MAIN ASPECTS OF COMPARISON IN MODERN LANGUAGE RESEARCH
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published:
Feb 27, 2026
Abstract
The study presents an overview of the main and modern trends in comparative linguistics in the direction of conducting contrastive investigations in order to identify common and distinctive features in related and unrelated languages. The investigation presents the concept of a reference language and the features of its application in comparative studies, and also draws attention to the shortcomings of such an approach. The concept of tertium comparationis and its place in modern comparative linguistics and translation studies are investigated. The features of comparative comparison of related and unrelated languages are characterized. The study demonstrates the applied aspect of tertium comparationis on the material of various linguistic studies in order to determine individual lexical, semantic, formal and syntactic correlations in the Ukrainian and English languages. The investigation also presents the main parameters of comparison for one’s own semantic and cognitive, semantic and functional comparative study of irrational vocabulary on the material of the Ukrainian, English and German languages. Prospects for further linguistic research are identified within the framework of a more detailed comparative conceptual analysis of rational vocabulary to denote a rational, reason-based way of perceiving the world by a person in the Ukrainian, English, and German languages in a comparative aspect.
How to Cite
Kinashchuk, A. (2026). MAIN ASPECTS OF COMPARISON IN MODERN LANGUAGE RESEARCH. Academia Polonica, 73(6), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.23856/7308
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
contrastive research, contrastive parameters, linguistics, contrastive linguistics, tertium comparationis, reference language
References
1. Alyieva, A. D. (2023). Porivnialna kharakterystyka morfolohichnykh oznak prykmetnykiv v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Comparative characteristics of morphological features of adjectives in English and Ukrainian]. Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho universytetu. Seriia : Filolohiia. № 52. Tom 1. S. 4-7. [in Ukrainian].
2. Balaban, O. O. Paradyhmy ta metody doslidzhennia kohnityvno-semantychnykh universalii [Paradigms and methods for studying cognitive and semantic universals]. URL : https://enpuirb.udu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/19b2eb61-f8be-424a-bcef-657de724c17f/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
3. Banoi, V., Papish, V. (2024). Novitni napriamy suchasnoho movoznavstva : navchalno-metodychnyi posibnyk dlia studentiv 1 kursu druhoho (mahisterskoho) rivnia vyshchoi osvity spetsialnosti 014 Serednia osvita predmetnoi spetsialnosti o14.01. Serednia osvita (Ukrainska mova i literatura) osvitnikh prohram «Ukrainska i literatura», «Ukrainska mova i literatura. Anhliiska mova i literatura» [The latest trends in modern linguistics: a teaching and methodological manual for the 1st year students of the second (Master’s) level of higher education in the specialty 014 Secondary education in the subject specialty 014.01. Secondary education (Ukrainian language and literature) of the educational programs “Ukrainian and literature”, “Ukrainian language and literature. English language and literature”]. Uzhhorod. 108 s. [in Ukrainian].
4. Borysenko, N. (2024). Metodyka provedennia naukovykh doslidzhen : navchalno-metodychnyi posibnyk [Methods of conducting scientific research: a teaching and methodological manual]. Zhytomyr : Vyd-vo ZhDU. 74 s. [in Ukrainian].
5. Budnik, P. V., Subota, S. V. Morfolohichna struktura imennyka v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Morphological structure of a noun in English and Ukrainian]. URL : http://rep.knlu.edu.ua/xmlui/bitstream/handle/787878787/6050/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%20%D0%9F.%D0%92.%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%2008-21.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
6. Vekua, N. V. Leksyko-semantychna systema ukrainskoi movy [Lexical and semantic system of the Ukrainian language]. URL: https://enpuirb.udu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/ddd88fc0-19d4-4778-8061-3a327fd83c33/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
7. Demenchuk, O. V. (2014). Dynamichni modeli pertseptyvnoi leksyky (na materiali ukrainskoi, polskoi ta anhliiskoi mov) [Dynamic models of perceptional vocabulary (basing on the Ukrainian, Polish and English languages)]. Filolohichni studii. Isuue No. 11, p. 39-46. [in Ukrainian].
8. Demenchuk, O. V. (2018). Model kontseptu sytuatsii yak osnova zistavlennia semantyky leksyky [The situation concept model as a basis for comparing lexical semantics]. Psycholinguistics. Vol. 23, Iss. 2. S. 51–65. [in Ukrainian].
9. Habidullina, A. R., Kolesnichenko, O. L. (2019). Metodolohiia suchasnykh linhvistychnykh doslidzhen : navch. posib. [Methodology of modern linguistic research: a textbook] Bakhmut. 324 s. [in Ukrainian].
10. Hazuda, O. M. (2018). Poniattia kontseptu v suchasnii linhvistytsi [The concept of concept in modern linguistics]. Movoznavstvo. Literaturoznavstvo. Aktualni pytannia humanitarnykh nauk. Vypusk 22, Tom 1. S. 38-43. [in Ukrainian].
11. Zhukovska, V. V. (2013). Vstup do korpusnoi linhvistyky : navch. posib. [Introduction to corpus linguistics: a textbook]. Vyd-vo ZhDU im. I. Franka. Zhytomyr. 142 s. [in Ukrainian].
12. Zahnitko, A. (2007). Teoriia suchasnoho syntaksysu : monohrafiia [Theory of Modern Syntax: Monograph]. Donetsk : DonNU. 294 s. [in Ukrainian].
13. Ivanytska, N. B. (2009). Tertium Comparationis u mizhmovnomu zistavlenni diieslivnykh system [Tertium Comparationis in interlingual comparison of verb systems]. Movoznavstvo. № 1. S. 46-59. [in Ukrainian]
14. Karamysheva, I. D. Tertium Comparationis in Contrastive Studies: Theoretical Insights and Curent Trends. URL : http://baltijapublishing.lv/omp/index.php/bp/catalog/download/454/12226/25546-1?inline=1 (date of application 10.10.2025). [in English]
15. Kinashchuk, A. (2022). Semantychni modeli irratsionalnoi leksyky v anhliiskii, nimetskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Semantic models of irrational vocabulary in the English, German and Ukrainian languages]: dys. ... d-ra filosofii: 035. Vinnytsia. 436 s. [in Ukrainian]
16. Kovtun, O., Boivan, O. (2020). Zaimennyky v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh : porivnialnyi aspekt [Semantic and cognitive approach in modern linguistic research]. Aktualni pytannia humanitarnykh nauk. Vypusk 32, Tom 1. S. 141-147. [in Ukrainian]
17. Kolodii, M. O. (2021). Semantyko-kohnityvnyi pidkhid u suchasnykh linhvistychnykh doslidzhenniakh [Semantic and cognitive approach in modern linguistic research]. Molodyi vchenyi. № 10.1. S. 56-58. [in Ukrainian]
18. Ktytarova, N. K. (2009). Zahalne movoznavstvo : navch. posib. dlia studentiv vyshchykh navchalnykh zakladiv [General linguistics: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions]. Dniprodzerzhynsk : Dniprodzerzhynskyi derzhavnyi tekhnichnyi universytet. 144 s. [in Ukrainian]
19. Kulyk, A. I., Dreichuk, O. V. (2024). Suchasni pidkhody do typolohii ta budovy kontseptiv [Modern approaches to typology and concept structure]. Young Scientist. № 6.1 (130.1). S. 31-33 (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
20. Lebedieva, N. A., Bevzo, H. A., Malinska, H. D. (2022). Porivnialna leksykolohiia ukrainskoi ta anhliiskoi mov [Comparative lexicology of the Ukrainian and English languages]. Vcheni zapysky TNU imeni V. I. Vernadskoho. Seriia : Filolohiia. Zhurnalistyka. Tom 33 (72). № 2. Ch. 2. S. 45-52. [in Ukrainian]
21. Lemish, N. Ye. (2014). Syntaksychnyi kontsept yak tertium comparationis pry vstanovlenni typolohii struktur kauzalnoho kompleksu (na materiali niderlandskoi ta ukrainskoi mov) [Syntactic concept as tertium comparationis in establishing the typology of causal complex structures (based on the material of the Dutch and Ukrainian languages)]. Visnyk KNLU. Seriia Filolohiia. Tom 17. № 1. S. 107-114. [in Ukrainian]
22. Levytskyi, A. E. Zistavlennia funktsionalnykh osoblyvostei system nominatyvnykh odynyts anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov [Comparison of functional features of the nominative unit systems of the English and Ukrainian languages]. URL : https://studentam.net.ua/content/view/8282/97/(data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
23. Lukianenko, I. O., Boieva, E. V. (2025). Porivnialna typolohiia anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov z praktykumom : navch. posib. [Comparative typology of the English and Ukrainian languages with practical exercises: a textbook]. Odesa : vydavets Bukaiev Vadym Viktorovych,. 286 s. [in Ukrainian]
24. Markova, T. O., Domracheva, I. R. Leksyko-semantychna i tematychna hrupy: pryntsypy rozmezhuvannia [Lexical and semantic and thematic groups: principles of distinction]. URL: file:///C:/Users/uzer/Downloads/6164-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96-12378-1-10-20181218%20(4).pdf (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
25. Molchko, O. (2013). Semantyka ta prahmatyka porivniannia: yoho movni i movlennievi funktsii v linhvokreatyvnii komunikatyvnii diialnosti [Semantics and pragmatics of comparison: its linguistic and speech functions in linguo-creative communicative activity]. Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia. № 1. SS. 139-143. [in Ukrainian]
26. Romanenko, O. (2020). Metodolohiia vyboru TERTIUM COMPARATIONIS dlia doslidzhennia katehorii deminutyvnosti v riznykh indoievropeiskykh movakh [Methodology of choosing TERTIUM COMPARATIONIS for studying the category of diminutiveness in different Indo-European languages]. Knowledge. Education. Law. Management. № 6 (34). S. 57-62. [in Ukrainian]
27. Romaniuk, N. Tertium Comparationis pry zistavlenni anhliiskykh ta ukrainskykh movnykh klishovanykh odynyts [Tertium Comparationis when comparing English and Ukrainian language clichés]. URL : http://dspace.tnpu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/22825/1/2016-78-82.pdf (data zvernennia 30.01.2025). [in Ukrainian]
28. Sklianichenko, H. (2021). Imennyky PLURALIA TANTUM v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Nouns PLURALIA TANTUM in English and Ukrainian]. Naukovi zapysky. Seriia : Filolohichni nauky. Vypusk 136. 306-311. [in Ukrainian]
29. Tretiak, I .V. Leksyko-semantychni hrupy diiesliv ta imennykiv [Lexical and semantic groups of verbs and nouns]. URL: https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/e79cdcdb-0490-477d-844e-0b784855b732/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
30. TFD – The Free Dictionary. URL : https://www.thefreedictionary.com/brainy (date of application 10.10.2025). [in English]
31. Cherkhava, O., Kapranovm Ya. (2023). Osnovy linhvistychnoi komparatyvistyky ta makrokomparatyvistyky [Fundamentals of Linguistic Comparative Studies and Macrocomparative Studies]. Kyiv : Vydavnychyi tsentr KNLU. 266 s. [in Ukrainian]
32. Chorna, M. M. (2010). Zistavnyi analiz ukrainskoi, anhliiskoi ta nimetskoi movnykh system [Comparative analysis of the Ukrainian, English and German language systems]. Aktualni problemy slovianskoi filolohii. Vypusk KhKhIII. Chastyna 2. S. 518-528 [in Ukrainian].
2. Balaban, O. O. Paradyhmy ta metody doslidzhennia kohnityvno-semantychnykh universalii [Paradigms and methods for studying cognitive and semantic universals]. URL : https://enpuirb.udu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/19b2eb61-f8be-424a-bcef-657de724c17f/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
3. Banoi, V., Papish, V. (2024). Novitni napriamy suchasnoho movoznavstva : navchalno-metodychnyi posibnyk dlia studentiv 1 kursu druhoho (mahisterskoho) rivnia vyshchoi osvity spetsialnosti 014 Serednia osvita predmetnoi spetsialnosti o14.01. Serednia osvita (Ukrainska mova i literatura) osvitnikh prohram «Ukrainska i literatura», «Ukrainska mova i literatura. Anhliiska mova i literatura» [The latest trends in modern linguistics: a teaching and methodological manual for the 1st year students of the second (Master’s) level of higher education in the specialty 014 Secondary education in the subject specialty 014.01. Secondary education (Ukrainian language and literature) of the educational programs “Ukrainian and literature”, “Ukrainian language and literature. English language and literature”]. Uzhhorod. 108 s. [in Ukrainian].
4. Borysenko, N. (2024). Metodyka provedennia naukovykh doslidzhen : navchalno-metodychnyi posibnyk [Methods of conducting scientific research: a teaching and methodological manual]. Zhytomyr : Vyd-vo ZhDU. 74 s. [in Ukrainian].
5. Budnik, P. V., Subota, S. V. Morfolohichna struktura imennyka v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Morphological structure of a noun in English and Ukrainian]. URL : http://rep.knlu.edu.ua/xmlui/bitstream/handle/787878787/6050/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%20%D0%9F.%D0%92.%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%2008-21.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
6. Vekua, N. V. Leksyko-semantychna systema ukrainskoi movy [Lexical and semantic system of the Ukrainian language]. URL: https://enpuirb.udu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/ddd88fc0-19d4-4778-8061-3a327fd83c33/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian].
7. Demenchuk, O. V. (2014). Dynamichni modeli pertseptyvnoi leksyky (na materiali ukrainskoi, polskoi ta anhliiskoi mov) [Dynamic models of perceptional vocabulary (basing on the Ukrainian, Polish and English languages)]. Filolohichni studii. Isuue No. 11, p. 39-46. [in Ukrainian].
8. Demenchuk, O. V. (2018). Model kontseptu sytuatsii yak osnova zistavlennia semantyky leksyky [The situation concept model as a basis for comparing lexical semantics]. Psycholinguistics. Vol. 23, Iss. 2. S. 51–65. [in Ukrainian].
9. Habidullina, A. R., Kolesnichenko, O. L. (2019). Metodolohiia suchasnykh linhvistychnykh doslidzhen : navch. posib. [Methodology of modern linguistic research: a textbook] Bakhmut. 324 s. [in Ukrainian].
10. Hazuda, O. M. (2018). Poniattia kontseptu v suchasnii linhvistytsi [The concept of concept in modern linguistics]. Movoznavstvo. Literaturoznavstvo. Aktualni pytannia humanitarnykh nauk. Vypusk 22, Tom 1. S. 38-43. [in Ukrainian].
11. Zhukovska, V. V. (2013). Vstup do korpusnoi linhvistyky : navch. posib. [Introduction to corpus linguistics: a textbook]. Vyd-vo ZhDU im. I. Franka. Zhytomyr. 142 s. [in Ukrainian].
12. Zahnitko, A. (2007). Teoriia suchasnoho syntaksysu : monohrafiia [Theory of Modern Syntax: Monograph]. Donetsk : DonNU. 294 s. [in Ukrainian].
13. Ivanytska, N. B. (2009). Tertium Comparationis u mizhmovnomu zistavlenni diieslivnykh system [Tertium Comparationis in interlingual comparison of verb systems]. Movoznavstvo. № 1. S. 46-59. [in Ukrainian]
14. Karamysheva, I. D. Tertium Comparationis in Contrastive Studies: Theoretical Insights and Curent Trends. URL : http://baltijapublishing.lv/omp/index.php/bp/catalog/download/454/12226/25546-1?inline=1 (date of application 10.10.2025). [in English]
15. Kinashchuk, A. (2022). Semantychni modeli irratsionalnoi leksyky v anhliiskii, nimetskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Semantic models of irrational vocabulary in the English, German and Ukrainian languages]: dys. ... d-ra filosofii: 035. Vinnytsia. 436 s. [in Ukrainian]
16. Kovtun, O., Boivan, O. (2020). Zaimennyky v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh : porivnialnyi aspekt [Semantic and cognitive approach in modern linguistic research]. Aktualni pytannia humanitarnykh nauk. Vypusk 32, Tom 1. S. 141-147. [in Ukrainian]
17. Kolodii, M. O. (2021). Semantyko-kohnityvnyi pidkhid u suchasnykh linhvistychnykh doslidzhenniakh [Semantic and cognitive approach in modern linguistic research]. Molodyi vchenyi. № 10.1. S. 56-58. [in Ukrainian]
18. Ktytarova, N. K. (2009). Zahalne movoznavstvo : navch. posib. dlia studentiv vyshchykh navchalnykh zakladiv [General linguistics: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions]. Dniprodzerzhynsk : Dniprodzerzhynskyi derzhavnyi tekhnichnyi universytet. 144 s. [in Ukrainian]
19. Kulyk, A. I., Dreichuk, O. V. (2024). Suchasni pidkhody do typolohii ta budovy kontseptiv [Modern approaches to typology and concept structure]. Young Scientist. № 6.1 (130.1). S. 31-33 (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
20. Lebedieva, N. A., Bevzo, H. A., Malinska, H. D. (2022). Porivnialna leksykolohiia ukrainskoi ta anhliiskoi mov [Comparative lexicology of the Ukrainian and English languages]. Vcheni zapysky TNU imeni V. I. Vernadskoho. Seriia : Filolohiia. Zhurnalistyka. Tom 33 (72). № 2. Ch. 2. S. 45-52. [in Ukrainian]
21. Lemish, N. Ye. (2014). Syntaksychnyi kontsept yak tertium comparationis pry vstanovlenni typolohii struktur kauzalnoho kompleksu (na materiali niderlandskoi ta ukrainskoi mov) [Syntactic concept as tertium comparationis in establishing the typology of causal complex structures (based on the material of the Dutch and Ukrainian languages)]. Visnyk KNLU. Seriia Filolohiia. Tom 17. № 1. S. 107-114. [in Ukrainian]
22. Levytskyi, A. E. Zistavlennia funktsionalnykh osoblyvostei system nominatyvnykh odynyts anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov [Comparison of functional features of the nominative unit systems of the English and Ukrainian languages]. URL : https://studentam.net.ua/content/view/8282/97/(data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
23. Lukianenko, I. O., Boieva, E. V. (2025). Porivnialna typolohiia anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov z praktykumom : navch. posib. [Comparative typology of the English and Ukrainian languages with practical exercises: a textbook]. Odesa : vydavets Bukaiev Vadym Viktorovych,. 286 s. [in Ukrainian]
24. Markova, T. O., Domracheva, I. R. Leksyko-semantychna i tematychna hrupy: pryntsypy rozmezhuvannia [Lexical and semantic and thematic groups: principles of distinction]. URL: file:///C:/Users/uzer/Downloads/6164-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96-12378-1-10-20181218%20(4).pdf (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
25. Molchko, O. (2013). Semantyka ta prahmatyka porivniannia: yoho movni i movlennievi funktsii v linhvokreatyvnii komunikatyvnii diialnosti [Semantics and pragmatics of comparison: its linguistic and speech functions in linguo-creative communicative activity]. Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia. № 1. SS. 139-143. [in Ukrainian]
26. Romanenko, O. (2020). Metodolohiia vyboru TERTIUM COMPARATIONIS dlia doslidzhennia katehorii deminutyvnosti v riznykh indoievropeiskykh movakh [Methodology of choosing TERTIUM COMPARATIONIS for studying the category of diminutiveness in different Indo-European languages]. Knowledge. Education. Law. Management. № 6 (34). S. 57-62. [in Ukrainian]
27. Romaniuk, N. Tertium Comparationis pry zistavlenni anhliiskykh ta ukrainskykh movnykh klishovanykh odynyts [Tertium Comparationis when comparing English and Ukrainian language clichés]. URL : http://dspace.tnpu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/22825/1/2016-78-82.pdf (data zvernennia 30.01.2025). [in Ukrainian]
28. Sklianichenko, H. (2021). Imennyky PLURALIA TANTUM v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh [Nouns PLURALIA TANTUM in English and Ukrainian]. Naukovi zapysky. Seriia : Filolohichni nauky. Vypusk 136. 306-311. [in Ukrainian]
29. Tretiak, I .V. Leksyko-semantychni hrupy diiesliv ta imennykiv [Lexical and semantic groups of verbs and nouns]. URL: https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/e79cdcdb-0490-477d-844e-0b784855b732/content (data zvernennia 10.10.2025). [in Ukrainian]
30. TFD – The Free Dictionary. URL : https://www.thefreedictionary.com/brainy (date of application 10.10.2025). [in English]
31. Cherkhava, O., Kapranovm Ya. (2023). Osnovy linhvistychnoi komparatyvistyky ta makrokomparatyvistyky [Fundamentals of Linguistic Comparative Studies and Macrocomparative Studies]. Kyiv : Vydavnychyi tsentr KNLU. 266 s. [in Ukrainian]
32. Chorna, M. M. (2010). Zistavnyi analiz ukrainskoi, anhliiskoi ta nimetskoi movnykh system [Comparative analysis of the Ukrainian, English and German language systems]. Aktualni problemy slovianskoi filolohii. Vypusk KhKhIII. Chastyna 2. S. 518-528 [in Ukrainian].
Issue