COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON MIGRATION TRENDS IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine migration trends and challenges in the European Union, highlighting the dynamics of immigration and emigration within Western and Central European regions. It explores the socioeconomic and geopolitical factors driving migration, focusing on critical developments, including the 2015–2016 refugee crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the 2022 Ukrainian refugee influx. The analysis underscores disparities between Western and Central European countries in terms of migration rates and policy responses, emphasizing the need for cohesive strategies to balance humanitarian and economic priorities. The study provides insights into how migration shapes the EU's social and economic landscape, highlighting the growing significance of integration policies and labor market demands. Methodology. The study employs a comparative analysis of emigration and immigration dynamics in Western and Central European countries using data from 2012 to 2022. It incorporates official statistics and reports to identify key patterns of immigration and emigration, with particular attention to the effects of significant migration crises and policy responses. Quantitative data on migration flows are analyzed to reveal regional disparities and evolving trends in migration management. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding of how economic development, labor market needs, and geopolitical events shape migration dynamics across the EU. Results. The study identifies significant differences in migration patterns between Western and Central European countries. Western Europe consistently experienced higher levels of immigration, driven by economic opportunities and established social systems, with Germany, France, and the Netherlands leading as primary destinations. Central Europe, while exhibiting lower overall immigration levels, demonstrated notable growth in recent years, particularly in countries like Poland, Romania, and the Czech Republic. Key findings highlight the critical role of EU policies, such as the Temporary Protection Directive [1], in addressing migration challenges. The analysis also reveals the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical crises on migration flows, underscoring the adaptability of EU migration policies in response to emerging challenges. Value / Originality, This study offers a novel comparative perspective on migration patterns across Western and Central Europe, addressing a gap in the literature by emphasizing the regional disparities and the evolving role of EU policies in managing migration crises. It provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of migration trends influenced by recent geopolitical events, such as the Ukrainian refugee influx, and explores their implications for economic and social policy-making in the EU.