ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL ASPECT OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF UKRAINE
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Published:
Oct 17, 2024
Abstract
Cross-border cases of wrongful removal or retention of a child violate the personal non-property rights of the child and parents to communicate. In numerous situations of international child abduction, the best interests of the child are violated. The return of children to their state of habitual residence is too lengthy and complex. This is due to the peculiarities of national legislation and the workload of national courts. Cases on the return of «abducted», wrongfully removed (retained) children are cases with a foreign element, which are resolved through the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal issues and problems of the civil aspect of international child abduction by persons having the right to custody (guardianship). The article presents an analytical and research view of the problem of the civil aspect of child abduction from the habitual residence.
How to Cite
Sushch, O. (2024). ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL ASPECT OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF UKRAINE. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, (3), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2024-3-9
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Keywords
unauthorised removal of a child, wrongful removal of a child, Hague Conference on Private International Law, best interests of a child, parental responsibility
References
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3. Case No. 545/2247/18, United Chamber of the Civil Cassation Court (2023, September). Regarding the jurisdiction of the national court to decide on the issue of a child in respect of whom a court decision has been made, which has entered into force, on return to another state. Retrieved from http://iplex.com.ua/doc.php?regnum=113626621&red=100003ef47f10e77263c142f9e63d4193b5de2&d=5
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9. Clarkson, C. M. V., Hill, J., Jaffey, A. J. E. (2002). Jaffey on the Conflict of Law. Second edition. Butterrworths.
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11. Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. Reyrived from https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=70
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14. Danylenko, P. (2014). International Child Abduction. ExpatPro Blog, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.expatpro.co/blog-en/international-child-abduction/
15. Dashkovska, O. R., Yavor, O. A. (2020). Legal Principles of the Status Quo of Children Who Were Illegally Taken Out of Ukraine. Journal «ScienceRise: Juridical Science», 1(11), 4–10. DOI: 10.15587/2523–4153.2020.207873.
16. Dzeletovic, M. (2022). Rights of custody under the Hague convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Rights of custody under the Hague convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, 182, 275–285, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/ZMSDN2282275D.
17. Ericka A. Schnitzer-Reese (2004). International Child Abduction to non-Hague Convention Countries: The need for an International Family Court, 2 Nw. J. Int'l Hum. Rts. 1. Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol2/iss1/7
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19. Family Code of Ukraine (2002). Law of Ukraine No. 2947-III of January 10, 2002. Information of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 21–22 (135). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2947-14#Text.
20. Fuley, Т., Kuchiv, O. (2019). Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction: content and methodological approaches to the application in judicial education. Word from the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 3 (28), 68–86.
21. Gavrilescu, A.G. (2013). The Main Civil Aspects of the International Child Abduction. Annals Constantin Brancusi U. Targu Jiu Juridical Sci. Series 59 (3).
22. Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). "Status Table: Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction." Retrived from https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24 .
23. Hulko, B., and Luspenyk, D. (2015). On the Practice of Consideration by the Courts of Civil Cases with the Application of the Provisions of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction of October 25, 1980. Legal Ukraine, 3, 75–93.
24. Khorosheniuk, O. V. (2023). Change of Place of Residence or Abduction of a Child: Through the Prism of the Principle of the Child's Best Interest. Law and Society, 1, 96–100. DOI https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2023.1.14
25. Kruger, T. International child abduction: navigating between private international law and children’s rights law. Retrieved from https://conflictoflaws.net/2023/international-child-abduction-navigating-between-private-international-law-and-childrens-rights-law/
26. Law of Ukraine No. 2402-III “On Childhood Protection”. (2001, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2402-14#Text.
27. Law of Ukraine No. 2709-IV “On Private International Law”. (2005, June). Retrieved from https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2709-15#Text
28. Law of Ukraine No. 3303-IV “On Ukraine's Accession to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction”. (2006, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3303-15#Text
29. Niemi, J.; Poikela, L-M (2022). Protective and Return-Seeking Parents : The Power of Language in Child Abduction Law. In Trimmings, K., Dutta, A., Honorati, C. & Zupan, M. (eds), Domestic Violence and Parental Child Abduction: The Protection of Abducting Mothers in Return Proceedings. Intersentia, Cambridge, 187–214. Retrieved from https://www.intersentiaonline.com/permalink/800eb435c6c7539513e55c7399a7385f .
30. Official website of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). Retrieved from: https://www.hcch.net/en/home.
31. Olha Stupak, Judge of the Civil Cassation Court of the Supreme Court, spoke about the development of practice in disputes regarding the return of children to Ukraine and legal issues related to the war (2023, July). Retrieved from https://sud.ua/uk/news/sudebnaya-praktika/277262-sudya-kgs-vs-olgastupak-rasskazala-o-razvitii-praktiki-po-sporam-o-vozvraschenii-detey-v-ukrainu-i-pravovykh-voprosakh-svyazannykh-s-voynoy#google_vignette.
32. On the practice of consideration by courts of civil cases with the application of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction of October 25, 1980 (Hague Convention): information letter of the High Specialized Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases of October 17, 2014. Law and Business. Retrived from https://zib.com.ua/ua/113728-vssu_uzagalniv_praktiku_schodokonvencii_pro_vikradennya–_dit.html.
33. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 57 “On Approval of the Rules for Crossing the State Border by Citizens of Ukraine”. (1995, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/57-95-%D0%BF#Text.
34. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 952 / 2006 “Procedure for the Implementation of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (2006) on the Territory of Ukraine”. (2006, July). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/952-2006-%D0%BF
35. Shyrokova-Murash O.G., Zatserkovnyi, V.V. (2023). Implementation of international conventions into national law to prevent international child abduction. Retrieved from http://avia.nau.edu.ua/avia2023/info/avia2023_s29.pdf
36. Snizhko, M. B. (2011). Application of the 1980 Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, 6, 124–130.
37. Stanivuković, M., Djajić, S. (2022). The Right of the Parent to Return to its Country of Origin in the Light of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, 70 (1), 123–158. DOI: 10.51204/Anali_PFBU_22105A
38. Sushch, O.P. (2023). Problems of temporary protection of Ukrainians abroad in terms of armed aggression of the Russian federation (European experience). Juris Europensis Scientia, 6, 18–24, 2023. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/chern.v6.2023.4
39. Sushch, O.P. (2024). Features of temporary protection in the EU. Legal Science and State Building in Ukraine in the Context of Integration Processes: Materials of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference (May 24, 2024, Sumy) / Sumy Branch of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Sumy: SF KhNUVS, 2024. P. 57–60. 398 p. (in Ukrainian).
40. Sushch, O. (2024). Problems of protecting children's rights who are citizens of Ukraine enjoying temporary protection in EU countries. Law and Innovation Society. 1(22), 39–51, https://doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2024-1(22)-4. (in Ukrainian).
41. Synelnykov, E. (2023). Litigation regarding children in the practice of the Supreme Court during martial law. Retrieved from https://supreme.court.gov.ua/userfiles/media/new_folder_for_uploads/supreme/2023_prezent/Prezent_Sud_sporu_ditu_.pdf
42. Todd, J. A. (1995). The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction: Are the Convention’s Goals Being Achieved? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 2 (2), 553–576. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20644600
43. Trimmings, K., Onyója Momoh, and Konstantina Kalaitsoglou (2023). The Interplay between the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and Domestic Violence. Laws, vol. 12, no. 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12050078 Accessed on: 23/02/2024.
44. Yevko V. Yu. (2020). Realization by the children's parents of their right to freedom of movement. Bulletin of KhNUIA. 2 (89). 44–60.
2. Atamanchuk, I., Kovalchuk, Y. V. (2023). Application of International Legal Treaties in Determining the Jurisdiction of Disputes on the Child's Permanent Place of Residence. Journal of Kyiv University of Law, 3, 205–210. DOI: 10.36695/2219–5521.3.2023.41.
3. Case No. 545/2247/18, United Chamber of the Civil Cassation Court (2023, September). Regarding the jurisdiction of the national court to decide on the issue of a child in respect of whom a court decision has been made, which has entered into force, on return to another state. Retrieved from http://iplex.com.ua/doc.php?regnum=113626621&red=100003ef47f10e77263c142f9e63d4193b5de2&d=5
4. Case of Bakharov v Ukraine (Application no. 28982/19) dated 04 of May 2023. European Court of Human Right. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_i35#Text
5. Case of Lyakh v Ukraine (Application no. 53099/19) dated 04 of May 2023. European Court of Human Right. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_i36#Text (Last accessed: 03.04.2024).
6. Case of Öksüzoğlu v Ukraine (Application no. 56669/18) dated 31 of August 2023. European Court of Human Right. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_i94#Text. Accessed on: 25/02/2024.
7. Case of Омеlchenko v Ukraine (Application no. 44158/19) dated 23 of March 2023. European Court of Human Right. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_i72 (access date: 09/03/2024).
8. Chernyak, Y. (2015). The Hague Convention of 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in the System of International Legal Acts of Ukraine. Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 1 (43), 78–81.
9. Clarkson, C. M. V., Hill, J., Jaffey, A. J. E. (2002). Jaffey on the Conflict of Law. Second edition. Butterrworths.
10. Constitution of Ukraine. (1996, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254к/96-вр#Text.
11. Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. Reyrived from https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=70
12. Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof. Retrived from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:32001L0055
13. Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 of 25 June 2019 on jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, and on international child abduction (recast), [2019] OJ L178/1-115.
14. Danylenko, P. (2014). International Child Abduction. ExpatPro Blog, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.expatpro.co/blog-en/international-child-abduction/
15. Dashkovska, O. R., Yavor, O. A. (2020). Legal Principles of the Status Quo of Children Who Were Illegally Taken Out of Ukraine. Journal «ScienceRise: Juridical Science», 1(11), 4–10. DOI: 10.15587/2523–4153.2020.207873.
16. Dzeletovic, M. (2022). Rights of custody under the Hague convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Rights of custody under the Hague convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, 182, 275–285, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/ZMSDN2282275D.
17. Ericka A. Schnitzer-Reese (2004). International Child Abduction to non-Hague Convention Countries: The need for an International Family Court, 2 Nw. J. Int'l Hum. Rts. 1. Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol2/iss1/7
18. European Convention on Human Rights (1990). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#n328.
19. Family Code of Ukraine (2002). Law of Ukraine No. 2947-III of January 10, 2002. Information of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 21–22 (135). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2947-14#Text.
20. Fuley, Т., Kuchiv, O. (2019). Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction: content and methodological approaches to the application in judicial education. Word from the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 3 (28), 68–86.
21. Gavrilescu, A.G. (2013). The Main Civil Aspects of the International Child Abduction. Annals Constantin Brancusi U. Targu Jiu Juridical Sci. Series 59 (3).
22. Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). "Status Table: Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction." Retrived from https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24 .
23. Hulko, B., and Luspenyk, D. (2015). On the Practice of Consideration by the Courts of Civil Cases with the Application of the Provisions of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction of October 25, 1980. Legal Ukraine, 3, 75–93.
24. Khorosheniuk, O. V. (2023). Change of Place of Residence or Abduction of a Child: Through the Prism of the Principle of the Child's Best Interest. Law and Society, 1, 96–100. DOI https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2023.1.14
25. Kruger, T. International child abduction: navigating between private international law and children’s rights law. Retrieved from https://conflictoflaws.net/2023/international-child-abduction-navigating-between-private-international-law-and-childrens-rights-law/
26. Law of Ukraine No. 2402-III “On Childhood Protection”. (2001, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2402-14#Text.
27. Law of Ukraine No. 2709-IV “On Private International Law”. (2005, June). Retrieved from https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2709-15#Text
28. Law of Ukraine No. 3303-IV “On Ukraine's Accession to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction”. (2006, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3303-15#Text
29. Niemi, J.; Poikela, L-M (2022). Protective and Return-Seeking Parents : The Power of Language in Child Abduction Law. In Trimmings, K., Dutta, A., Honorati, C. & Zupan, M. (eds), Domestic Violence and Parental Child Abduction: The Protection of Abducting Mothers in Return Proceedings. Intersentia, Cambridge, 187–214. Retrieved from https://www.intersentiaonline.com/permalink/800eb435c6c7539513e55c7399a7385f .
30. Official website of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). Retrieved from: https://www.hcch.net/en/home.
31. Olha Stupak, Judge of the Civil Cassation Court of the Supreme Court, spoke about the development of practice in disputes regarding the return of children to Ukraine and legal issues related to the war (2023, July). Retrieved from https://sud.ua/uk/news/sudebnaya-praktika/277262-sudya-kgs-vs-olgastupak-rasskazala-o-razvitii-praktiki-po-sporam-o-vozvraschenii-detey-v-ukrainu-i-pravovykh-voprosakh-svyazannykh-s-voynoy#google_vignette.
32. On the practice of consideration by courts of civil cases with the application of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction of October 25, 1980 (Hague Convention): information letter of the High Specialized Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases of October 17, 2014. Law and Business. Retrived from https://zib.com.ua/ua/113728-vssu_uzagalniv_praktiku_schodokonvencii_pro_vikradennya–_dit.html.
33. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 57 “On Approval of the Rules for Crossing the State Border by Citizens of Ukraine”. (1995, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/57-95-%D0%BF#Text.
34. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 952 / 2006 “Procedure for the Implementation of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (2006) on the Territory of Ukraine”. (2006, July). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/952-2006-%D0%BF
35. Shyrokova-Murash O.G., Zatserkovnyi, V.V. (2023). Implementation of international conventions into national law to prevent international child abduction. Retrieved from http://avia.nau.edu.ua/avia2023/info/avia2023_s29.pdf
36. Snizhko, M. B. (2011). Application of the 1980 Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, 6, 124–130.
37. Stanivuković, M., Djajić, S. (2022). The Right of the Parent to Return to its Country of Origin in the Light of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, 70 (1), 123–158. DOI: 10.51204/Anali_PFBU_22105A
38. Sushch, O.P. (2023). Problems of temporary protection of Ukrainians abroad in terms of armed aggression of the Russian federation (European experience). Juris Europensis Scientia, 6, 18–24, 2023. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/chern.v6.2023.4
39. Sushch, O.P. (2024). Features of temporary protection in the EU. Legal Science and State Building in Ukraine in the Context of Integration Processes: Materials of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference (May 24, 2024, Sumy) / Sumy Branch of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Sumy: SF KhNUVS, 2024. P. 57–60. 398 p. (in Ukrainian).
40. Sushch, O. (2024). Problems of protecting children's rights who are citizens of Ukraine enjoying temporary protection in EU countries. Law and Innovation Society. 1(22), 39–51, https://doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2024-1(22)-4. (in Ukrainian).
41. Synelnykov, E. (2023). Litigation regarding children in the practice of the Supreme Court during martial law. Retrieved from https://supreme.court.gov.ua/userfiles/media/new_folder_for_uploads/supreme/2023_prezent/Prezent_Sud_sporu_ditu_.pdf
42. Todd, J. A. (1995). The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction: Are the Convention’s Goals Being Achieved? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 2 (2), 553–576. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20644600
43. Trimmings, K., Onyója Momoh, and Konstantina Kalaitsoglou (2023). The Interplay between the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and Domestic Violence. Laws, vol. 12, no. 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12050078 Accessed on: 23/02/2024.
44. Yevko V. Yu. (2020). Realization by the children's parents of their right to freedom of movement. Bulletin of KhNUIA. 2 (89). 44–60.