DOES FORGIVENESS/ UN FORGIVENESS LOOKS AS WHITE/BLACK FOR OUR SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
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Published:
May 30, 2024
Abstract
Research on resentment (unforgiveness) and forgiveness is presented in the scientific literature in a clear disparity with its real-life implications. While forgiveness has been studied for more than 40 years, the study of resentment is only at an initial stage. Therefore, our task was both a phenomenological study of these psychological phenomena and a test of the new PPS scale for diagnosing resentment and forgiveness and its connections with subjective (psychological) well-being. The results of the phenomenological study indicate that the key point in the transition from resentment to forgiveness is the motivation to maintain a relationship with the offender, the belief in the unintentional nature of the offense, as well as the presence of good intentions and repentance of the offender. The results of the correlation study showed the expected negative relationship between resentment and its components with subjective well-being and a positive relationship with ill-being. However, there was the absence of such a connection between resentment and physical health or depression, while forgiveness had no significant connection with subjective well-being. The latter finding differs from numerous studies and requires additional research using a more diverse methodology.
How to Cite
Breslavs, G., & Paramonova, O. (2024). DOES FORGIVENESS/ UN FORGIVENESS LOOKS AS WHITE/BLACK FOR OUR SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 2(2), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2024-2-2-10
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Keywords
resentment (unforgiveness), forgiveness, dispositional forgiveness, emotional forgiveness, subjective well-being
References
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2. Allemand, M., Hill, L. P., Ghaemmaghami, P., & Martin, M. (2012). Forgivingness and subjective wellbeing in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 32–39.
3. Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention Studies on Forgiveness: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00288.x
4. Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspective (pp. 79–106). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
5. Berry, J.W., Worthington Jr., E.L., Parrott III, L., O’Connor, L.E., Wade, N.G., (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: development and construct validity of the transgression narrative test of forgivingness (TNTF). Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277–1290.
6. Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 182-195.
7. Boon, S. D.; Hojjat, M., Paulin, M., Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2022). Between friends: Forgiveness, unforgiveness, and wrongdoing in same-sex friendships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships., Vol. 39 (6), 1693-1716. DOI: 10.1177/02654075211062272.
8. Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Forgiveness and Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 551-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024526
9. Breslav, G. (2020). Obida kak predmet psihologicheskogo izuchenija: Ot proschenija k ego otsutstviju. (Resentment as the Subject-Matter of Psychological Study: From Forgiveness to the Lack of Forgiveness). Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, Т. 17. №1. С. 27–42. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2020-1-27-42.
10. Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
11. Cabras, C., Kaleta, K., Mroz, J., Loi, G., Sechi, C. (2022). Gender and age differences in forgivingness in Italian and Polish samples. Heliyon, v. 8(6). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09771.
12. Chan, W. D. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 22–30.
13. Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington, Jr, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 280–288. https:// doi.org/10.1037/cou0000054
14. Davis, D. E.; Worthington, E.; Hook, J.N.; Emmons, R. A.; Hill, P. C.; Bollinger, R. A.; Van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the Development and Repair of Social Bonds: Two Longitudinal Studies. Self & Identity. Vol. 12 Issue 1, 58-77. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.636509.
15. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W. (2006). The reduction of psychological aggression across varied interpersonal contexts through repentance and forgiveness. Aggressive Behavior. Vol. 32 (3), 195-206.
16. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, v. 41 (2), 371-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005
17. Enright, R. D., & Coyle, T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139–161). Radnor: Templeton Foundation Press.
18. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Enright, R. D., & the Human Development Study Group (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development ,Vol. 1, (pp. 123–152). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
20. Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Expressing forgiveness and repentance: Benefits and barriers. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), The psychology of forgiveness (pp. 133–155). New York: Guilford.
21. Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894–914. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023012
22. Fincham, F. D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1–23.
23. Fincham, F. D. (2009). “Forgiveness: Integral to a Science of Close Relationships?” in (ed. by Mikulincer and Shaver) Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature,. Washington, (Pp. 347–365). DC: APA Books.
24. Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 72–81.
25. Fincham, F. D., Paleari, G., & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9, 27–37.
26. Griffin, B. J.; Moloney, J. M.; Green, J. D.; Worthington, Jr., E.L.; Cork, B.; Tangney, J. P.; Van Tongeren, D. R.; Davis, D. E.; Hook, J. N. (2016). Perpetrators’ reactions to perceived interpersonal wrongdoing: The associations of guilt and shame with forgiving, punishing, and excusing oneself. Self & Identity. Nov, Vol. 15 (6), 650-661. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1187669.
27. Grob, A. (1993). BFW: Berner Fragebogen zum Wohlbefinden Jugendlicher. In G. Westhoff (Hrsg.). Handbuch psychosozialer Messinstrumente (pp. 132-134). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
28. Grob, A. (1995). Subjective well-being and significant life events across the life span. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 54, 3-18.
29. Grob, A., Lüthi, R., Kaiser, F. G., Flammer, A., Mackinnon, A., & Wearing, A.J. (1991). Berner Fragebogen zum Wohlbefinden Jugendlicher (BFW). Diagnostica, 37, 66-75.
30. Hall, J.H., & Fincham, F.D. (2006). Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 508–522.
31. Jones Ross, R. W., Boon, S. D., & Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2018). Redefining unforgiveness: Exploring victims’ experiences in the wake of unforgiven interpersonal transgressions. Deviant Behavior, 39(8), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1399747
32. Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer,E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1011–1026.
33. Konstam, V., Holmes, W., Levine, B. (2003). Empathy, Selfism, and Coping as Elements of the Psychology of Forgiveness: A Preliminary Study. Counseling & Values. Vol. 47 Issue 3, p172. 12p. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.2003.tb00264.x.
34. Krause, N., & Ellison, G. C. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological wellbeing in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 77–93.
35. Martinez-Diaz, P., Caperos, J. M., Prieto-Ursúa, M., Gismero-González, E., Cagigal V., José Carrasco M. (2021). Frontiers in Psychology, V. 12 |https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656689
36. McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540–557.
37. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603.
38. McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407077
39. Merolla, A. J., & Zhang, S. (2011). In the wake of transgressions: Examining forgiveness communication in personal relationships. Personal Relationships, 18(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01323.x
40. Paleari, G., Regalia, C., Fincham F. D. (2009). Measuring Offence-Specific Forgiveness in Marriage: The Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS) Psychological Assessment 21(2):194-209. DOI: 10.1037/a0016068
41. Pearce H., Strelan, P., Burns. N. R (2018) The barriers to forgiveness scale: A measure of active and reactive reasons for withholding forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences 134, 337-347.
42. Rapske, D. L., Boon, S. D., Alibhai, A. M., & Kheong, M. J. (2010). Not forgiven, not forgotten: An investigation of unforgiven interpersonal offenses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(10), 1100-1130.http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.10.1100
43. Riek, B. M., & Mania, E. W. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 304–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01363.x
44. Ripley, J. S., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2002). Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(4), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00212.x
45. Rosenak, C. M. & Harnden, G. M. (1992). Forgiveness in the psychotherapeutic process: Clinical applications. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11(2), 188–197.
46. Rye, M. S. ; Loiacono, D. M.; Folck, C. D.; Olszewski, B. T. ; Heim T. A. and Madia B. P. (2001). Evaluation Of The Psychometric Properties Of Two Forgiveness Scales. Current Psychology: Developmental • Learning • Personality • Social Spring 2001, Vol. 20, No. 3, 260–277.
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2. Allemand, M., Hill, L. P., Ghaemmaghami, P., & Martin, M. (2012). Forgivingness and subjective wellbeing in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 32–39.
3. Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention Studies on Forgiveness: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00288.x
4. Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspective (pp. 79–106). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
5. Berry, J.W., Worthington Jr., E.L., Parrott III, L., O’Connor, L.E., Wade, N.G., (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: development and construct validity of the transgression narrative test of forgivingness (TNTF). Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277–1290.
6. Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 182-195.
7. Boon, S. D.; Hojjat, M., Paulin, M., Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2022). Between friends: Forgiveness, unforgiveness, and wrongdoing in same-sex friendships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships., Vol. 39 (6), 1693-1716. DOI: 10.1177/02654075211062272.
8. Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Forgiveness and Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 551-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024526
9. Breslav, G. (2020). Obida kak predmet psihologicheskogo izuchenija: Ot proschenija k ego otsutstviju. (Resentment as the Subject-Matter of Psychological Study: From Forgiveness to the Lack of Forgiveness). Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, Т. 17. №1. С. 27–42. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2020-1-27-42.
10. Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
11. Cabras, C., Kaleta, K., Mroz, J., Loi, G., Sechi, C. (2022). Gender and age differences in forgivingness in Italian and Polish samples. Heliyon, v. 8(6). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09771.
12. Chan, W. D. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 22–30.
13. Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington, Jr, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 280–288. https:// doi.org/10.1037/cou0000054
14. Davis, D. E.; Worthington, E.; Hook, J.N.; Emmons, R. A.; Hill, P. C.; Bollinger, R. A.; Van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the Development and Repair of Social Bonds: Two Longitudinal Studies. Self & Identity. Vol. 12 Issue 1, 58-77. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.636509.
15. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W. (2006). The reduction of psychological aggression across varied interpersonal contexts through repentance and forgiveness. Aggressive Behavior. Vol. 32 (3), 195-206.
16. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, v. 41 (2), 371-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005
17. Enright, R. D., & Coyle, T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139–161). Radnor: Templeton Foundation Press.
18. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Enright, R. D., & the Human Development Study Group (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development ,Vol. 1, (pp. 123–152). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
20. Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Expressing forgiveness and repentance: Benefits and barriers. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), The psychology of forgiveness (pp. 133–155). New York: Guilford.
21. Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894–914. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023012
22. Fincham, F. D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1–23.
23. Fincham, F. D. (2009). “Forgiveness: Integral to a Science of Close Relationships?” in (ed. by Mikulincer and Shaver) Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature,. Washington, (Pp. 347–365). DC: APA Books.
24. Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 72–81.
25. Fincham, F. D., Paleari, G., & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9, 27–37.
26. Griffin, B. J.; Moloney, J. M.; Green, J. D.; Worthington, Jr., E.L.; Cork, B.; Tangney, J. P.; Van Tongeren, D. R.; Davis, D. E.; Hook, J. N. (2016). Perpetrators’ reactions to perceived interpersonal wrongdoing: The associations of guilt and shame with forgiving, punishing, and excusing oneself. Self & Identity. Nov, Vol. 15 (6), 650-661. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1187669.
27. Grob, A. (1993). BFW: Berner Fragebogen zum Wohlbefinden Jugendlicher. In G. Westhoff (Hrsg.). Handbuch psychosozialer Messinstrumente (pp. 132-134). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
28. Grob, A. (1995). Subjective well-being and significant life events across the life span. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 54, 3-18.
29. Grob, A., Lüthi, R., Kaiser, F. G., Flammer, A., Mackinnon, A., & Wearing, A.J. (1991). Berner Fragebogen zum Wohlbefinden Jugendlicher (BFW). Diagnostica, 37, 66-75.
30. Hall, J.H., & Fincham, F.D. (2006). Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 508–522.
31. Jones Ross, R. W., Boon, S. D., & Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2018). Redefining unforgiveness: Exploring victims’ experiences in the wake of unforgiven interpersonal transgressions. Deviant Behavior, 39(8), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1399747
32. Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer,E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1011–1026.
33. Konstam, V., Holmes, W., Levine, B. (2003). Empathy, Selfism, and Coping as Elements of the Psychology of Forgiveness: A Preliminary Study. Counseling & Values. Vol. 47 Issue 3, p172. 12p. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.2003.tb00264.x.
34. Krause, N., & Ellison, G. C. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological wellbeing in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 77–93.
35. Martinez-Diaz, P., Caperos, J. M., Prieto-Ursúa, M., Gismero-González, E., Cagigal V., José Carrasco M. (2021). Frontiers in Psychology, V. 12 |https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656689
36. McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540–557.
37. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603.
38. McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407077
39. Merolla, A. J., & Zhang, S. (2011). In the wake of transgressions: Examining forgiveness communication in personal relationships. Personal Relationships, 18(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01323.x
40. Paleari, G., Regalia, C., Fincham F. D. (2009). Measuring Offence-Specific Forgiveness in Marriage: The Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS) Psychological Assessment 21(2):194-209. DOI: 10.1037/a0016068
41. Pearce H., Strelan, P., Burns. N. R (2018) The barriers to forgiveness scale: A measure of active and reactive reasons for withholding forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences 134, 337-347.
42. Rapske, D. L., Boon, S. D., Alibhai, A. M., & Kheong, M. J. (2010). Not forgiven, not forgotten: An investigation of unforgiven interpersonal offenses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(10), 1100-1130.http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.10.1100
43. Riek, B. M., & Mania, E. W. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 304–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01363.x
44. Ripley, J. S., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2002). Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(4), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00212.x
45. Rosenak, C. M. & Harnden, G. M. (1992). Forgiveness in the psychotherapeutic process: Clinical applications. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11(2), 188–197.
46. Rye, M. S. ; Loiacono, D. M.; Folck, C. D.; Olszewski, B. T. ; Heim T. A. and Madia B. P. (2001). Evaluation Of The Psychometric Properties Of Two Forgiveness Scales. Current Psychology: Developmental • Learning • Personality • Social Spring 2001, Vol. 20, No. 3, 260–277.
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