ENHANCING DURBAN’S BUSINESS TOURISM THROUGH STRATEGIC BRAND ORIENTATION AND STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
Durban has faced criticism for its underperformance in global business tourism, largely due to fragmented stakeholder collaboration, weak destination management, and inconsistent brand orientation. This study aims to enhance Durban’s business tourism by proposing a strategically aligned, LED-driven branding approach that fosters stakeholder cooperation and shared opportunities. A descriptive research design was adopted, with data collected via a census of all event suppliers registered with the Durban KwaZulu-Natal Convention Bureau (DKCB). A 32-item close-ended questionnaire captured primary data, while secondary data informed the literature review. Findings reveal key themes that require attention in Durban’s destination marketing: consistent and quality knowledge building, cooperative stakeholder strategies, supportive government policy, and equitable stakeholder participation. Despite policy awareness, many respondents do not experience tangible benefits, citing poor implementation and lack of inclusivity. Most event suppliers operate independently, prioritising competition over collaboration, and report minimal engagement in the city’s marketing strategy. The study recommends that brand orientation must clearly define Durban’s brand identity, foster inclusive participation, and empower the DKCB as the brand custodian. Stakeholders must be guided on how to align their operations with the city's brand strategy, ensuring coherence, engagement, and global competitiveness.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
stakeholder participation, local economic development, tourism marketing, business tourism, Durban
Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., Leone, R. P., & Day, G. S. (2013). Marketing research (11th ed.). Wiley.
Balkaran, R., & Maharaj, S. (2013). The application of the theory of visitor attractions and its impact on the competitive advantage of the tourism sector in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 5(8), 546–552.
Benson, A. M., & Blackman, D. (2011). To distribute leadership or not? A lesson from the islands. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1141–1149.
Beritelli, P., & Bieger, T. (2014). From destination governance to destination leadership – defining and exploring the significance with the help of a systemic perspective. Tourism Review, 69(1), 25–46.
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 411–421.
Bramwell, B., & Sharman, A. (1999). Collaboration in local tourism policy making. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 392–415.
Brooks, N., & Simkin, L. (2012). Judging marketing mix effectiveness. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 30(5), 494–514.
Braun, E. (2012). Putting city branding into practice. Journal of Brand Management, 19(4), 257–267.
Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach's coefficient alpha: Well-known but poorly understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 207. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1661369360?accountid=10612
D’Angela, F., & Go, F. (2009). Tale of 2 cities’ collaborative tourism marketing: Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment. Tourism Management, 30, 429–440.
Donaldson, R., & Ferreira, S. (2021). Urban tourism in the Global South: South African perspectives. Routledge.
Duranton, D., & Kerr, W. (2015). The logic of agglomeration. In Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (pp. 1–17). https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/16-037_eb512e96-28d6-4c02-a7a9-39b52db95b00.pdf
Edvinsson, L. (2006). Aspects on the city as a knowledge tool. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 6–13.
Eshuis, J., Braun, E., Hans Klijn, E., & Zenker, S. (2017). The differential effect of various stakeholder groups in place marketing. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(5), 916–936. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654417726333
García, J.A.C., Galindo, A.D.V. and Suárez, R.M. (2018), “The effect of online and offline experiential marketing on brand equity in the hotel sector”, Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 22-4.
Geerts, F. (2000). The importance of integrated networking in the governance of urban tourism: Comparing the evidence from England and the Netherlands. In M. Robinson, R. Sharpley, N. Evans, P. Long, & J. Swarbrooke (Eds.), Developments in Urban and Rural Tourism (pp. 119–131). Centre for Travel and Tourism, Sheffield Hallam University.
Govers, R. (2018). Imaginative communities: Admired cities, regions, and countries. Reputo Press.
Hair, J. F., Celsi, M. W., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2017). Essentials of marketing research (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Hanna, S., & Rowley, J. (2011). Towards a strategic place brand-management model. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(5/6), 458–476.
Hanna, S., & Rowley, J. (2015). Towards a model of the place brand web. Tourism Management, 48, 100–112.
Herremans, I. M., Nazari, J. A., & Mahmoudian, F. (2016). Stakeholder relationships, engagement, and sustainability reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(3), 417–435.
Hristov, D., & Zehrer, A. (2015). The destination paradigm continuum revisited: DMOs serving as leadership networks. Tourism Review, 70(2), 116–131.
Hristov, D., & Zehrer, A. (2016). The destination paradigm continuum revisited: DMOs serving as leadership networks. Tourism Review of AIEST - International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, 70(2), 116–131. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1685170016?accountid=10612
ICCA. (2023). ICCA statistics report: Country and city rankings 2023. International Congress and Convention Association.
International Business Machines. (2012a). Factor analysis: Using factor analysis for data reduction – Bartlett’s test of sphericity. IBM Knowledge Center. https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLVMB_21.0.0/com.ibm.spss.statistics.cs/fac_cars_tve.htm
International Congress and Convention Association. (2017). 2016 ICCA country and city rankings. ICCA Annual Reports, 22 February. https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2082
Jernsand, E. M., & Kraff, H. (2015). Participatory place branding through design: The case of Dunga beach in Kisumu, Kenya. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 11(3), 226–242.
Jiang, Y., Ramkissoon, H., & Mavondo, F. (2016). Destination marketing and visitor experiences: The development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(6), 653. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1810069974?accountid=10612
Kennedy, E. D., & Augustyn, M. M. (2014). Stakeholder power and engagement in tourism policy implementation. Journal of Tourism Management, 45, 190–202.
Krush, M. T., Sohi, R. S., & Saini, A. (2015). Dispersion of marketing capabilities: Impact on marketing's influence and business unit outcomes. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 43(1
Labe, E.J.M (2024) Stakeholders Engagement in the Realization of Vision and Mission of Educational Institution: Basis for Re-branding Strategies. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 12 (1): Pp136-141.
Limani, E. Hajdari, L. Limani, B and Krasniqi, J (2024) Enhancing stakeholder engagement: Using the communication perspective to identify and enhance stakeholder communication in place management. Cogent Business and Management Vol 11(1).
Macquet, J. (2005). An investigation into how strategic marketing is done in practice: Insights towards components of more effective strategic marketing application (Master’s thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Maharaj, B., Sucheran, R., & Pillay, V. (2006). Durban – a tourism Mecca? Challenges of the post-apartheid era. Urban Forum, 17(3), 263–281.
Masamba, J (2024) Assessing the Role of Local Authorities in Promoting Tourism in Zimbabwe. A Case of Victoria Falls City Council. Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO Vol. 4 (2).
Meyer, D. F., & Meyer, N. (2020). Assessing the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises to the development of the tourism sector in South Africa. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 23(1), 1–13.
Meyer-Stamer, J. (2012). Principles for local economic development: Options for South Africa. GTZ South Africa Programme on Business Development Services and Local Economic Development.
Moilanen, T. (2008). Network brand management: Study of competencies of place branding in the ski destinations of Helsinki, Finland. HSE Print, 210–233.
Muchadenyika, D., & Williams, J. J. (2016). Politics and the practice of planning: The case of Zimbabwean cities. Cities, 58, 33–40.
Myeni, S. & Chili, N. (2024). The Effectiveness of Marketing Strategies of Tour Operators in the Promotion of Small Tourism Enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 13(2):316-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.512
Ovens, W. (2015). Enabling cities: Policies, strategies, actors, institutions. In 4th South African Urban Conference 2015: Are cities driving local and national development? Innovation Centre, Pretoria, South Africa, 4–5 March 2015. http://www.sacities.net/images/Conference_4/SACN_4th_UrbanCON/Conference_Report_4_-_5_March.pdf
Pechlaner, H., Kozak, M., & Volgger, M. (2014). Destination leadership: A new paradigm for tourist destinations? Tourism Review, 69(1), 1–9.
Peri, S. (2012). Factor analysis – KMO Bartlett’s test and rotated component matrix. Business Analytics (blog), 12 August. http://badmforum.blogspot.qa/2012/08/factor-analysis-kmo-bartletts-test.html
Phiri, A (2016) Tourism and Economic Growth in South Africa: Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear Cointegration Frameworks. Managing Global Transitions 14 (1): 31–53.
Pjerotić, L., Radenović, M., & Tripković-Marković, A. (2016). Stakeholder collaboration in destination planning – the case of Montenegro. Economics, 4(1), 119–136. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eoik.2016.4.issue-1/eoik-2015-0026/eoik-2015-0026.pdf
Portney, K. E. (2013). Local sustainability policies and programs as economic development: Is the new economic development sustainable development? Cityscape, 15(1), 45–62. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1348287357?accountid=10612
Rakotomalala, R. (2013). Bartlett’s sphericity test and the KMO index (Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin). Research Gate: University of Lyon 2, 1–8. https://eric.univ-lyon2.fr/~ricco/tanagra/fichiers/en_Tanagra_KMO_Bartlett.pdf
Raudino, S. (2016). The theory of economic development. In Development aid and sustainable economic growth in Africa: The limits of Western and Chinese engagements (pp. 17–38). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reddy, P. S. (2016). From national to local economic development (LED): The South African case. In E. D. Schoburgh, J. Martin, & S. Gatchair (Eds.), Developmental local governance (pp. 1–18). Palgrave Macmillan.
Rogerson, C. M. (2010). Local economic development in South Africa: Strategic challenges. Development Southern Africa, 27(4), 481–495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2010.508580
Rogerson, C. M. (2020). The uneven geography of tourism in South Africa: From colonialism to COVID-19. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(1), 1–21.
tourism in smaller urban centres. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 26(3), 821–833.
Rogerson, C. M., & Rogerson, J. M. (2019). Tourism, local economic development and inclusion: Evidence from over 20 years of research in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(1), 1–18.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sepulcri, L. Manarades, E and Marchiori, D (2019) Brand orientation: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Spanish Journal of Marketing
Shakhshir, G. (2014). Positioning strategies development. Annals of the University of Oradea – Economic Science Series, 979–988.
Sheehan, L., Vargas-Sanchez, A., Presenza, A., & Abbate, T. (2016). The use of intelligence in tourism destination management: An emerging role for DMOs. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 549–557.
Sigala, M. (2014). Evaluating the performance of destination marketing systems (DMS): A stakeholder perspective. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 32(2), 208–231.
Spiropoulos, J., & van Gass, C. (2015). Assessing the fiscal impacts of development. Johannesburg: South African Cities Network. http://sacitiesnetwork.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Fiscal-Impact-of-Development-Report-Final.pdf
Strange, G. (2014). Globalisation, the diffusion of power and the post-Listian developmentalist turn: The structural parameters of contemporary world order change. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stubbs, M., & Warnaby, G. (2015). Rethinking place branding from a practice perspective: Working with stakeholders. Town Planning Review, 86(2), 112–135.
Tourism Update. (2024, March 19). Durban set for significant economic boost following roadshow. Tourism Update. https://www.tourismupdate.co.za/article/durban-set-significant-economic-boost
Treiman, D. J. (2009). Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
Urde, M. (2016). The brand core and its management over time. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 25(1), 26–42.
Valente, F. J., Dredge, D., & Lohmann, G. (2014). Leadership capacity in two Brazilian regional tourism organisations. Tourism Review, 69(1), 10–24.
van der Merwe, J. (2016). Theorising emerging powers in Africa within the Western-led system of accumulation. In J. van der Merwe, I. Taylor, & A. Arkhangelskaya (Eds.), Emerging powers in Africa (pp. 17–38). Palgrave Macmillan.
van Niekerk, M. (2023). Tourism as a tool for LED in South Africa: Theory, practice and challenges. Tourism.
Wang, S., Yamada, N., & Brothers, L. (2011). A case study: Discussion of factors and challenges for urban cultural tourism development. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(6), 553–569.
Waters, D. (2011). Quantitative methods for business (5th ed.). Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Webster, J. (1992). The changing role of marketing in the corporation. Journal of Marketing, 56(4), 1–17.
World Travel Awards. (2023). Africa’s leading meetings & conference centre 2023. https://www.worldtravelawards.com

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.