EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS HARDINESS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS
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Published:
Jun 30, 2023
Abstract
The aim of the research was to identify the features of explicit and implicit assessments of hardiness and its components obtained for participants whose occupations are associated with risk: security guards, long-distance lorry drivers, footballers from one of the top football league teams; participants with occupations associated with unconditional execution of orders. Measurements were made using specially designed four modifications of the classical IAT and the self-report procedure Bartone’s Dispositional Resilience Scale. The study showed that there are differences in implicit and explicit attitudes towards hardiness and its components in groups of participants from different occupations: most guards and long-distance lorry drivers revealed a negative implicit challenge; the majority of ‘soldiers’ were found to have negative attitudes towards the commitment. The vast majority of long-distance lorry drivers showed matches of the measurements results. The independence of implicit and explicit ‘overall’ attitudes toward hardiness, and their content, is also shown.
How to Cite
Plotka, I., & Blumenau, N. (2023). EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS HARDINESS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, (2), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2023-2-5
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Keywords
Hardiness, Commitment, Control, Challenge, Implicit measures, Implicit Associative Test (IAT)
References
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2. Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J. & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 78-81.
3. Dimofte, C.V. (2010) Implicit Measures of Consumer Cognition: A Review. Psychology and Marketing, 27, 921-937.
4. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
5. Gawronski, B., & Payne, B. K. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. The Guilford Press.
6. Gawronski, B., & Brannon, S.M. (2019). Attitudes and the Implicit-Explicit Dualism. In: D. Albarracín & B. T. Johnson (Eds.). The handbook of attitudes (2nd edition). Taylor & Francis
7. Gawronski, B., De Houwer, J., & Sherman, J. W. (2020). Twenty-five years of research using implicit measures. Social Cognition, 38(Suppl), S1–S25.
8. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J. L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
9. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H. & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369-1385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205275613.
10. Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–11. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1
11. Maddi, S.R. (2002). The story of Hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 54, 173-185. Doi 10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.173
12. Maddi, S.R. (2004). Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(3), 279–298. doi:10.1177/0022167804266101
13. Maddi, S.R. (2007). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. In A. Monat, R. S Lazarus, & G. Reevy (Eds.), The Praeger handbook on stress and coping (pp. 327–340). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. DOI:10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.173
14. Maddi, S.R. (2013). Hardiness Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth. Springer Briefs in Psychology, XI.
15. Petty, R.E., Fazio, R.H. & Briñol P. (2009). Attitudes: Insights from the new wave of implicit measures (85-117). In B. Gawronski, F. Strack, & G.V. Bodenhausen, Attitudes and cognitive consistency: the role associative and propositional processes. Psychology Press.
16. Pietschnig, J., Gittler, G., Stieger, S., Forster, M., Gadek, N., Gartus, A., Kocsis-Bogar, K., Kubicek, B., Lüftenegger, M., Olsen, J., Prem, R., Ruiz, N., Serfas, B., & Voracek, M. (2018). Indirect (implicit) and direct (explicit) self-esteem measures are virtually unrelated: A meta-analysis of the initial preference task. PLoS ONE 13(9), 1-19. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0202873
17. Plotka, I., Shaplavska, J., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Kunavin, J. (2013). The study of Hardines with Implicit – Association Test and Self-assessment procedure in risky professions. Oral presentation at the International Scientific and Practice Conference “Business. Society. Human”, National Research University,– Higher School of Economics, Russia, Moscow. http://bsh.hse.ru/program.
18. Plotka, I., Shaplavska, J., Blumenau, N., & Gajevska, T. (2015). Research in hardiness of security guards with Implicit Association Test and self-evaluation procedures. In L. Malinovska (Ed), Proceedings of 14-th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Jelgava, Latvia, 20-22.05.2015 V.14 (pp.735-741). Latvia University of Agriculture Faculty of Engineering. http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2015/
19. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Vinogradova, Z. (2021). Research in context effects of graded affective valence videos on results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving. In L. Malinovska & V. Osadcuks (Eds.), 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings 26-28.05.2021 Jelgava, Latvia: Vol. 20 (pp. 1244-1259). Latvijas University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. DOI: 10.22616/ERDev.2021.20.TF272
20. Plotka, I., Igonin, D., Shaplavska, J., Kruzite, D., & Blumenau, N. (2017). Long-distance truck drivers coping strategies and hardiness: self-assessment procedure and implicit association test. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference May 26th-27th, 2017, V.I (pp. 617-638). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol1.2337
21. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Ozola, E., Pogildjakova, S., & Drozdova, J. (2016). Research of self-esteem of youth using implicit association test and self-reported procedures. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference May 27th-28th, 2016, V.I (pp. 483-497). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1511
22. Plotka, I., Igonin, D., & Blumenau, N. (2016). Implicit Attitudes and Measurements: Effect of Context. International Business: Innovations, Psychology and Economics, 7(2(12)), 7-150. http://www.kuryba.lt/failai/zurnalai/2016_2.pdf
23. Plotka, I., Simane-Vigante, L., & Blumenau, N. (2018). Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions. Social psychology and society, 9, (3), 176-186. doi:10.17759/sps.2018090317.
24. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Bolshakova, A. (2019). Research of relationships between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Society. Integration. Education”. May 26-27, 2019, Vol. I, pp. 97-121. Rezekne: Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. https://doi:10.17770/sie2019vol7.3888.
25. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Vinogradova, Z. (2021). Research in context effects of graded affective valence videos on results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving. In L. Malinovska & V. Osadcuks (Eds.), 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings 26-28.05.2021 Jelgava, Latvia: Vol. 20 (pp. 1244-1259).
Latvijas University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. DOI: 10.22616/ERDev.2021.20.TF272
26. Rudman L.A. (2011). Implicit measures for social and personality psychology. Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781473914797
27. Rudman, L. A. (2013). Sources of Implicit Attitudes. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 13, 79-82. DOI:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00279.x
28. Schlosberg, H. (1952). The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44(4), 229–237. doi:10.1037/h0055778
29. Šaplavska, J. (2013). Research of hardiness using explicit and implicit measures (on the basis of professions related to risk). (Summary of the thesis for obtaining the doctoral degree in psychology (specialty: Social Psychology)). Daugavpils University. https://healthdocbox.com/Psychology_and_Psychiatry/78905691-Mg-psych-jelena-saplavska.html.
30. Shaplavska, J., & Plotka, I. (2014). Research of hardiness using explicit and implicit measures (on the basis of professions related to risk). International Business: Innovations, Psychology, Economics, research papers, 5, 1 (8), 27–41.
31. Urbane, B., Plotka, I.D., Blumenau, N.F., & Igonin, D.A. (2021). Measuring the affective and cognitive bases of implicit and explicit attitudes towards domestic and foreign food brands. In V. Dislere (Ed.), Rural environment. Education. Personality. Jelgava, 7-8 May 2021. Vol.14, (pp. 191-199). Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. DOI:10.22616/REEP.2021.14.024
32. Vinogradova, Z., Plotka, I., Smirnova, I., Blumenau, N., & Igonin, D. (2018). Study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with implicit association tests and self-assessment procedures. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Society. Integration. Education” May 26-27, 2018, vol. 7, (pp. 291-307). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies, Latvia. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3397
2. Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J. & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 78-81.
3. Dimofte, C.V. (2010) Implicit Measures of Consumer Cognition: A Review. Psychology and Marketing, 27, 921-937.
4. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
5. Gawronski, B., & Payne, B. K. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. The Guilford Press.
6. Gawronski, B., & Brannon, S.M. (2019). Attitudes and the Implicit-Explicit Dualism. In: D. Albarracín & B. T. Johnson (Eds.). The handbook of attitudes (2nd edition). Taylor & Francis
7. Gawronski, B., De Houwer, J., & Sherman, J. W. (2020). Twenty-five years of research using implicit measures. Social Cognition, 38(Suppl), S1–S25.
8. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J. L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
9. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H. & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369-1385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205275613.
10. Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–11. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1
11. Maddi, S.R. (2002). The story of Hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 54, 173-185. Doi 10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.173
12. Maddi, S.R. (2004). Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(3), 279–298. doi:10.1177/0022167804266101
13. Maddi, S.R. (2007). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. In A. Monat, R. S Lazarus, & G. Reevy (Eds.), The Praeger handbook on stress and coping (pp. 327–340). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. DOI:10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.173
14. Maddi, S.R. (2013). Hardiness Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth. Springer Briefs in Psychology, XI.
15. Petty, R.E., Fazio, R.H. & Briñol P. (2009). Attitudes: Insights from the new wave of implicit measures (85-117). In B. Gawronski, F. Strack, & G.V. Bodenhausen, Attitudes and cognitive consistency: the role associative and propositional processes. Psychology Press.
16. Pietschnig, J., Gittler, G., Stieger, S., Forster, M., Gadek, N., Gartus, A., Kocsis-Bogar, K., Kubicek, B., Lüftenegger, M., Olsen, J., Prem, R., Ruiz, N., Serfas, B., & Voracek, M. (2018). Indirect (implicit) and direct (explicit) self-esteem measures are virtually unrelated: A meta-analysis of the initial preference task. PLoS ONE 13(9), 1-19. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0202873
17. Plotka, I., Shaplavska, J., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Kunavin, J. (2013). The study of Hardines with Implicit – Association Test and Self-assessment procedure in risky professions. Oral presentation at the International Scientific and Practice Conference “Business. Society. Human”, National Research University,– Higher School of Economics, Russia, Moscow. http://bsh.hse.ru/program.
18. Plotka, I., Shaplavska, J., Blumenau, N., & Gajevska, T. (2015). Research in hardiness of security guards with Implicit Association Test and self-evaluation procedures. In L. Malinovska (Ed), Proceedings of 14-th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Jelgava, Latvia, 20-22.05.2015 V.14 (pp.735-741). Latvia University of Agriculture Faculty of Engineering. http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2015/
19. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Vinogradova, Z. (2021). Research in context effects of graded affective valence videos on results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving. In L. Malinovska & V. Osadcuks (Eds.), 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings 26-28.05.2021 Jelgava, Latvia: Vol. 20 (pp. 1244-1259). Latvijas University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. DOI: 10.22616/ERDev.2021.20.TF272
20. Plotka, I., Igonin, D., Shaplavska, J., Kruzite, D., & Blumenau, N. (2017). Long-distance truck drivers coping strategies and hardiness: self-assessment procedure and implicit association test. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference May 26th-27th, 2017, V.I (pp. 617-638). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol1.2337
21. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Ozola, E., Pogildjakova, S., & Drozdova, J. (2016). Research of self-esteem of youth using implicit association test and self-reported procedures. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference May 27th-28th, 2016, V.I (pp. 483-497). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1511
22. Plotka, I., Igonin, D., & Blumenau, N. (2016). Implicit Attitudes and Measurements: Effect of Context. International Business: Innovations, Psychology and Economics, 7(2(12)), 7-150. http://www.kuryba.lt/failai/zurnalai/2016_2.pdf
23. Plotka, I., Simane-Vigante, L., & Blumenau, N. (2018). Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions. Social psychology and society, 9, (3), 176-186. doi:10.17759/sps.2018090317.
24. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Bolshakova, A. (2019). Research of relationships between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Society. Integration. Education”. May 26-27, 2019, Vol. I, pp. 97-121. Rezekne: Rezeknes Academy of Technologies. https://doi:10.17770/sie2019vol7.3888.
25. Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Vinogradova, Z. (2021). Research in context effects of graded affective valence videos on results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving. In L. Malinovska & V. Osadcuks (Eds.), 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings 26-28.05.2021 Jelgava, Latvia: Vol. 20 (pp. 1244-1259).
Latvijas University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. DOI: 10.22616/ERDev.2021.20.TF272
26. Rudman L.A. (2011). Implicit measures for social and personality psychology. Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781473914797
27. Rudman, L. A. (2013). Sources of Implicit Attitudes. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 13, 79-82. DOI:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00279.x
28. Schlosberg, H. (1952). The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44(4), 229–237. doi:10.1037/h0055778
29. Šaplavska, J. (2013). Research of hardiness using explicit and implicit measures (on the basis of professions related to risk). (Summary of the thesis for obtaining the doctoral degree in psychology (specialty: Social Psychology)). Daugavpils University. https://healthdocbox.com/Psychology_and_Psychiatry/78905691-Mg-psych-jelena-saplavska.html.
30. Shaplavska, J., & Plotka, I. (2014). Research of hardiness using explicit and implicit measures (on the basis of professions related to risk). International Business: Innovations, Psychology, Economics, research papers, 5, 1 (8), 27–41.
31. Urbane, B., Plotka, I.D., Blumenau, N.F., & Igonin, D.A. (2021). Measuring the affective and cognitive bases of implicit and explicit attitudes towards domestic and foreign food brands. In V. Dislere (Ed.), Rural environment. Education. Personality. Jelgava, 7-8 May 2021. Vol.14, (pp. 191-199). Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. DOI:10.22616/REEP.2021.14.024
32. Vinogradova, Z., Plotka, I., Smirnova, I., Blumenau, N., & Igonin, D. (2018). Study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with implicit association tests and self-assessment procedures. In V. Lubkina, S. Usca, & A. Zvaigzne (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Society. Integration. Education” May 26-27, 2018, vol. 7, (pp. 291-307). Rezeknes Academy of Technologies, Latvia. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3397