurs to work legally, as the growth of expenditures on compliance with the legal conditions of business significantly exceeds the risks of shadow activities.

Conclusions
Theoretical generalization of the problem of the emergence and causes of the development of hidden entrepreneurship creates conditions for determining methods to reduce its level in Table 2 The reasons for the emergence of hidden entrepreneurship in the national economy

Group of reasons Specification of reasons
Economic reasons -high taxes; high rates, large numbers and complex tax calculations; -the crisis of the financial system; -deformation of the employment structure; -the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize costs and make a profit; -establishment of preferential conditions for functioning of certain business entities; Socio-political reasons -entrepreneurs' uncertainty about the stability of the economic and political courses; -low institutional support for economic policy; -corruption; -shortcomings of the tax system; -imbalance of state regulatory policy; -imperfection of budget policy; -low level of social benefits received by employed workers in legal economic activity; -political instability Source: (Mazur, 2017;Tsvihun, Nechyporuk, 2018;Prystupa, Tchaikovskyi, 2019) Ukraine at the present stage. Given that the level of the shadow sector in Ukraine is now quite high (over 30% of GDP), its impact on economic development is negative. Therefore, identifying the root causes, as well as awareness of the negative consequences of further development of hidden entrepreneurship for the national economy should become the foundation for the transformation of the institutional environment in the country. Understanding these implications will identify the most promising ways to reduce the level of the shadow economy and promote the use of the positive effects of hidden entrepreneurship to develop the necessary incentives for entrepreneurs.

TYPES OF HIDDEN ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY EFFECTS
The negative effects: -economic (decrease in tax revenues; confusion and unregulated development of the economy; decreased investment attractiveness of the economy; the inability to use shadow funds for emergency purposes (during the war, economic crisis, natural disaster); reducing the competitiveness of the national economy); -political (complexity of state management of the economy; loss of public confidence in state institutions; formation of a negative image of the state in the world); -legal (legal implementation of shadow operations; low liability); -social (the complexity of the state's social functions; high stratification of society; reduction of pensions and social security; lack of social guarantees; inability to provide the population with quality public goods (education, health care, defense, etc.).

The positive effects:
-economic (accumulation of temporarily available funds; opportunities for the realization of entrepreneurial potential; ensuring the development of competition; creasing the competitiveness of domestic goods by saving money); -social (employment and growth of consumer demand; growth of incomes of enterprises and population; mechanism of social, labor, professional mobility).