MILITARIZATION OF YOUTH CONSCIOUSNESS IN TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED CRIMEA
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Published:
Dec 30, 2024
Abstract
The article examines the main legislative foundations and highlights the key practices of Russian policies on the militarization of children and youth in the temporarily occupied Crimea. It is demonstrated that the Russian Federation is implementing a targeted, systematic policy of militarizing the consciousness of Crimean children and adolescents in order to impose a Russian identity and cultivate «Russian patriots». The key institutions and other actors involved in the policy of militarization, which are engaged in militarypatriotic education of Crimean children, are identified. These institutions aim to encourage Crimean youth to serve in the Russian army and fight in future wars on Russia's side. It is proved that the Russian authorities, alongside the use of several Soviet-era practices of militarizing consciousness, are introducing new ones that have a much greater effect (such as «carnivalization of war», oaths in churches, etc.). It is concluded that Russia's militarization policy on the temporarily occupied territories turns Ukrainian children into Russian hostages, forcing them to become part of the Russian military system.
How to Cite
Horiunova, Y. (2024). MILITARIZATION OF YOUTH CONSCIOUSNESS IN TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED CRIMEA. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, (4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2024-4-41
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Keywords
militarization of consciousness, children, youth, Russia, Crimea, war
References
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25. Yaremchuk, V., Smyrnov, A. (2023). Analitychnyi ohliad «Istoriia Ukrainy v rosiiskykh shkilnykh pidruchnykakh z istorii» (Analytical review «History of Ukraine in Russian school history textbooks »). Kyiv [In Ukrainian]
26. Yaremenko, V. (2022). Following Hitter’s example, Putin prepares young people for the role of “cannon former” in the war with Ukraine. Ukrainskyi instytut natsionalnoi pamiati, https://uinp.gov.ua/informaciyni-materialy/rosiysko-ukrayinska-viyna-istorychnyy-kontekst/rosiyska-yunarmiya-nasliduye-nimeckyy-gitleryugend [In Ukrainian]
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3. Zakon Respubliki Krym O patrioticheskom i duhovno-nravstvennom vospitanii v Respublike Krym (2022) (Law of the Republic Crimea On Patriotic and Spiritual-Moral Education in the Republic of Crimea), http://crimea.gov.ru/textdoc/ru/7/project/2-492.pdf [In Russian]
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5. Kaucz, B. (2022) The Militarization of Behaviors Social Control and Surveillance in Poland and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan
6. Krymska pravozakhysna hrupa (2020, June 12). Rosiiske kadestvo zamist krymskoho dytynstva (Russian cadetship instead of Crimean childhood) https://crimeahrg.org/uk/rosijske-kadetstvo-zamist-krimskogo-ditinstva/ [In Ukrainian]
7. Krymska pravozakhysna hrupa (2023, January 12). Shcho zupynyt nezakonnu mobilizatsiiu ukraintsiv na tymchasovo okupovanykh terytoriiakh? (What stop the illegal mobilization of Ukrainians in the occupied territories?), https://crimeahrg.org/uk/shho-zupinit-nezakonnu-mobilizacziyu-ukra%d1%97ncziv-na-timchasovo-okupovanih-teritoriyah/ [In Ukrainian]
8. Krym.Realii (2024). U Chornomorskomu raioni Krymu pokhovaly shche odnoho viiskovoho RF, yakyi zahynuv na viini v Ukraini (In Crimea another Russian military serviceman was recovered, who died in the war in Ukraine), https://ua.krymr.com/a/news-chornomorskyi-raion-krym-pokhoron-viyskovyi-rf/33208922.html [In Ukrainian]
9. Krymskij statisticheskij sbornik – 2022 (2023). (Crimean statistical collection – 2022), Simferopol [In Russian]
10. Marchenko Ya. (2024). Militaryzatsiia osvity v tymchasovo okupovanomu Rosiieiu Krymskomu pivostrovi (2014–2023) (Militarization of education in the temporarily occupied Crimean peninsula by Russia (2014–2023). In V. Ilnytskyi, M. Haliv (eds), Nauka i osvita Ukrainy v umovakh rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny: vyklyky ta zavdannia v konteksti natsionalnoi bezpeky, vol.II, Kyiv, Drohobych, Lviv, Pereiaslav, Uzhhorod, Zaporizhia, 109–111 [In Ukrainian]
11. McSorely, K. (ed) (2013). War and the Body. Militarization, practice and experience. Routledge.
12. Ministerstvo obrazovanriya, nauki i molodezhi Respubliki Krym (2014). Koncepciya patrioticheskogo i duhovno-nravstvennogo vospitaniya naseleniya v Respublike Krym (The Strategy for the Development of Education in the Russian Federation for the Period Until 2025), https://monm.rk.gov.ru/file/1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%20%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%20%D0%A0%D0%9A.pdf [In Russian]
13. Novikova S. (2023). Metody znyshchennia ukrainskoi identychnosti na tymchasovo okupovanykh terytoriiakh Ukrainy pislia pochatku povnomasshtabnoi ahresii Rosiiskoi Federatsii (Methods of destroying Ukrainian identity in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine after the start of full-scale aggression by the Russian Federation). In Trofymenko (eds), Aktualni problemy nauky ta osvity: zb. materialiv XXV pidsumkovoi nauk.-prakt. konf. vykladachiv MDU. Kyiv, 137–140 [In Ukrainian]
14. Pravitelstvo RF (2010). Postanovlenie ot 5 oktyabrya 2010 goda N 795 O gosudarstvennoj programme «Patrioticheskoe vospitanie grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii na 2011–2015 gody» (Resolution of October 5, 2010 N 795 On the state program «Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011–2015»), https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902239462 [In Russian]
15. Pravitelstvo RF (2015). Ob utverzhdenii gosudarstvennoj programmy «Patrioticheskoe vospitanie grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii» na 2016–2020 gody (The approval of the state program «Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation» for 2016–2020), http://government.ru/docs/21341/[In Russian]
16. Shepherd, Laura J. (2018) Militarization. In Bleiker, R. (eds) Visual Global Politics. Routledge, London, 222–228 doi.org/10.4324/9781315856506
17. Siedova, I. (2020, June 4). Rosiia peretvoriuie malenkykh krymchan na «soldat Putina» ta zmushuie zabuty, shcho vony – ukraintsi (Russia is turning young Crimeans into "Putin's soldiers" and forcing them to forget that they are Ukrainians). Krymska pravozakhysna hrupa, https://crimeahrg.org/uk/15237-2/ [In Ukrainian]
18. Sovet Federatsyy RF (2015). Strategiya razvitiya vospitaniya v Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2025 goda (The Strategy for the Development of Education in the Russian Federation for the Period Until 2025), http://council.gov.ru/media/files/41d536d68ee9fec15756.pdf [In Russian]
19. Tsentr stratehichnykh komunikatsii (2023, September). Pidruchnyk nenavysti. Chomu Medynskyi mozhe navchyty rosiiskykh shkoliariv (A textbook of hate. What Medinsky can teach Russian schoolchildren). https://spravdi.gov.ua/pidruchnyk-nenavysti-chomu-medynskyj-mozhe-navchyty-rosijskyh-shkolyariv/ [In Ukrainian]
20. Ukrinform (2023, May 24). Deokupatsiia i reintehratsiia Krymu: vyklyky u sferi osvity (Deoccupation and reintegration of Crimea: challenges in the field of education) [Video]. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT7-D4Cs8fc [In Ukrainian]
21. Ukrinform (2023, December 12). U Krymu za chas okupatsii do lav armii RF pryzvaly 44,5 tysiachi liudei – Tasheva (In Crimea, an hour before the occupation of the Russian army, 44.5 thousand people were called up – Tasheva), https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-crimea/3802221-u-krimu-za-casokupacii-do-lav-armii-rf-prizvali-445-tisaci-ludej-taseva.html [In Ukrainian]
22. Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-conventionrelative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war
23. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child
24. Woodward, R., Jenkings, K. Neil, Williams, Alison J. (2017) Militarisation, universities and the university armed service units. Political Geography, vol. 60, 203–212. doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.07.012
25. Yaremchuk, V., Smyrnov, A. (2023). Analitychnyi ohliad «Istoriia Ukrainy v rosiiskykh shkilnykh pidruchnykakh z istorii» (Analytical review «History of Ukraine in Russian school history textbooks »). Kyiv [In Ukrainian]
26. Yaremenko, V. (2022). Following Hitter’s example, Putin prepares young people for the role of “cannon former” in the war with Ukraine. Ukrainskyi instytut natsionalnoi pamiati, https://uinp.gov.ua/informaciyni-materialy/rosiysko-ukrayinska-viyna-istorychnyy-kontekst/rosiyska-yunarmiya-nasliduye-nimeckyy-gitleryugend [In Ukrainian]